1. IN RESPECT TO ORIGIN,BREEDING METHODS, PROCEDURES& VARITIES
SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. Kaushik Kumar Panigrahi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
SUBMITTED BY:-
GIRIJA SHANKAR MOHARANA
ADMISSION NO-28C/14
GROUP-B 3RD YEAR BSC AGRICULTURE
2. • (Musa paradisica) – Fruit variety
• (Musa sapientum) – Vegetable variety
• (2n=22, 33, 44)
• The banana is an edible fruit botanically a berry
produced by several kinds of
large herbaceous flowering plants in
the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used
for cooking may be called plantains, in contrast
to dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size,
color and firmness, but is usually elongated and
curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with
a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or
brown when ripe.
3. • Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia,
and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New
Guinea.They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit,
and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and banana
beer and as ornamental plants.
• Edible bananas originated in the Indo-Malaysian region reaching to
northern Australia. They were known only by hearsay in the Mediterranean
region in the 3rd Century B.C., and are believed to have been first carried
to Europe in the 10th Century A.D. Early in the 16th Century, Portuguese
mariners transported the plant from the West African coast to South
America. The types found in cultivation in the Pacific have been traced to
eastern Indonesia from where they spread to the Marquesas and by stages
to Hawaii.
4. • Bananas and plantains are today grown in every humid tropical region and constitute the
4th largest fruit crop of the world, following the grape, citrus fruits and the apple. World
production is estimated to be 28 million tons—65% from Latin America, 27 % from
Southeast Asia, and 7 % from Africa. One-fifth of the crop is exported to Europe, Canada,
the United States and Japan as fresh fruit. India is the leading banana producer in Asia.
The crop from 400,000 acres (161,878 ha) is entirely for domestic consumption.
Indonesia produces over 2 million tons annually, the Philippines about 1/2 million tons,
exporting mostly to Japan. Taiwan raises over 1/2 million tons for export. Tropical Africa
(principally the Ivory Coast and Somalia) grows nearly 9 million tons of bananas each
year and exports large quantities to Europe.
• Brazil is the leading banana grower in South America—about 3 million tons per year,
mostly locally consumed, while Colombia and Ecuador are the leading exporters.
Venezuela's crop in 1980 reached 983,000 tons. Large scale commercial production for
export to North America is concentrated in Honduras (where banana fields may cover 60
sq mi) and Panama, and, to a lesser extent, Costa Rica. In the West Indies, the Windward
Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe are the main growers and for many years have
regularly exported to Europe. Green bananas are the basic food of the people of Western
Samoa and large quantities are exported.
Distribution: USA, Canada, Europe, Brazil, India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Burma and
China. In India Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orrisa and West Bengal.
5. •M. azizii Häkkinen
•M. barioensis Häkkinen
•M. bauensis Häkkinen & Meekiong [C]
•M. beccarii N.W.Simmonds [A][Note 2]
•M. boman Argent [A]
•M. borneensis Becc. [C]
•M. bukensis Argent [A]
•M. campestris Becc. [C]
•M. coccinea Andrews [C] – scarlet banana
•M. exotica R.V.Valmayor [C]
•M. fitzalanii F.Muell. [A] – extinct
•M. gracilis Holttum [C]
•M. hirta Becc. [A]
•M. insularimontana Hayata [A]
•M. jackeyi W.Hill [A]
•M. johnsii Argent [A]
•M. lawitiensis Nasution & Supard. [C]
•M. lokok Geri & Ng
•M. lolodensis Cheesman [A]
•M. maclayi F.Muell. ex Mikl.-Maclay [A]
•M. monticola M.Hotta ex Argent [A]
[A] and [C] indicate known placement in the
former sections Australimusa and Callimusa,
respectively.[8]
•M. × alinsanaya R.V.Valmayor [A]
The currently accepted scientific names for
most groups of cultivated bananas are Musa
acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla for
the ancestral species,
and Musa × paradisiaca L. for the hybrid M.
acuminata × M. balbisiana
6. • The total number of cultivars of bananas and plantains has been estimated to be
anything from around 300 to more than 1000. Names are highly confused, even within a
single country. Many common names do not refer to a single cultivar or clone; for
example 'Lady's Finger' or 'Lady Finger' has been used as the name for members of
different genome groups, including AA and AAB. Many other names are synonyms of
cultivars grown in the same or different countries. Attempts have been made to create
lists of synonyms. In 2000, Valmayor et al. listed equivalent local names for 68 cultivars
across five Southeast Asian countries.
• AA GROUP
• Diploid Musa acuminata, both wild banana plants and cultivars
• Chingan banana
• Lacatan banana
• Lady Finger banana (Sugar banana)
• Pisang jari buaya (Crocodile fingers banana)
7. • AAA GROUP
• Triploid Musa acuminata, both wild banana plants and cultivars
• Cavendish Subgroup
• 'Dwarf Cavendish'
• 'Giant Cavendish' ('Williams')
• 'Grand Nain' ('Chiquita')
• 'Masak Hijau‘
• 'Robusta'
• 'Red Dacca'
• Dwarf Red banana
• AAAA GROUP
• Tetraploid Musa acuminata, both wild bananas and cultivars
• Bodles Altafort banana
• Golden Beauty banana
AAAB GROUP
Tetraploid cultivars
of Musa × paradisiaca
Atan banana
Goldfinger banana
8. • AAB GROUP
• Mysore subgroup - cooking and dessert bananas[15]
• Mysore banana
• Pisang Raja subgroup
• Pisang Raja banana
• Plantain subgroup[13]
• French plantain
• Green French banana
• Horn plantain & Rhino Horn banana
• Nendran banana
• Pink French banana
• Tiger banana
• AABB GROUP
• Tetraploid cultivars of Musa × paradisiaca
• Kalamagol banana
• Pisang Awak (Ducasse banana)
ABB GROUP
BLUE JAVA BANANA
SABA BANANA
CARABIDA BANANA
9. • 1.More fruit yield
• 2. To develop dwarf stature trees.
• 3. Uniform ripening
• 4. High keeping quality
• 5. Resistance to prost and other abiotic stresses
• 6. Resistance to pests and diseases
10. • Hybridization
In India, breeding work was started at Central Banana Research Station,
Aduthurai (Tamil Nadu) in 1949 .Technique of hybridization in banana is
different from other crops. Pollination is best carried out in the morning.
The bunches of female parent are bagged at shooting and each successive
hand is pollinated as it is exposed. At maturity and ripening the bunch is
cut and seeds are extracted. Seeds are sown at once in the green house.
•
Evaluation of hybrid progenies from seedlings to harvest may not be the
correct phase instead, evaluation of the same under next vegetative phase
i.e., sucker to harvest stage will be ideal as full expression of yield potential
could be observed only in the second crop of the F1 progeny. The first crop
(seedling to harvest) takes more than 15-19 months, where most of the
energy of the plants is needed for corm formation
11. • Mutation breeding
Bud mutation in Indian banana is very common perhaps due to
spontaneous rearrangement of chromosomes in somatic meristem
and structural re-assortment. A great majority of edible bananas are
triploids, a condition that interferes with normal equilibrium of plants
and may provide the requisite stimulus to structural rearrangement of
chromosomes, leading ultimately to the evolution of a new gene
complex. Several natural sports of well established commercial clones
have been recognized e.g) High gate (AAA) is a semi-dwarf mutant of
Gros Michel (AAA), Motta Poovan (AAB) is a sport of Poovan (AAB),
Ayiranka Rasthali a sport of Rasthali (or Silk), Barhari Malbhog is a
sport of Malbhog, Krishna Vazhai is a natural mutant of Virupakshi (or
Pome), and Sambrani Monthan (ABB), a mutant of Monthan (ABB).
12. • Biotechnology
Plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques are applied to enhance the
handling and improvement of banana. Important application of a cell biology are
micro propagation for rapid multiplication and germplasm exchange, embryo
culture/rescue for in-vitro seed germination, cryopreservation of germplasm and
genome manipulation through genetic engineering using cell suspensions or
protoplast culture. Although, Vylsteke et al. (1996) reported that somaclonal
variation through micropropagation is of limited use in plantain breeding, it has been
successfully applied in Taiwan for the development of improved
Cavendish banana cultivars with resistance to Fusarium wilt and acceptable fruit
quality (Hwang 1991, Hwang and Ko, 1989).
13. • CO-1
• It is a hybrid clone released by Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore involving
three parents - Ladan, Kadali and Musa
balbisiana.
• It is akin to hill banana Virupakshi in flavour and
taste and suitable for growing in the plains and
hills upto 1200 meters elevation.
• It yields about 22 t/ha.
• The crop duration is 14 months.
14. • Udhayam
• This hybrid is developed by single
plant selection from Pisang Awak
(AAB) sub
group at National research
Centre for banana , Trichi.
• Plant is hardy, tall, robust, bunch
weight varies from 30-35 kg.
• Hands are well spaced with
cylindrical shape which facliattes
packing, loading and transport with
minimum damage.
• Fruit quality is medium, sugar acid
blend is good with maximum yellow
life (7days).
15. • Saba
• It is an introduction from Phillipines and it is found promising under in
saline sodic soils.
• It could perform well withpout any yield reduction in sodic soils with
PH 8.5-8.75.
• Plant with huge pseudostem and grows to a height of 16-20 feet.
• It is a sturdy plant and somewhat cold tolerant.
• The fruit is large and angular even when ripe. It has a white pulp which
is sweet when ripe although very starchy.
• This cultivar is used for cooking.
• Grand Naine
• Each bunch will be having 10 to 12 hands with 175 to 225
fruits.
• The fruits of Grand Naine Banana variety are delicious to
eat and keeping quality of the fruit is good.
• High yield (Avg. 30 kg per plant)
• Long cylindrical fruits with less curvature.
• Good keeping quality.
• Attractive yellowish green colour at maturity.
• Internationally acceptable both as fresh fruit and in
processed form.
• Pulp to peel ratio is more and highly suitable for
processing.
16. • Monthan
• Bunch medium, 20 to 25 kgs, 60 fruits.
• Fruits large, irregularly five sided, ridges prominent, slightly curved,
broad at base tapering towards apex, rominent knob-like beak, long
pedicel.
• Peel - thick, tough, peels with difficulty, dark green turning straw
yellow.
• Pulp - firm, cream coloured, core conspicuous, medium taste.
• Fairly tolerant to nematodes and leaf spot and rhizome rot
diseases.
• Crop duration 12 to 14 months.
• It is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt disease
• Rasthali
• Plant tall (4 to 4.5m height), stem - yellowish green with brownish
blotches, reddish margins of petiole and leaf sheath.
• Bunch - 15 to 20kg, 8 to16 hands, 60 to 80 fruits.
• Fruits - medium sized, cylindrical to spindle shaped, weak pedicel,
skin - thin, peels easily, ivory yellow, flesh - firm, sweet, pleasant
aroma.
• Demerits are its susceptibility to panama wilt, formation of hard
lump in pulp and easy dropping of fruits from the bunch.
• Crop duration - 14 to15 months.