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Queer & Trans 

Indigenous Histories "



Pre-colonization, European colonialism + imperialism,
Process of decolonization

Jonny Sopotiuk, February 2014
Acknowledgements"
!
“The limitations of allies are enormous and important to hold alongside our
willingness to act. As allies, we’re not the ones who shoulder the burden. Allies
need to stay ever mindful that the potential fall out or backlash for our actions
as allies will fall on the oppressed people, not us.”

― Vikki Reynolds, Vancouver-based Ally and Activist
Cakes Da Killa - Goodies Goodies. (VIDEO)
Presentation Format"
!

1. Current Context
2. European Colonialism
3. Africa
4. Asia
- Middle East / West Asia
- East Asia / South East Asia
- Oceania / South West Pacific
5. Central + South America
6. North America (Turtle Island)
7. Decolonization
Current Context"
!
“Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate
integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and
bring about conformity or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by
which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover
how to participate in the transformation of their world.” 

― Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed
LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN THE WORLD
ILGA, THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION

Greenland
Alaska

Iceland

Finland
Russia
Sweden
Estonia
3 entities Denmark
Canada
Lithuania Latvia
Poland Belarus
Ireland Netherlands Germany
Belgium
Czech. Rep.
Europe:
Slovakia Ukraine
Lux.
Austria
Kazakhstan
Washington
Moldova
41 countries
Switzerland Slovenia Hungary
Mongolia
Maine
Croatia Romania
Wisconsin
and 10 entities
New Hampshire
France
Vermont
Bosnia & Herz. Serbia
Massachussets
Oregon
Mont. Kos. Bulgaria Georgia
Andorra
New York
North
Rhode Island
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
Iowa Illinois
Italy
Connecticut
Fyrom
Portugal Spain
Korea
Armenia Azerb.
Albania
Nevada
New Jersey
Delaware
Turkmenistan
Washington, D.C.
Turkey
Tajikistan
Colorado
Maryland
Greece
Japan
South
Malta
California
Syria
Gibraltar
Cyprus
China
U.S.A.
Korea
Afghanistan
Lebanon
Tunisia
Israel
Morocco
32 states
Iran
Iraq
Ghaza
Nepal
19 states
Jordan
Canary Islands
Kuwait
Pakistan
Coahuila
Bhutan
Algeria
The Bahamas
Libya
Bahrain
Egypt
Dominican Rep.
Qatar
Bangladesh
Saudi
Mexico
Taiwan
U. A. E.
Cuba Virgin Islands
Arabia
10 states
Myanmar
Lao
Federal District
Haiti
Mauritania
India
Jamaica
Puerto Rico
Vietnam
Oman
Mali Niger
Sudan
Belize
Antigua & Barbuda
Cape Verde
St Kitts & Nevis
Thailand
Dominica
Philippines
Honduras
Eritrea Yemen
Senegal
St. Vincent
Chad
St. Lucia
Guatemala
Gambia
Burkina
Grenada
6 cities
El Salvador
Cambodia
Barbados
Djibouti
Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Trinidad and Tobago
Nicaragua
Benin
Guinea
South
Costa Rica
Palau
Sri Lanka
Ghana Nigeria
Sierra Leone
Venezuela Guyana
Sudan Ethiopia
Panama
Ivory
Coast
Suriname
Central African
Maldives
Liberia
Togo
Brunei
French Guiana
Aceh Province
Republic
Malaysia
Colombia
Cameroon
Somalia
Singapore
Equatorial Guinea
Uganda
Congo
Kenya
Sao Tome & Principe
Indonesia
Rwanda
Ecuador
Gabon
Seychelles
Dem. Rep. Burundi
of the Congo
South Sumatra
Peru
Tanzania
Timor-Leste
Brazil
Papua New
Guinea
14 entities
Comoros
Malawi
Angola
Norway

U. K.

Hawaii

May 2013
www.ilga.org

PERSECUTION

DEATH PENALTY
5 countries and parts of Nigeria and Somalia

Zambia

IMPRISONMENT
71 countries and 5 entities*
Death penalty
Imprisonment
from 14 years to a
life-long sentence
unclear: legislation
not specifically
homophobic but
which can be used
as such
“Propaganda law”
restricting freedom
of expression and
association

imprisonment,
no precise
indication of
the length /
banishment
Iraq:
persecution by
organised nonstate agents /
India: law
awaiting court
ruling

Kiribati

Samoa

Tuvalu

Mozambique

Cook Islands
Vanuatu

Bolivia

imprisonment
up to 14 years

Nauru
Solomon
Islands

Namibia

Paraguay

Zimbabwe

Mauritius

Western
Australia

Swaziland

Chile
South Africa

Rosario

Uruguay
Argentina
Buenos Aires

RECOGNITION

RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS
31 countries and 35 entities*
JOINT ADOPTION
14 countries and 38 entities*
Marriage
Equal (almost
equal) substitute
to marriage

Clearly inferior
substitute to
marriage
Joint adoption

Fiji

Madagascar

Botswana

Australia
8 states

Lesotho

PROTECTION
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS
65 countries and 85 entities*

Countries which introduced laws
prohibiting discrimination on the
grounds of sexual orientation

NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION

Norfolk Island

Tonga

New South Wales
Australian
Capital Territory
Victoria

New
Zealand
Tasmania

* These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships.
At times, they also apply to trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was
coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based
on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: a world survey of laws. Criminalisation, protection and recognition
of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various
languages on www.ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update.

Current legal realities as of May 2013.
Oral Traditions"
!
“Western discourse has come to prioritize the written word as the dominant
form of record keeping and until recently, Westerners have generally
considered oral societies to be peoples without history.”



― Indigenous Foundations, University of British Columbia
European Colonialism"
!
“When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land.
They said 'Let us pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had
the Bible and they had the land.” 



― Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Countries subject to English invasion.
British Sodomy Laws"
!
-

1553: British Buggery Act.
1837: First draft of Indian Penal Code completed.
1860: British Raj introduce Indian Penal Code, including Section 377,
which criminalizes sexual activities “against the order of nature”.
1897-1902: Indian law applied to African colonies.
1950s +1960s: Independence won by most former colonies.
1967: England and Wales decriminalizes most consensual
homosexual conduct.

!
British Colonies that have since removed the laws:
!
- New Zealand (1986), Australia (state by state and territory by
territory), Hong Kong (1990 before being returned to China) and Fiji
(2005 high court decision).

This Alien Legacy. Human Rights Watch.
Anthropological Evidence"



“Since anthropology emerged along with the expansion of Europe and the
colonization of the non-Western world, anthropologists found themselves
participants in the colonial system which organized relationships between
Westerners and non-Westerners. It is, perhaps, more than a coincidence that a
methodological stance, that of the outsider, and a methodological approach,
“objectivity,” developed which in retrospect seem to have been influenced by,
and in turn to have supported, the colonial system.”
!
― Diane Lewis, Anthropology and Colonialism
“The Spanish invader Vasco Núñez
de Balboa (1475-1519) shown in Central
America with his troops, presiding over
the execution of Indians, whom he ordered
eaten alive by the war dogs for having
practiced male love.”
!
New York Public Library, Rare Book Room,
De Bry Collection, New York.
Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Africa"
!
“[Homosexuality] is repressed for its perceived symbolism rather than because
of its proven harm. …. Thus, it is not the act of sodomy that is denounced… but
the so-called sodomite who performs it; not any proven social damage, but the
threat that same-sex passion in itself is seen as representing to heterosexual
hegemony.” 

― South Africa's Constitutional Court justice Albie Sachs
LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS
IN AFRICA
PAN AFRICA ILGA IS THE AFRICAN REGION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN,
GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION

May 2013

Tunisia

Morocco

www.ilga.org

Canary Islands
Algeria

Libya

Egypt

Mauritania
Mali Niger

Cape Verde
Senegal
Gambia
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea

Eritrea
Djibouti

Benin

South
Sudan Ethiopia
Central African
Liberia
Togo
Republic
Cameroon
Somalia
Equatorial Guinea
Uganda
Congo
Kenya
Sao Tome & Principe
Rwanda
Gabon
Dem. Rep. Burundi
of the Congo
Tanzania

Sierra Leone

PERSECUTION

Burkina
Faso

Sudan

Chad

Ghana

Ivory
Coast

Nigeria

Seychelles

DEATH PENALTY
Mauritania, Soudan and parts of Nigeria and Somalia
IMPRISONMENT
34 countries
Death penalty
Imprisonment
from 14 years to a
life-long sentence
imprisonment up to
14 years

unclear: legislation
not specifically
homophobic but
which can be used
as such
imprisonment, no
precise indication of the
length / banishment

Zambia

Namibia

RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS & JOINT ADOPTION
South Africa

Comoros

Mozambique

Zimbabwe

Mauritius

Madagascar

Botswana

RECOGNITION
Marriage

Malawi

Angola

Swaziland

Joint adoption

PROTECTION

ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS
6 countries
Countries which introduced laws prohibiting
discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation

NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION

South Africa

Lesotho

*These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to
trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki.
Data represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and
recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www.
ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update.
Lesotho"
!
Traditional Basotho women entered into
“mummy-baby” relationships. Young
girls were “gradually socialized into adult
female roles and relationships by slightly
older more experience girls … sexual
intimacy is an important aspect of these
relationships.”
!
As women grow older and start to raise a
family, the sexual nature of these
relations lessen, but the support network
formed and the deep emotional
attachment among women remain.

SAGE: Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration: Robyn Ryle.
Mashoga"
!
Mashoga is a Swahili term that connotes
a range of identities on the gender
continuum. While loosely used to
indicate gay men, a large proportion of
mashoga are biological men who adopt
the female gender early in life. They
often assume female gender roles and
serve a crucial role in wedding
ceremonies.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
South Africa"
!
It is very common for adolescent boys to
visit mine workers, living in all male
compounds, to provide sexual services
called “thigh sex”. The mine workers
often have girlfriends and wives at home.
!
In South African townships, adolescent
boys (called skesana) commonly
entered sexual relationships with older
men (called injonga).

Eugene J. Patron. Heart of Lavender: In Search of Gay Africa.
Asia"
!
"The sun may have set on the British Empire, but the empire lives on. It’s
amazing how millions of yellow- and brown-skinned people have so absorbed
Victorian prudishness that even now, when their countries are independent and they are all happy and proud they’re free from the yoke of the British - they
stoutly defend these laws.”



― Au Waiping, Singapore
LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS
IN ASIA, AUSTRALIA,
NEW ZEALAND AND
PACIFIC ISLANDS

ILGA-ASIA AND ILGA-ANZAPI ARE REGIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION

May 2013

Kazakhstan
Georgia
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
Armenia Azerb.
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Tajikistan
Syria
Cyprus
Afghanistan
Lebanon
Israel
Iran
Iraq
Ghaza
Nepal
Jordan
Kuwait
Pakistan
Bahrain

Saudi
Arabia

Qatar
U. A. E.

North
Korea

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Taiwan

India

Lao
Vietnam

Thailand

Yemen

Philippines
6 cities

Cambodia

Palau

Sri Lanka
Maldives

PERSECUTION

Aceh Province

Malaysia

IMPRISONMENT
Asia: 18 countries and 3 entities*/ANZAPI**: 8 countries and
Cook Islands

Imprisonment
from 14 years to a
life-long sentence
imprisonment up to
14 years

Brunei

Singapore

DEATH PENALTY
Iran, Yemen and Saudi Arabia

Death penalty

Japan

South
Korea

China

Myanmar

Oman

www.ilga.org

Mongolia

imprisonment, no
precise indication of the
length / banishment

Indonesia
South Sumatra
Timor-Leste

Papua New
Guinea

Nauru
Solomon
Islands

Kiribati

Samoa

Tuvalu

Iraq: persecution
by organised
non-state agents /
India: law awaiting
court ruling

Cook Islands
Vanuatu
Fiji

RECOGNITION

RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS
Asia: Israël / ANZAPI**: New Zealand and 9 entities*
JOINT ADOPTION
Asia: Israël / ANZAPI**: New Zealand and 3 entities*
Marriage

Australia
8 states

Clearly inferior substitute
to marriage

Norfolk Island

New South Wales

Equal (almost equal)
substitute to marriage

Joint adoption

Western
Australia

Australian
Capital Territory
Victoria

PROTECTION

ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS
Asia: Israël and 7 entities / ANZAPI**: Australia, Fiji,
New Zealand and 8 entities*
Countries which introduced laws prohibiting
discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation

NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
** ANZAPI: Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands

New
Zealand
Tasmania

These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at
same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to
trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013)
was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data
represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia:
a world survey of laws. Criminalisation, protection and recognition of
same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli
Itaborahy available in various languages on www.ilga.org. ILGA thanks
groups which contributed to the annual update.

Tonga
Egypt"
!
During the Mamluk Sultanate in what is
now Egypt from the 1200s to the 1700s,
young girls who we perceived to have
masculine traits were celebrated and
raised as boys and afforded all of the
legal and societal advantages.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Oman "
!
The xanith of Oman are considered an
intermediate gender in this Islamic
nation. They are biological males and do
not practice emasculation, but do
assume the dress, mannerisms, and
some social roles of women. They have
masculine names and are referred to in
the masculine grammatical gender form.

The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association. Serena Nanda.
Iran"
!
Transsexual rights are actually
acknowledged in Iran, where it is still
punishable by death to be gay. Due to a
decree by the Ayatollah Khomeini, gay
and/or transgender men are permitted to
live lives as straight women and
permitted to undergo sex reassignment
surgery, after which their official
documents are changed to reflect their
new identities.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
India "
!
Hijras are physiological males who adopt feminine
gender identity, wear women's clothing and other
perform feminine gender roles. In the past the term
referred to eunuchs or those born intersex or with
indeterminate genitalia.

!

In India per Hindu mythology, hijras represent the
half-male, half-female image of Shiva — an image
symbolic of a being that is ageless and sexless.
Many hijras live in well-defined, organized, all-hijra
communities, led by a guru.

!

During the era of the British Raj, authorities
attempted to eradicate hijras, whom they saw as "a
breach of public decency." Also during British rule
in India they were placed under the Criminal Tribes
Act 1871 and labelled a "criminal tribe," hence
subjected to compulsory registration, strict
monitoring and stigmatization. After independence
however they were decriminalized in 1952, though
the stigma continues.
Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Indonesia "
!
The Bugi people of southern Sulawesi
recognize three sexes (male, female,
intersex) and five genders: men, women,
calabai, calalai, and bissu. Calabai are
biological males who embody a feminine
gender identity. Calalai are biological
females who embody a male gender
identity. Bissu are considered a
"transcendent gender," either
encompassing all genders or none at all.
The bissu serve ritual roles in Bugi
culture and are sometimes equated with
priests.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Phillipines "
!
Bakla is a Tagalog term that
encompasses an array of sexual and
gender identities, but especially
indicated a male-born person who
assumes the dress, mannerisms, and
social roles of a woman. While bakla
have existed as a recognized third
gender for centuries, more conservative
influences in recent decades has
marginalized them.
!
The bakla actually developed their own
language to use with each other, called
swardspeak. It is a mixture of Filipino,
English and Spanish and is spoken with
a "hyperfeminized inflection."
Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Southwest Pacific"
!
“In our society, the meaning of marriage is universal – it's a declaration of love
and commitment to a special person.”



― Louisa Wall, New Zealand MP with Maori ancestry
Sex Change Surgery. National Geographic Society. (VIDEO)
Samoa"
!
Fa'afafine are biological males who have
a strong feminine gender orientation,
which the Samoan parents recognize
quite early in childhood, and then raise
them as female children or rather third
gender children. Fa'afafine traditionally
assume roles of family care, although
they are present in many spheres of
Somoan society.
!
Fa'afafine are not considered "gay" in
Samoan culture, as they may be sexually
involved with men, women, or other
fa'afafine.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Hawaii"
!
The mahu could be biological males or
females inhabiting a gender role
somewhere between or encompassing
both the masculine and feminine. Their
social role is sacred as educators and
promulgators of ancient traditions and
rituals. The arrival of Europeans and the
colonization of Hawaii nearly eliminated
the native culture, and today mahu face
discrimination in a culture dominated by
white European ideology about gender.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
New Zealand"
!
In Maori culture, wakawahine are men
who prefer the company of women and
take up traditionally feminine occupations
such as weaving. Wakatane denotes a
biological female who pursues
traditionally male roles, such as becoming
a warrior or engaging in physical labor.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Central + South America"
!
“When a broad coalition of human-rights activists brought a gay rights charter
to the United Nations in 2007, the push was led not by the likes of Sweden or
the Netherlands, but by Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil.” 



―Freedom to Marry
GAY AND LESBIAN RIGHTS IN LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
ILGA-LAC IS THE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN REGION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION

May 2013

Coahuila

Mexico
10 states
Federal District

www.ilga.org

The Bahamas
Dominican Rep.
Cuba Virgin Islands
Jamaica

Haiti

Puerto Rico
Antigua & Barbuda
St Kitts & Nevis
Dominica
Honduras
St. Vincent
St. Lucia
Grenada
Barbados
Trinidad and Tobago

Belize

Guatemala
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama

Colombia

Venezuela Guyana
Suriname
French Guiana

Ecuador
Peru
Brazil

PERSECUTION

14 entities

IMPRISONMENT
11 countries
Imprisonment
from 14 years to a life-long sentence
imprisonment up to
14 years

Bolivia

RECOGNITION

RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS
5 countries and 2 entities*

Paraguay

JOINT ADOPTION
Argentine, Brazil and Federal District of Mexico
Marriage

Joint adoption

Equal (almost equal)
substitute to
marriage

Clearly inferior
substitute
to marriage

Chile
Rosario

PROTECTION
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS
9 countries and 28 entities*

Countries which introduced laws prohibiting
discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation

NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
* These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex
activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to trans and intersex
people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen
Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based
on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: a world survey of laws. Criminalisation,
protection and recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu
Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www.ilga.org.
ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update.

Uruguay
Argentina
Buenos Aires
Brazil"
!
Histories of Brazil (1576) described
Native American women in northeastern
Brazil who "give up all the duties of
women and imitate men, and follow
men's pursuits.” These women marry
and they treat each other and speak with
each other as man and wife.

The Case for Same-Sex Marriage. William Eskridge.
Peru"
!
In pre-colonial Andean culture, the Incas
worshipped the chuqui chinchay, a dualgendered god. Third-gender ritual
attendants or shamans performed
sacred rituals to honor this god. The
quariwarmi shamans wore androgynous
clothing as "a visible sign of a third space
that negotiated between the masculine
and the feminine, the present and the
past, the living and the dead. Their
shamanic presence invoked the
androgynous creative force often
represented in Andean mythology,"
according to scholar Michael J. Horswell.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Guevedoche"
!
A genetic third sex, passed down in
children over generations, exists in the
Dominican Republic. With
undifferentiated genitalia, they generally
are raised as girls, but begin developing
male traits at puberty. Instead of
changing their gender identities to male,
most chose to live as a third gender
called guevedoche or machi-embra. The
society has accommodated the
guevedoche and constructed a third
gender with distinct roles for them.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
North America "
Turtle Island"
!
There are over 155 instances of male two-spirits documented historically with
female two-spirits being documented in a third of those.



― Will Roscoe, 1991, American scholar, activist and writer
Independent Lens. Two Spirits. PBS. (VIDEO)
George Catlin, Dance to the Berdache, Great Plains (Sac and Fox First Nations). 1800’s.
We’wha"
!
Famous two-spirit from the Zuni people.
Significant documentation based on her
befriending anthropologists. We’wha was
described as “the strongest character
and the most intelligent of the Zuni tribe”
and served as a cultural ambassador to
the Zuni people.

Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
Coast Salish"
!
Regional gender systems varied, even
from village to village. Alternative
genders were widely observed among
coast tribes and Nations with local
stories of Two-Spirit people. Among the
Tulalip and Nootka peoples there were
eight named genders.

Alternative Genders in the Coast Salish World: Paradox and Pattern. Jean C. Young.
Opaskwayak"
!
The Opaskwayak Cree Nation (OCN)
located in the Northern Manitoba has a
long tradition of supporting diverse
gender and sexual identities and
expressions.
!
Young members of the Nation are
encouraged to dance in the gender
customs that they felt most comfortable
in. The community has the nickname of
“the Factory” in the queer First Nations
community for the number of Two Spirit
people coming out of it.

Two Spirited: being GLBT and Aboriginal. ReVision Quest. CBC Radio.
Multiple genders in Cree cultures. Albert McLeod.
Decolonization"
!
“I think the notion of dreaming in a time where we are told that it is foolish, futile
or not useful is one of the most revolutionary things we can do. To have our
lives determined by our dreams of a free world--instead of reactions to a stateimposed reality--is one of the most powerful tools of decolonization.”

― Harsha Walia, Undoing Border Imperialism
The Seven Fires"


-

1988: First Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and
Lesbian American Conference held in Minneapolis, Minnesota
1990: Term two-spirited emerges at the third traditional gathering in
Winnipeg, Manitoba
2000’s: Two-spirit sweat lodge established in North Vancouver
Squamish nation in response to gay bashing on reserve.
2008: Coquille Indian Tribe on the southern Oregon coast, in the U.S.
West, adopts a law recognizing same-sex marriage
2009: Award-winning Two-spirits film released.
2010: National Film Board releases: Deb-we-win Ge-kend-am-aan,
Our Place in the Circle by Lorne Olson.
2013: 8 indigenous tribes across the USA now recognize same-sex
marriages among their members.

Multiple Sources. jonnysopotiuk.ca/2014/02/24/queer-histories/
Traditional African gay wedding a first. eNCAnews. (VIDEO)
Questions?"
!

Queer & Trans 

Indigenous Histories "


Pre-colonization, European colonialism + imperialism,
Process of decolonization

Jonny Sopotiuk, February 2014

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Queer & Trans Indigenous Histories

  • 1. Queer & Trans 
 Indigenous Histories " 
 Pre-colonization, European colonialism + imperialism, Process of decolonization Jonny Sopotiuk, February 2014
  • 2. Acknowledgements" ! “The limitations of allies are enormous and important to hold alongside our willingness to act. As allies, we’re not the ones who shoulder the burden. Allies need to stay ever mindful that the potential fall out or backlash for our actions as allies will fall on the oppressed people, not us.”
 ― Vikki Reynolds, Vancouver-based Ally and Activist
  • 3. Cakes Da Killa - Goodies Goodies. (VIDEO)
  • 4. Presentation Format" ! 1. Current Context 2. European Colonialism 3. Africa 4. Asia - Middle East / West Asia - East Asia / South East Asia - Oceania / South West Pacific 5. Central + South America 6. North America (Turtle Island) 7. Decolonization
  • 5. Current Context" ! “Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world.” 
 ― Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed
  • 6. LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN THE WORLD ILGA, THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION Greenland Alaska Iceland Finland Russia Sweden Estonia 3 entities Denmark Canada Lithuania Latvia Poland Belarus Ireland Netherlands Germany Belgium Czech. Rep. Europe: Slovakia Ukraine Lux. Austria Kazakhstan Washington Moldova 41 countries Switzerland Slovenia Hungary Mongolia Maine Croatia Romania Wisconsin and 10 entities New Hampshire France Vermont Bosnia & Herz. Serbia Massachussets Oregon Mont. Kos. Bulgaria Georgia Andorra New York North Rhode Island Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Iowa Illinois Italy Connecticut Fyrom Portugal Spain Korea Armenia Azerb. Albania Nevada New Jersey Delaware Turkmenistan Washington, D.C. Turkey Tajikistan Colorado Maryland Greece Japan South Malta California Syria Gibraltar Cyprus China U.S.A. Korea Afghanistan Lebanon Tunisia Israel Morocco 32 states Iran Iraq Ghaza Nepal 19 states Jordan Canary Islands Kuwait Pakistan Coahuila Bhutan Algeria The Bahamas Libya Bahrain Egypt Dominican Rep. Qatar Bangladesh Saudi Mexico Taiwan U. A. E. Cuba Virgin Islands Arabia 10 states Myanmar Lao Federal District Haiti Mauritania India Jamaica Puerto Rico Vietnam Oman Mali Niger Sudan Belize Antigua & Barbuda Cape Verde St Kitts & Nevis Thailand Dominica Philippines Honduras Eritrea Yemen Senegal St. Vincent Chad St. Lucia Guatemala Gambia Burkina Grenada 6 cities El Salvador Cambodia Barbados Djibouti Faso Guinea-Bissau Trinidad and Tobago Nicaragua Benin Guinea South Costa Rica Palau Sri Lanka Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Venezuela Guyana Sudan Ethiopia Panama Ivory Coast Suriname Central African Maldives Liberia Togo Brunei French Guiana Aceh Province Republic Malaysia Colombia Cameroon Somalia Singapore Equatorial Guinea Uganda Congo Kenya Sao Tome & Principe Indonesia Rwanda Ecuador Gabon Seychelles Dem. Rep. Burundi of the Congo South Sumatra Peru Tanzania Timor-Leste Brazil Papua New Guinea 14 entities Comoros Malawi Angola Norway U. K. Hawaii May 2013 www.ilga.org PERSECUTION DEATH PENALTY 5 countries and parts of Nigeria and Somalia Zambia IMPRISONMENT 71 countries and 5 entities* Death penalty Imprisonment from 14 years to a life-long sentence unclear: legislation not specifically homophobic but which can be used as such “Propaganda law” restricting freedom of expression and association imprisonment, no precise indication of the length / banishment Iraq: persecution by organised nonstate agents / India: law awaiting court ruling Kiribati Samoa Tuvalu Mozambique Cook Islands Vanuatu Bolivia imprisonment up to 14 years Nauru Solomon Islands Namibia Paraguay Zimbabwe Mauritius Western Australia Swaziland Chile South Africa Rosario Uruguay Argentina Buenos Aires RECOGNITION RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS 31 countries and 35 entities* JOINT ADOPTION 14 countries and 38 entities* Marriage Equal (almost equal) substitute to marriage Clearly inferior substitute to marriage Joint adoption Fiji Madagascar Botswana Australia 8 states Lesotho PROTECTION ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS 65 countries and 85 entities* Countries which introduced laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION Norfolk Island Tonga New South Wales Australian Capital Territory Victoria New Zealand Tasmania * These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: a world survey of laws. Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www.ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update. Current legal realities as of May 2013.
  • 7. Oral Traditions" ! “Western discourse has come to prioritize the written word as the dominant form of record keeping and until recently, Westerners have generally considered oral societies to be peoples without history.”
 
 ― Indigenous Foundations, University of British Columbia
  • 8. European Colonialism" ! “When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said 'Let us pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had the Bible and they had the land.” 
 
 ― Archbishop Desmond Tutu
  • 9. Countries subject to English invasion.
  • 10. British Sodomy Laws" ! - 1553: British Buggery Act. 1837: First draft of Indian Penal Code completed. 1860: British Raj introduce Indian Penal Code, including Section 377, which criminalizes sexual activities “against the order of nature”. 1897-1902: Indian law applied to African colonies. 1950s +1960s: Independence won by most former colonies. 1967: England and Wales decriminalizes most consensual homosexual conduct. ! British Colonies that have since removed the laws: ! - New Zealand (1986), Australia (state by state and territory by territory), Hong Kong (1990 before being returned to China) and Fiji (2005 high court decision). This Alien Legacy. Human Rights Watch.
  • 11. Anthropological Evidence" 
 “Since anthropology emerged along with the expansion of Europe and the colonization of the non-Western world, anthropologists found themselves participants in the colonial system which organized relationships between Westerners and non-Westerners. It is, perhaps, more than a coincidence that a methodological stance, that of the outsider, and a methodological approach, “objectivity,” developed which in retrospect seem to have been influenced by, and in turn to have supported, the colonial system.” ! ― Diane Lewis, Anthropology and Colonialism
  • 12. “The Spanish invader Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519) shown in Central America with his troops, presiding over the execution of Indians, whom he ordered eaten alive by the war dogs for having practiced male love.” ! New York Public Library, Rare Book Room, De Bry Collection, New York.
  • 13. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 14. Africa" ! “[Homosexuality] is repressed for its perceived symbolism rather than because of its proven harm. …. Thus, it is not the act of sodomy that is denounced… but the so-called sodomite who performs it; not any proven social damage, but the threat that same-sex passion in itself is seen as representing to heterosexual hegemony.” 
 ― South Africa's Constitutional Court justice Albie Sachs
  • 15. LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN AFRICA PAN AFRICA ILGA IS THE AFRICAN REGION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION May 2013 Tunisia Morocco www.ilga.org Canary Islands Algeria Libya Egypt Mauritania Mali Niger Cape Verde Senegal Gambia Guinea-Bissau Guinea Eritrea Djibouti Benin South Sudan Ethiopia Central African Liberia Togo Republic Cameroon Somalia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Congo Kenya Sao Tome & Principe Rwanda Gabon Dem. Rep. Burundi of the Congo Tanzania Sierra Leone PERSECUTION Burkina Faso Sudan Chad Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Seychelles DEATH PENALTY Mauritania, Soudan and parts of Nigeria and Somalia IMPRISONMENT 34 countries Death penalty Imprisonment from 14 years to a life-long sentence imprisonment up to 14 years unclear: legislation not specifically homophobic but which can be used as such imprisonment, no precise indication of the length / banishment Zambia Namibia RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS & JOINT ADOPTION South Africa Comoros Mozambique Zimbabwe Mauritius Madagascar Botswana RECOGNITION Marriage Malawi Angola Swaziland Joint adoption PROTECTION ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS 6 countries Countries which introduced laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION South Africa Lesotho *These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www. ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update.
  • 16. Lesotho" ! Traditional Basotho women entered into “mummy-baby” relationships. Young girls were “gradually socialized into adult female roles and relationships by slightly older more experience girls … sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships.” ! As women grow older and start to raise a family, the sexual nature of these relations lessen, but the support network formed and the deep emotional attachment among women remain. SAGE: Questioning Gender: A Sociological Exploration: Robyn Ryle.
  • 17. Mashoga" ! Mashoga is a Swahili term that connotes a range of identities on the gender continuum. While loosely used to indicate gay men, a large proportion of mashoga are biological men who adopt the female gender early in life. They often assume female gender roles and serve a crucial role in wedding ceremonies. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 18. South Africa" ! It is very common for adolescent boys to visit mine workers, living in all male compounds, to provide sexual services called “thigh sex”. The mine workers often have girlfriends and wives at home. ! In South African townships, adolescent boys (called skesana) commonly entered sexual relationships with older men (called injonga). Eugene J. Patron. Heart of Lavender: In Search of Gay Africa.
  • 19. Asia" ! "The sun may have set on the British Empire, but the empire lives on. It’s amazing how millions of yellow- and brown-skinned people have so absorbed Victorian prudishness that even now, when their countries are independent and they are all happy and proud they’re free from the yoke of the British - they stoutly defend these laws.”
 
 ― Au Waiping, Singapore
  • 20. LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS IN ASIA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND PACIFIC ISLANDS ILGA-ASIA AND ILGA-ANZAPI ARE REGIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION May 2013 Kazakhstan Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Armenia Azerb. Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Syria Cyprus Afghanistan Lebanon Israel Iran Iraq Ghaza Nepal Jordan Kuwait Pakistan Bahrain Saudi Arabia Qatar U. A. E. North Korea Bhutan Bangladesh Taiwan India Lao Vietnam Thailand Yemen Philippines 6 cities Cambodia Palau Sri Lanka Maldives PERSECUTION Aceh Province Malaysia IMPRISONMENT Asia: 18 countries and 3 entities*/ANZAPI**: 8 countries and Cook Islands Imprisonment from 14 years to a life-long sentence imprisonment up to 14 years Brunei Singapore DEATH PENALTY Iran, Yemen and Saudi Arabia Death penalty Japan South Korea China Myanmar Oman www.ilga.org Mongolia imprisonment, no precise indication of the length / banishment Indonesia South Sumatra Timor-Leste Papua New Guinea Nauru Solomon Islands Kiribati Samoa Tuvalu Iraq: persecution by organised non-state agents / India: law awaiting court ruling Cook Islands Vanuatu Fiji RECOGNITION RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS Asia: Israël / ANZAPI**: New Zealand and 9 entities* JOINT ADOPTION Asia: Israël / ANZAPI**: New Zealand and 3 entities* Marriage Australia 8 states Clearly inferior substitute to marriage Norfolk Island New South Wales Equal (almost equal) substitute to marriage Joint adoption Western Australia Australian Capital Territory Victoria PROTECTION ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS Asia: Israël and 7 entities / ANZAPI**: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand and 8 entities* Countries which introduced laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION ** ANZAPI: Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands New Zealand Tasmania These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: a world survey of laws. Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www.ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update. Tonga
  • 21. Egypt" ! During the Mamluk Sultanate in what is now Egypt from the 1200s to the 1700s, young girls who we perceived to have masculine traits were celebrated and raised as boys and afforded all of the legal and societal advantages. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 22. Oman " ! The xanith of Oman are considered an intermediate gender in this Islamic nation. They are biological males and do not practice emasculation, but do assume the dress, mannerisms, and some social roles of women. They have masculine names and are referred to in the masculine grammatical gender form. The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association. Serena Nanda.
  • 23. Iran" ! Transsexual rights are actually acknowledged in Iran, where it is still punishable by death to be gay. Due to a decree by the Ayatollah Khomeini, gay and/or transgender men are permitted to live lives as straight women and permitted to undergo sex reassignment surgery, after which their official documents are changed to reflect their new identities. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 24. India " ! Hijras are physiological males who adopt feminine gender identity, wear women's clothing and other perform feminine gender roles. In the past the term referred to eunuchs or those born intersex or with indeterminate genitalia. ! In India per Hindu mythology, hijras represent the half-male, half-female image of Shiva — an image symbolic of a being that is ageless and sexless. Many hijras live in well-defined, organized, all-hijra communities, led by a guru. ! During the era of the British Raj, authorities attempted to eradicate hijras, whom they saw as "a breach of public decency." Also during British rule in India they were placed under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871 and labelled a "criminal tribe," hence subjected to compulsory registration, strict monitoring and stigmatization. After independence however they were decriminalized in 1952, though the stigma continues. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 25. Indonesia " ! The Bugi people of southern Sulawesi recognize three sexes (male, female, intersex) and five genders: men, women, calabai, calalai, and bissu. Calabai are biological males who embody a feminine gender identity. Calalai are biological females who embody a male gender identity. Bissu are considered a "transcendent gender," either encompassing all genders or none at all. The bissu serve ritual roles in Bugi culture and are sometimes equated with priests. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 26. Phillipines " ! Bakla is a Tagalog term that encompasses an array of sexual and gender identities, but especially indicated a male-born person who assumes the dress, mannerisms, and social roles of a woman. While bakla have existed as a recognized third gender for centuries, more conservative influences in recent decades has marginalized them. ! The bakla actually developed their own language to use with each other, called swardspeak. It is a mixture of Filipino, English and Spanish and is spoken with a "hyperfeminized inflection." Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 27. Southwest Pacific" ! “In our society, the meaning of marriage is universal – it's a declaration of love and commitment to a special person.”
 
 ― Louisa Wall, New Zealand MP with Maori ancestry
  • 28. Sex Change Surgery. National Geographic Society. (VIDEO)
  • 29. Samoa" ! Fa'afafine are biological males who have a strong feminine gender orientation, which the Samoan parents recognize quite early in childhood, and then raise them as female children or rather third gender children. Fa'afafine traditionally assume roles of family care, although they are present in many spheres of Somoan society. ! Fa'afafine are not considered "gay" in Samoan culture, as they may be sexually involved with men, women, or other fa'afafine. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 30. Hawaii" ! The mahu could be biological males or females inhabiting a gender role somewhere between or encompassing both the masculine and feminine. Their social role is sacred as educators and promulgators of ancient traditions and rituals. The arrival of Europeans and the colonization of Hawaii nearly eliminated the native culture, and today mahu face discrimination in a culture dominated by white European ideology about gender. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 31. New Zealand" ! In Maori culture, wakawahine are men who prefer the company of women and take up traditionally feminine occupations such as weaving. Wakatane denotes a biological female who pursues traditionally male roles, such as becoming a warrior or engaging in physical labor. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 32. Central + South America" ! “When a broad coalition of human-rights activists brought a gay rights charter to the United Nations in 2007, the push was led not by the likes of Sweden or the Netherlands, but by Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil.” 
 
 ―Freedom to Marry
  • 33. GAY AND LESBIAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ILGA-LAC IS THE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN REGION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANS AND INTERSEX ASSOCIATION May 2013 Coahuila Mexico 10 states Federal District www.ilga.org The Bahamas Dominican Rep. Cuba Virgin Islands Jamaica Haiti Puerto Rico Antigua & Barbuda St Kitts & Nevis Dominica Honduras St. Vincent St. Lucia Grenada Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Belize Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Ecuador Peru Brazil PERSECUTION 14 entities IMPRISONMENT 11 countries Imprisonment from 14 years to a life-long sentence imprisonment up to 14 years Bolivia RECOGNITION RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX UNIONS 5 countries and 2 entities* Paraguay JOINT ADOPTION Argentine, Brazil and Federal District of Mexico Marriage Joint adoption Equal (almost equal) substitute to marriage Clearly inferior substitute to marriage Chile Rosario PROTECTION ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAWS 9 countries and 28 entities* Countries which introduced laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation NO SPECIFIC LEGISLATION * These laws are aimed at lesbians, gay men and bisexuals and at same-sex activities and relationships. At times, they also apply to trans and intersex people. This edition of the world map (May 2013) was coordinated by Stephen Barris (ILGA). Design: Eduardo Enoki. Data represented in this map is based on “State-Sponsored Homophobia: a world survey of laws. Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love - 2013”, an ILGA report by Jingshu Zhu & Lucas Paoli Itaborahy available in various languages on www.ilga.org. ILGA thanks groups which contributed to the annual update. Uruguay Argentina Buenos Aires
  • 34. Brazil" ! Histories of Brazil (1576) described Native American women in northeastern Brazil who "give up all the duties of women and imitate men, and follow men's pursuits.” These women marry and they treat each other and speak with each other as man and wife. The Case for Same-Sex Marriage. William Eskridge.
  • 35. Peru" ! In pre-colonial Andean culture, the Incas worshipped the chuqui chinchay, a dualgendered god. Third-gender ritual attendants or shamans performed sacred rituals to honor this god. The quariwarmi shamans wore androgynous clothing as "a visible sign of a third space that negotiated between the masculine and the feminine, the present and the past, the living and the dead. Their shamanic presence invoked the androgynous creative force often represented in Andean mythology," according to scholar Michael J. Horswell. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 36. Guevedoche" ! A genetic third sex, passed down in children over generations, exists in the Dominican Republic. With undifferentiated genitalia, they generally are raised as girls, but begin developing male traits at puberty. Instead of changing their gender identities to male, most chose to live as a third gender called guevedoche or machi-embra. The society has accommodated the guevedoche and constructed a third gender with distinct roles for them. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 37. North America " Turtle Island" ! There are over 155 instances of male two-spirits documented historically with female two-spirits being documented in a third of those.
 
 ― Will Roscoe, 1991, American scholar, activist and writer
  • 38. Independent Lens. Two Spirits. PBS. (VIDEO)
  • 39. George Catlin, Dance to the Berdache, Great Plains (Sac and Fox First Nations). 1800’s.
  • 40. We’wha" ! Famous two-spirit from the Zuni people. Significant documentation based on her befriending anthropologists. We’wha was described as “the strongest character and the most intelligent of the Zuni tribe” and served as a cultural ambassador to the Zuni people. Gender Diverse Cultures Map. Independent Lens. PBS.
  • 41. Coast Salish" ! Regional gender systems varied, even from village to village. Alternative genders were widely observed among coast tribes and Nations with local stories of Two-Spirit people. Among the Tulalip and Nootka peoples there were eight named genders. Alternative Genders in the Coast Salish World: Paradox and Pattern. Jean C. Young.
  • 42. Opaskwayak" ! The Opaskwayak Cree Nation (OCN) located in the Northern Manitoba has a long tradition of supporting diverse gender and sexual identities and expressions. ! Young members of the Nation are encouraged to dance in the gender customs that they felt most comfortable in. The community has the nickname of “the Factory” in the queer First Nations community for the number of Two Spirit people coming out of it. Two Spirited: being GLBT and Aboriginal. ReVision Quest. CBC Radio.
  • 43. Multiple genders in Cree cultures. Albert McLeod.
  • 44. Decolonization" ! “I think the notion of dreaming in a time where we are told that it is foolish, futile or not useful is one of the most revolutionary things we can do. To have our lives determined by our dreams of a free world--instead of reactions to a stateimposed reality--is one of the most powerful tools of decolonization.”
 ― Harsha Walia, Undoing Border Imperialism
  • 45. The Seven Fires" 
 - 1988: First Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference held in Minneapolis, Minnesota 1990: Term two-spirited emerges at the third traditional gathering in Winnipeg, Manitoba 2000’s: Two-spirit sweat lodge established in North Vancouver Squamish nation in response to gay bashing on reserve. 2008: Coquille Indian Tribe on the southern Oregon coast, in the U.S. West, adopts a law recognizing same-sex marriage 2009: Award-winning Two-spirits film released. 2010: National Film Board releases: Deb-we-win Ge-kend-am-aan, Our Place in the Circle by Lorne Olson. 2013: 8 indigenous tribes across the USA now recognize same-sex marriages among their members. Multiple Sources. jonnysopotiuk.ca/2014/02/24/queer-histories/
  • 46. Traditional African gay wedding a first. eNCAnews. (VIDEO)
  • 47. Questions?" ! Queer & Trans 
 Indigenous Histories " 
 Pre-colonization, European colonialism + imperialism, Process of decolonization Jonny Sopotiuk, February 2014