1. African Development Bank Group
DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE FOR
ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT IN AFRICA
Prof. John C. Anyanwu
Lead Research Economist
Development Research Department
African Development Bank
TRA, Tunis, Tunisia
KEYNOTE ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON AFRICAN DIGITAL LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES (ICADLA-
2), JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA, 17 NOVEMBER 2011
* The views expressed here are those of the author and in no way reflect those
of the AfDB and its Executive Directors.

2. Outline of Presentation
I. BRIEF STYLIZED FACTS ON AFRICA’S
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
II. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF
KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE IN ECONOMIC
ADVANCEMTENT
III. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
V. CONCLUSION
2

3. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

4. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

5. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

6. BRIEF STYLIZED FACTS ON AFRICA’S ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
Africa is less competitive than other regions
Comparative Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) Performance on Broad
Indices, 2010/2011
SUBINDEXES
GCI 2010-2011
Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers Innovation and sophistication
factors
Economy Score Score Score Score
North Africa 4.1 4.5 3.7 3.3
Sub-Saharan 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.1
Africa
BRICs 4.4 4.6 4.4 3.9
Latin America & 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.4
Caribbean
Southeast Asia 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.7
Source: WEF, WB and AfDB (2011)
6

7. BRIEF STYLIZED FACTS ON AFRICA’S ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
Africa is less competitive than other regions
Global Competitiveness Index: Comparative Scores, 2010/2011
1. Institutions 2. 3. Macroeconomic 4. Health 5. Higher 6. Goods 7. Labor 8. Financial 9. 10. 11. Business 12.
Infrastructure environment and primary education market market market Technological Market sophistication Innovation
education and training efficiency efficiency development readiness size
Economy Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Score
Africa 3.8 2.9 4.1 4.3 3.1 3.8 4.2 3.7 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.9
BRICs 3.8 4.1 4.8 5.7 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.2 3.6 6.0 4.2 3.6
Latin 3.6 3.7 4.4 5.6 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.8 2.9
America &
Caribbean
Southeast 4.1 3.9 5.0 5.5 4.0 4.4 4.7 4.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.4
Asia
OECD 4.9 5.2 4.9 6.3 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.3
Source: WEF, WB and AfDB (2011)
7

8. BRIEF STYLIZED FACTS ON AFRICA’S ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
Africa lags its comparators and developed regions in key social indicators
Table 3: Comparative Basic and Social Indicators
Indicator Year Africa Developing Countries Developed Countries
Basic Indicators
Area ('000 Km²) 30322.57 80975.97 54658.39
Total Population (millions) 2010 1031.47 5628.53 1068.73
Urban Population (% of Total) 2010 40.04 44.76 77.66
Population Density (per Km²) 2010 3.40 66.60 23.10
GNI per Capita (US $) 2009 1525.42 2780.29 39688.06
Demographic Indicators
Dependency Ratio (%) 2010 78.12 52.80 ..
Life Expectancy at Birth - Total (years) 2010 56.02 65.68 79.81
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2010 77.95 53.09 5.75
Child Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2010 127.22 51.38 6.30
Total Fertility Rate (per woman) 2010 4.44 2.67 1.77
Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000) 2008 530.21 440.00 10.00
Health & Nutrition Indicators
Physicians (per 100,000 people) 2007 46.71 77.00 287.00
Access to Safe Water (% of Population) 2008 64.93 83.99 99.58
Access to Health Services (% of Population) 2000 65.32 80.00 100.00
Access to Sanitation (% of Population) 2008 40.82 54.60 99.85
Percent. of Adults (aged 15-49) Living with HIV/AIDS 2007 4.56 161.86 14.14
Child Immunization Against Tuberculosis (%) 2008 85.05 89.00 99.00
Child Immunization Against Measles (%) 2008 83.72 76.00 92.62
Daily Calorie Supply per Capita 2007 2461.74 2675.20 3284.70
Public Expenditure on Health (as % of GDP) 2008 2.41 4.00 6.87
Education Indicators
Primary School – Total 2009 102.51252 106 101.4997
Secondary School – Total 2005 36.827545 62.31893 100.28181
Adult Literacy Rate - Total (%) 2006 64.796857 19.02674 ..
Percentage of GDP Spent on Education 2008 4.563138 .. 5.41659
Sources : ADB Statistics Department Databases; World Bank: World Development Indicators
UNAIDS; UNSD; WHO, UNICEF, WRI, UNDP; Country Reports.
Note : … : Data Not Available.
8

9. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
Knowledge is a multi-dimensional concept, consisting of ideas, facts, mental constructs,
information, stories, pictures, data, instructions, and the sum total of symbolic structures
possessed by individuals, institutions, and societies, which guide behavior in all walks of
life and in all spheres of public and private activity.
Forms of Knowledge and Ways of their Acquisition
.
Explicit knowledge as a Implicit/Tacit
knowledge
Public good Private good
On-market - -Purchase of patents, -Hiring and service contracts
acquisition licenses, software with carriers of implicit
- Contracted research knowledge
Off-market -Apprenticeship in public Spillover in the form of: Spillover in the form of: -
acquisition institutions - Reverse engineering Learning-by-doing
-Learning through texts and - Learning-by-watching -Learning-by-watching
software - Learning on -Learning-by-interacting
basis of patent
documentation
9
Source: Kober (2009)

10. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
The General Knowledge Model
Source: Newman and Conrad (1999) 10

11. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
• Relationships of Knowledge Index and Indicators
Knowledge Index (KI)
Education Index Innovation Index ICT Index
Adult literacy rate R & D researchers Telephones Computers
Secondary enrollment Patent count Internet users
Tertiary enrollment Journal articles
Source: Adapted from World Bank Institute (2007)
11

12. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
• The Three Interactive Pillars of the Knowledge Interacting with
Economic and Institution Regime (EIR)
Economic and
Education
Innovation
An educated and skilled
system
population can use
A system of organizations
knowledge effectively
that can tap into global
knowledge to assimilate and
adapt it, as well as create
local knowledge
Facilitates the effective communication,
processing and dissemination of information
EIR provides
incentives for the
efficient creation, Information
dissemination, and
use of existing Infrastructure
knowledge
Institutional Regime (EIR)
Source: Adapted from World Bank Institute (2007) 12

13. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
• Effects of Knowledge on Competitiveness and Economic
Advancement
Intangible investments
Higher skill levels
Education
Innovations in products and processes
Training
Incorporation of new technologies
R&D
ICT
Greater competitiveness
Increased GDP per capita Lower costs
Higher salaries and wages Access to new markets
Improvements in external balances Increased quality
Source: Adapted from World Bank Institute (2007) 13

14. A SNAPSHOT OF THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMIC ADVANCEMTENT
• Illustration of Knowledge as the Foundation of Economic
Advancement: South Korea vs Ghana
Source: Adapted from World Bank Institute (2007) 14

15. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

16. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

17. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

18. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

19. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Retreating Knowledge in Africa
Knowledge Index: Relative Performance Over Time by Region and Income Group
10
G7
Western Europe
High Income
8
Improvement
East Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
2009
All Countries
6
Upper Middle Income
Middle East and North Africa
Latin America
Lower Middle Income Regression
4
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Africa
Low Income
2
2 4 6 8 10
2000
Knowledge Index Fitted values
19

20. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Retreating Knowledge in Africa
Knowledge Index: Relative Performance Over Time
South Africa
5
Tunisia Mauritius
Egypt, Arab Rep.
4
Improvement Algeria
Morocco Namibia
Botswana
2009
Cape Verde
3
Zimbabwe
Swaziland
Kenya
Sudan
Angola Senegal
Nigeria Regression
2
Ghana
Mauritania
Cameroon
Lesotho
Zambia
Benin
UgandaCote d'Ivoire
Tanzania
Madagascar
Mali Eritrea
Djibouti
GuineaMalawi
Burkina Faso
Mozambique
1
Ethiopia Leone
Sierra
Rwanda
1 2 3 4 5 6
2000
KI Fitted values
20

21. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

22. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

23. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

24. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

25. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

26. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

27. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

28. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

29. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

30. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

31. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Positive Correlation between Knowledge and Current
Economic Performance – Dominance of Advanced
Economies
Knowledge Index and GDP Per Capita in 2009
100000
Luxembourg
20000 40000 60000 80000
Norway
Qatar Switzerland
Denmark
Ireland
Netherlands
Belgium States
United
Austria Sweden
Finland
Australia
Kuwait France
Germany
Canada
Japan
Iceland
Singapore
Arab Emirates United Kingdom
United CyprusItaly
Spain
Greece Kong, China
Hong New Zealand
Israel
Slovenia
Portugal
Oman Bahrain Malta Czech Republic
Slovak Estonia Rep.
Korea,
Croatia Republic
Trinidad and Tobago Hungary
Saudi Arabia Barbados
Venezuela, RB
Chile Latvia
Poland
Lithuania
Kazakhstan Uruguay
Mauritius Costa Argentina Federation
Lebanon Brazil Russian
Turkey
Mexico
Panama Romania
Dominican Colombia MalaysiaFYR
NamibiaEgypt,Peru Dominica Rica
Syrian Lanka Jamaica Macedonia, Bulgaria
Botswana Tunisia South Africa
Ecuador Rep. Serbia
Angola SwazilandAlbaniaBosniaJordan Belarus
MoroccoKyrgyz Republic
Azerbaijan Islamic
Guatemala Uzbekistan Georgia Rep. Ukraine
CapeAlgeriaArab Republic Herzegovina
El Salvador Araband
Iran, Thailand
China Moldova
Verde Fiji Guyana
MalawiCameroon Honduras Paraguay
GuineaFaso PDR Indonesia
Nigeria
Senegal
Mozambique Pakistan
Mauritania
EthiopiaUganda KenyaTajikistan
MaliBenin
Bangladesh
Tanzania
Nepal
Madagascar Sri
EritreaGhana ZimbabwePhilippines
Rwanda CoteSudan Rep. Bolivia
Sierra CambodiaNicaragua Vietnam Mongolia
BurkinaLesotho India
DjiboutiLao
Leone d'Ivoire
Yemen,
Zambia Rep.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Knowledge Index
GDP per capita (current US$)2009 Fitted values
31

32. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Close correlation between the Knowledge Index
and GDP per Capita in Africa
Knowledge Index and GDP Per Capita of African Countries in 2009
8000
Mauritius
6000
Botswana South Africa
4000
Angola Namibia
Algeria Tunisia
Cape Verde
Morocco
Swaziland
2000
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Djibouti CoteGhana Sudan
d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Zambia Nigeria
Senegal
Mauritania
Lesotho
Benin Kenya
Mali
Rwanda Eritrea
Burkina Faso
Malawi Tanzania
Mozambique Uganda
Sierra LeoneMadagascar
Guinea
Ethiopia Zimbabwe
0
1 2 3 4 5
Knowledge Index
GDP per capita (current US$)2009 Fitted values
32

33. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Close correlation between the Knowledge Index
and Economic Growth in Africa
Knowledge Index and Economic Growth of African Countries in 2009
10
Ethiopia
Malawi
UgandaNigeria Egypt, Arab Rep.
Mozambique Zambia
Tanzania Zimbabwe
5
Djibouti Morocco
Mali Ghana
Rwanda Eritrea Benin Sudan
Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire
Sierra Leone
Cape Verde
Lesotho Tunisia
Mauritius
Angola Kenya
Senegal
Cameroon Algeria
Swaziland
0
Guinea
Namibia
Mauritania
South Africa
Madagascar
-5
Botswana
1 2 3 4 5
Knowledge Index
GDP growth (annual %)2009 Fitted values
33

34. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Close correlation between the Knowledge Index
and Human Development in Africa
Knowledge Index and HDI of African Countries in 2009
1
.8
Mauritius
Algeria Tunisia
Botswana Egypt, Arab Rep.
.6
Namibia South Africa
Morocco
Cape Verde
Swaziland
Ghana
Cameroon Kenya
Madagascar Nigeria
Benin
Mauritania
Lesotho
Uganda Senegal
.4
Djibouti Cote Angola
Rwanda Malawi Tanzania d'Ivoire
Zambia Sudan
Guinea
Ethiopia
Sierra LeoneFaso
Mali
Burkina
Mozambique
.2
Zimbabwe
1 2 3 4 5
Knowledge Index
human development index Fitted values
34

35. African Development Bank Group
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST & VICE PRESIDENT, ECON
Development Research Department

36. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
Knowledge accumulation is associated with
higher rates of future per capita GDP in Africa
Knowledge Index in 2000 and Per Capita GDP of African Countries in 2005-2009
10
9
Botswana
Mauritius
South Africa
Algeria Namibia
R2=0.82Angola Tunisia
8
Cape Verde
Swaziland
Morocco
Egypt
7
Sudan
Djibouti Nigeria
Cameroon
Côte d’Ivoire
Mauritania Senegal
Zambia
Lesotho
Benin
Ghana Kenya
Mali
Burkina Faso Tanzania
6
Mozambique
Rwanda
Guinea Uganda
Madagascar
Sierra Leone
Eritrea Zimbabwe
Ethiopia Malawi
5
0 .5 1 1.5 2
Knowledge Index in 2000
(mean) lgdppc20052009 Fitted values
36

37. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA
A one-unit improvement in the KI leads to an increase
of 0.90 percentage point in per capita GDP
Simple Regression of the Effect of Knowledge on Future per Capita GDP, Dependent
Variable is per Capita GDFP in 2005-2009
Variable Coefficient
KI2000 0.899
(2.76**)
Investment rate 0.872
(1.87*)
Trade openness 0.366
(1.33)
Share of urban population 0.516
(2.54**)
Inflation rate 0.032
(0.26)
Constant 0.426
(0.29)
** Significant at 5% significant level; * significant at 10% significant level.
37

38. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Developing Educated and Skilled Workers
 Creating a culture of continuous learning and
openness to new ideas is critical for creating a
knowledge-based economy in Africa.
 Setting up a computer-based functional literacy
(CBFL) program to arrest adult illiteracy.
 Investing in hiring more qualified teachers and
improved pupil-teacher ratios in schools.
 A new system to focus on learning, rather than
on schooling, and promote creativity.
38

39. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Developing Educated and Skilled Workers
 Drastically upgrading higher education -
improved training programs and closer links
between tertiary and vocational educational
institutions o as well as private sector.
 Emphasize the enrolment and teaching of
sciences, math, and engineering technology
 Stronger university-industry linkages
 Increased involvement of the private sector,
Missions and NGOs – including PPPs in
education provision
39

40. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Creating an Efficient Innovation System
 Increasing R&D investment; strengthening African
countries’ R&D infrastructure, developing technological
innovations and altering the mind-set of its people
toward better creation, acquisition, and use of
technology
Renewing business
Competence
structure
New knowledge Start-ups, new
business areas Affluence
New business models
and services Regional vitality
Networking
Growth and Employment
R&D Innovations: products
investment and services, methods globalization of Environment and health
and processes, companies Security and safety
organizational Productivity Social well-being
innovations
Investments Results Direct effects Impact on national
economy and society
40

41. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Creating an Efficient Innovation System
Innovation policies and increased R&D
investments are needed in each country in
addition to regional strategies
Science and Technology Councils are necessary
at the Presidency or Prime Minister levels
Collaboration and linkages among local firms,
universities, and research institutes and the
worldwide R&D network of multinationals
Leveraging abundant Diaspora knowledge
41

42. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Creating an Efficient Innovation System
Leapfrogging to innovation-driven economy
Path to Knowledge-Based Economy: African Countries Need to
Leap-Frog to Reach the Knowledge- Based Economy Stage Soon
Knowledge-Based
Economies
Factor Driven Investment Innovation
Economy Driven Driven
Economy Economy
Country is a …cheap and …additional value beyond …unique high-
Source of… abundant natural basic manufacturing value products
resources and services
Local …occupy a small …focus on product …driven advances
Companies part of the value design, distribution, and in technology and
… chain marketing business methods
Workers… …are uneducated and …have basic education …are well educated
focus on low-value but lack technical skills and highly skilled
added tasks
Nigeria Saudi United
Country Ang China South
Arabia States
Examples Morocco
ola Brazil Finlan
Korea
: Other African d
Countries
42

43. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Creating an Efficient Innovation System
Establishment of science and technology
parks
Encouraging venture capital
development and angel funds
Develop communication and other
infrastructure for R&,
Creating an attractive environment to
motivate R&D investments, including
favorable tax, and other incentives.
43

44. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Creating an Efficient Innovation System
Attracting more foreign direct
investment (FDI)
Changing the way students are trained–-a
process that will require changes in the
education system, labor markets, and
government policies
Establishing incubators
44

45. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Building a dynamic information infrastructure
Having national and regional ICT Plans
(including broadband plans) with a Digital
Agenda
Improving the overall environment for
innovation and ICT
Establishing an innovation-friendly
environment and setting the ICT vision for
the future
Providing firms and consumers with
incentives to extract value from the use of
broadband
45

46. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Building a dynamic information infrastructure
Efficiently allocating assets that the public
sector controls or influences
Encouraging the deployment, adoption, and
use of broadband in areas where the market
alone is not enough
Ensuring robust competition in
telecommunications, including digital
democracy
Ensuring robust competition (including
privatization) in the power sector
46

47. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Strengthening the Economic and Institutional
Regime – a number of African countries have
made giant strides in reforms
Economic and Institutional Regime Index By Country in 2009 Economic and Institutional Regime Index: Relative Performance Over Time
Mauritius Mauritius
8
8
Namibia Namibia
6
6
Botswana South Africa South Africa
Botswana
Madagascar Madagascar
2009
Cape Verde Cape Verde
Mali Morocco Uganda
Tanzania
Tunisia Uganda
Tanzania Mali
Tunisia Morocco
4
4
Ghana Senegal Ghana
Senegal
Burkina Faso Egypt Mauritania Mauritania Burkina Faso
Egypt
Malawi Mozambique Malawi
Benin Kenya Zambia Kenya MozambiqueZambia
Benin
Ethiopia Lesotho Swaziland Ethiopia Swaziland Lesotho
Algeria Rwanda Algeria
Rwanda
2
2
Djibouti Djibouti
Angola Angola
Côte d’Ivoire Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire
Cameroon Eritrea Cameroon Eritrea
Nigeria Nigeria
Guinea Sudan Sudan Guinea
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 2 4 6
Countries in Alphabetical Order 2000
Economic Incentive Regime Fitted values Economic Incentive Regime Fitted values
47

48. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Strengthening the Economic and Institutional
Regime
 Consolidating macroeconomic stability;
 Strengthening banking systems to enhance
domestic resource mobilization;
 Developing capital markets by improving the
regulatory framework, reforming labor
market practices;
 Accelerating the pace of privatization and
broadening the domestic investor base.
 measures to attract larger volumes of foreign
private capital inflows.
48

49. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Strengthening the Economic and Institutional
Regime
 Reforming and strengthening judicial and legal
systems and putting in place effective and
transparent regulatory frameworks
 Physical infrastructure (including ICT
infrastructure) development
 Strengthening governance through the
development of participatory decision-making
processes
 Improving public service delivery, strengthening
capacities, and ensuring greater accountability
and transparency in public administration.
49

50. CONCLUSION
• More than money, needed: political, commitment,
transparency & accountability, collaborative spirit to
formulate the requisite policies, strategies, plans and
collective action as well as the institutional changes
needed for leapfrogging to a knowledge-based and
innovation-driven economy for economic advancement
of Africa.
• African countries to redouble their efforts to mobilize
domestic revenues
• Leveraging resources from emerging partners like the
BRICs
• Conference to provide answers to key digitization
questions
• Africa is reborn with a new optimistic face & at a
turning point, in spite of challenges.
50

51. Thank you for
Your Kind
Attention
51