2. Have you ever heard “THE
BIG ONE”? According to the
news, it is an intensive
earthquake that might hit
the Metro Manila within our
lifetime.

3.  The earthquake can occur anywhere
along the West Valley Fault, including
Metro Manila. But this approximately
7.2 magnitude earthquake can shake
the ground even hundred kilometer
away, which means that it can shake
the whole Metro Manila and its
surrounding provinces.

6.  The outer layer of the earth is divided into
many sections known as plates, which are
floating on the molten magma beneath the
earth causes the plates to move.
 This movement in the plates compresses or
stretches the rocks along the plate
boundaries. When rocks are stretched or
squeezed, they store energy. When these
rocks break, the energy is released in the
form of vibrations. These vibrations are
earthquakes.

8.  Normal Fault
 Block above the fault moves down relative to the block
below the fault.

9.  Reverse Fault
 The block above the fault moves up relative to the
block below the fault.

10.  Strike Slip Fault
 Movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal.

11.  Geologists study faults to better
understand where large
earthquakes originates. Moreover,
geologists also study the faults to
find how quickly the stress on
them is building, as well as when
the last large earthquake was and
how often they will cause a large
earthquakes. This information
gives them a general idea of how
soon to expect the next “Big One”.

12.  Since Tectonic Plates are constantly
moving, it is difficult to classify faults
as active or inactive. Geologist used
records or history of quakes
generated by the fault to determine if
it is active or not. Active fault maybe
source of another earthquake in the
future. On the other hand, inactive
faults are faults that do not display
any recent seismic activity.

13.  The Philippines is part of Pacific Ring of Fire
(a region that surrounds the Pacific Ocean
and is known for its volcanoes and
earthquake activity)
 Pacific Ring of Fire has a total of 452
volcanoes
 Philippines has many faults across the
country and has two trenches located at West
Philippine Sea and the other is at eastern side
of our country called the Philippine Trench.

14. According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
1. Marikina Valley Fault
-Montalban, San Mateo, Marikina, Pasig, Taguig,
Muntinlupa, San Pedro, Biñan, Carmona, Santa Rosa,
Calamba, Tagaytay, Oriental Mindoro)
2. Western Philippine Fault-
-Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait, Panay Gulf and Sulu Sea
3. Eastern Philippine Fault
4. Southern of Mindanao Fault –Moro Gulf, Celebes Sea
5. Central Philippine Fault-
- Entire Ilocos Norte, Aurora, Quezon, Masbate, Leyte,
Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Sur.

15. In 2011, one of the most
powerful earthquakes struck
the eastern coast of Japan,
causing widespread damage
in the country and triggering
a very powerful tsunami that
submerged communities in
Japan’s east coast.

16.  Earthquakes usually originate where
rocks are brittle and weak.
 The focus or hypocenter is the
location within the Earth where the
earthquakes originates.
The energy moving outward from the
focus of an earthquake travels in the
form of seismic waves .

18. Earthquakes can be categorized
according to types, depending on what
causes an earthquake. The most common
type are:
1. Tectonic Earthquake- occurs when rocks
in Earth’s crust break due to geological
forces created by the movement of the
tectonic plates.
2. Volcanic Earthquake- occurs in
conjunction with volcanic activity

19.  An earthquake’s power is expressed in
terms of its magnitude and intensity
 Magnitude- is the measure of the size of an
earthquake and is determined from
measurements in seismograph.
 Seismograph- an instrument that scientist
use to record shaking of the ground.
◦ The magnitude of an earthquake is expressed
using the Richter Scale developed in 1953 by
Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of
Technology.

20. Magnitude Typical Max. Modified
Mercalli Intensity
1.0- 3.0 I
3.0- 3.9 II- III
4.0- 4.9 IV- V
5.0- 5.9 VI- VII
6.0- 6.9 VII- IX
7.0 and higher VIII or higher

21.  Earth quakes also happen in in bodies of
water. When seafloor of the ocean moves
due to shifting of oceanic plates, it may
cause a submarine earthquake and may
result to a series of waves or tsunamis.
 Tsunamis are commonly called seismic
waves .
 Tsunamis are also caused by undersea
volcanic eruption, underwater landslides,
glaciers collapse, land slumping into the
ocean and even meteorite impact.

22.  It is also incorrect to call it tidal waves
because tsunamis are not caused by
the tides and are unrelated to the
tides.
 It comprises from two Japanese
words-
“tsu” means harbor and “nami” means
waves

23.  A seismogram is a graph output by
seismograph (instrument that records
earthquake waves). It is an indication
that the ground is being vibrated by
seismic waves.
 Seismic waves are propagating
vibrations that carry energy from the
source to outward in all directions.

24.  Types of Seismic waves
 Compressional or P (Primary)
 Transverse or S (Secondary)
 Love
 Rayleigh

25.  Compressional or P- Waves
◦ are the first waves to arrive on a complete
record of the ground vibration and travel
fastest in gas, solid and liquid matter.
 Transverse or S- waves
◦ Secondary waves travel slower than P-
waves and penetrate solid material so they
stop at liquid layer of Earth.

26.  Love waves
◦ Are transverse waves that vibrate the
ground in horizontal direction
perpendicular to the waves that are
travelling.
 Rayleigh Waves
◦ The slowest of all the seismic waves and
the most complicated

27.  Layers of the atmosphere are not
visible to the naked eye. The
atmosphere is the protective layer
of gases that acts like an umbrella
that shields every creature on
Earth from harmful effects of too
much rays of sunlight. It also
keeps the temperature suitable
for living things.

28.  The term “tropical” refers to its
geographical starting point which is
usually humid and hot.
 “cyclone” is a meteorological term
which refers to its cyclonic circulation
where the strong winds in the
Northern Hemisphere circulate
counter- clockwise and clockwise in
Southern Hemisphere.

29.  Tropical Cyclone has different names in
various parts of the world where it develops.
1. Hurricane- if it is formed in the North
Atlantic Ocean.
2. Typhoon- when it formed in Northwest
Pacific Ocean affecting Southeast Asia, West
Philippine Sea and mostly Japan.
3. Severe Tropical Cyclone- in the Southeaster
Indian and Southwest Pacific Oceans

30.  Though tropical cyclone is
known in different names, it
has uniform procedure how it
is formed and developed.
 In the Philippines, we use
typhoon or bagyo.

31. Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance
-discrete weather system of clouds, shower and thunderstorm.
Stage 2: Tropical Depression
- thunderstorm, winds blow stronger due to greater convergence
Stage 3: Tropical Storm
- receives an official name, winds increase greatly and can take
little as half day to as much as a couple of days.
Stage 4: Typhoon, Hurricane or Cyclone
- if the typhoon continues to strengthen, it can be upgraded to
Super Typhoon, which means it exceeds the maximum sustained
winds 115 mph

32. Despite its destructive power, a typhoon can
cease to intensify its tropical characteristics
due to several factors:
1. Cold Water
-typhoons depend on warm water that
acts as typhoon’s “fuel” source to maintain
themselves but when the storm moves over
cold water (below 26.5 °C), it loses its
energy source

33. 2. No Water
- A typhoon will drastically
deteriorate once its eye moves over
the land. The air over the land cools
quickly due to specific heat causing
the typhoon to quickly lose it
intensity.

34.  Hurricane happens during the summer
and early fall in the Northern
Hemisphere. This is the time when the
waters are at the highest temperature.
 Warmer water has more energy and
there is more evaporation.
 Temperature and evaporation work
together to fuel the storm

35.  Tropical Cyclones entering the
Philippine Area of Responsibility
(PAR) are given a local name by
Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
(PAG-ASA), which also raises
public storm signal warnings

36.  The main reason is the topographical
location of the Philippines where it lies
in the most tropical cyclone- prone
waters on Earth, making it susceptible
to typhoons.
 Yearly, the country experiences at
least 20 typhoons. It is evident that
the Philippines is the most exposed
country to tropical cyclones.

37.  PAG- ASA is a national service institution
under the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). It is tasked to do the
following:
A. Monitor the weather and climate of the
country
B. Provide information to the public about
typhoon and flood warnings
C. Delivers weather forecasts and advisories

38.  The public must be warned before the
impending occurrence of the typhoon.
Signal Number Wind Speed (kph) Expected Time of
Occurrence
1 30- 60 At least 36 hrs
2 60- 100 At least 24 hrs
3 100- 85 At least 18 hrs
4 <185 At least 12 hrs

39. Make an essay
describing how a
disaster has
significantly changed
or affected your life.

40.  The perfect breeding ground for typhoon is
an area where warm and humid air is present.
 The Western North Pacific Ocean where the
Philippines and other Asian countries are
situated is the most active basin for tropical
cyclone.
 As the typhoon hits the mountainous region
in the Philippines, it may reduce its strength
due to the friction it encountered.

41. 1. Heavy rainfall
2. Strong winds
3. Storm surges

42. Before Typhoon
1. Keep yourself updated
2. Check electrical wirings
3. Store enough supplies of food
4. Leave the coastal areas that are
prone to flood
5. Keep your vehicle fuelled
6. Make an emergency plan

43. During Typhoon
1. Be alert, stay calm and stay indoors.
2. Stay together as much as possible.
3. Always tune in to the latest weather
advisories
4. Boil the water for atleast 20 mins if
potable water is not available

44. After Typhoon
1. Check every family member.
2. Hire a person knowledgeable in
inspecting electrical wires
3. Report immediately to the authorities
about the fallen electric posts.
4. Stay tuned for the latest weather
report.

45. BEYOND
THE
EARTH

46.  Various films producers of sci- fi
movies are also influenced by the
science concepts about the space;
consequently, we see a lot of films
that chronicle stories which
feature the spectacle and
mysteries of the universe
including aliens, galaxies, star
and outer space.

47.  The solar system refers to the
sun itself and every celestial
object that revolves around it,
including eight (8) planets and
their natural satellites, dwarf
planets, asteroids, comets and
meteoroids.

48.  Universal Law of Gravitation
- Sir Isaac Newton explains what
keeps the celestial objects particularly
the planets orbit around the sun.
- accdg to Newton, the
gravitational pull or the force of
attraction exerted by the sun to the
planets, pulling them toward it is one
of the forces that holds the planet in
orbit.

49.  The mass of the sun is greater than
the mass of the smaller bodies such
as planets causing the sun to exert
the force.
 Another is force of inertia or the
force exerted that keeps the planets
moving and spinning. The gravity
and inertia work together to
resulting to a stable planetary orbit.

50.  The sun does have an atmosphere as
well which is very different from the
Earth. It is part of the Sun we usually
observe at early dawn or during
sunset and it is very clear during
total eclipse.
 The sun’s atmosphere is consist of
protosphere, chromosphere, corona
and the reversing layers.

51.  It is the inner layer of sun’s
atmosphere and main body of
the sun. It consists of the word
photo that means it is the
sphere that emits light; thus it
is the bright surface of the
sun.

52.  The word chromo in its name means
color which refers to the reddish glow
around the protosphere which is
observed using an instrument during
solar eclipse.
 It lies just above the protosphere
which is not visible to the naked eye
because the light from the
protosphere overpowers it.

53.  It is the outermost layer of the
solar atmosphere which
consists of hot gases which
arc out from the solar disk and
ionized gases found in its
outer part escape the
gravitational pull of the sun.

54.  The corona is visible during
total solar eclipse when the
sun is totally covered by the
moon. Its temperature is as
hot as 1-2 Million degrees
Celsius due to high kinetic
energy of molecules in the
corona.

55. The planets complete the members of the
solar system. If a celestial objects meet the
following criteria according to the members of
International Astronomical Union (IAU).
A. Planet
1. Always in an orbit around the sun
2. Possesses a sufficient mass enough for its own
gravity to overcome rigid body surface to make it
nearly round in shape
3. Needs to have cleared its neighborhood of small
objects, making it the dominant gravitational body in
their orbit.

56. B. Dwarf Planet
1. Always in an orbit around the sun.
2. Possesses a sufficient mass enough
for its own gravity to overcome
rigid body surface to make it nearly
round in shape
3. It is not a natural satellite.

57. In 2006, the IAU has declared Pluto as a
dwarf planet due to its failure to meet the
criteria and because of its unusual orbit
around the sun. The declaration was based
on the IAU Resolution 6A which recognizes
the Pluto as prototype of new category of
the celestial body, Trans- Neptunian
Objects (TNO) and IAU Resolution 6B
indicates that the new category of TNO is
called “Plutonian Object”.

58. Since then, the 9 planets in the solar
system became 8, and they divided into two
categories based on physical
characteristics:
1. The Terrestrial Planets
-include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are
known for their rocky composition and for being
dense bodies. Also called as inner planets.
2. The Gas Giant Planet
-include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, are
characterized by their bigger sixe and gaseous
composition. Also called outer planets.