5. Shared bikes
• Rebalancing
• Lack of optimal routes
• Lack of big data support
• Challenges in integrating with public transportation
• High costs to apply smart technologies
• Difficulties in fulfil user's convenience
• Challenge of rider safety
• Limited advertising budget
• Requirement for strong entrepreneurs
• Requirement for a strong innovative organisational strategy
• Lack of joint partnership
• Lack of financial funding
• Lack of data on the health impact
• Poor implementation approaches for emission-free transportation
6. Shared cars
• Requires car parking, on-street parking spaces are not easily obtained
• Car-sharing insurance requires approval by governmental policies
• Lack of privacy for personal travel
• Challenge in achieving synergies between autos and transit
7. Shared autonomous vehicle
• Social and moral dilemmas present a challenge in automation programming
• Absence of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I)
communication
• Difficulties in insurance liabilities
• Substantially increase synergies between autos and transit
8. Technology supports
• IoT: system of interrelated computing devices
• Big Data : massive data sets for storing, analyzing and visualizing
• Cybersecurity: prevent illegal access to information, and to prevent
attacks causing physical disruptions in service availability
• Blockchain: timely and secure transfer of financial resources
9. Technology supports
• Loss of privacy
• Past data lacks the capacity to explore scenarios
• Big data lacks qualitative descriptions of people’s needs
• Constraints posed by legislation, infrastructure, and sufficient supply of
transport services
10. Can policy help?
When shared mobility is imperfect and in development, the
government needs to support new systems (Kent & Dowling 2018)
For example:
• providing access to suitable locations
• promotional support
• event partnership
• And others
11. Difficulties for policy makers
• Ignore conflicts of a merit model for shared mobility
• Lack of information necessary to optimise income distribution
• Taxation challenges
• Lack of quality and trustworthiness in current evidence based
research
• Difficult in establishing peer-peer exchange networks
• Difficulties and challenges in establishing appropriate digital
platforms
• Difficulties in utilising social media tools
12. Merit good of shared mobility
What is a merit good?
Merit goods are tools that institutional policies impose on the free
market to interfere with the wishes of at least some consumers. It
• has the intention to interfere with consumer behaviour
• is justified on moral grounds
• is financed in a different form
Can shared mobility be a merit good? Can government intervention
fail?
• distributional arguments
• market failure arguments
• merit good arguments
13. First-best policy and second-best policy
Introducing merit good into policy making being:
• First-best policy needs: an optimal lump-sum transfer of income and a direct
choice of the merit good quantity
• Second-best government policies are implemented when governments lack the
information necessary to optimise the income distribution. In the other words,
they may be unable to set tax rates that vary across individuals
Source: (Besley 1988)
14. Policy innovation
• The notion of policy learning was a social process built around
curiosity, exchange and trust (Peck 2011; Marsden et al. 2011)
• Policies cannot, merely be transferred over space, in fact, their form
and their effects are transformed by journeys of implementation
(Peck 2011)
16. Policy and social media
Social media increases our ability to share, cooperate and take
collective action(Rheingold, 2003; Shirky, 2008)
• Negative effects on freedom that impose damage to relations
between the media and the government (Shirky 2008)
• Campaigns in media to convince a potential shared mobility user to
become an actual user would receive both negative and positive
effects.
17. Value Proposition Canvas
Designed for: Designed by: Date: Version:
Shared mobility Li Meng 16/10/18 V1
Pain Reliever Gain Greater Shared mobility (Jobs) Pains
• Establishing peer-peer
exchange networks
• Establishing
appropriate digital
platforms
• Utilising social media
tools
• Powerful and direct
market intervention
• Providing financial
support or incentives
• Facilitating the
application of big data to
transit applications
• Promotes an economic
transport mode
• Enables MaaS and
Multimodal mobility
• Economic gains
• Improved sustainability
• Enjoyment
• Improved lifestyles
• Lack of public policy
implementation
campaign in public
policy
• Need a suitable
business model
• Backdrop of a digital
technology revolution,
massive flows of
information
• Lack of online security
• Fragmented politics
and government
inexperience
Policies Gains
• Reduction in private
car ownership and
usage
• Reduced transport
costs
• Building the necessary
network relations
between the private and
public sectors to deliver
Mobility as a Service
(MaaS) outcomes
• Improving social equity
in transport provision
• Travel time savings
• Saves valuable urban
space
• Travel cost savings