1.
NATURE AND MEANING OF LITERATURE
•LITERATURE IS OUR CONNECTION WITH OUR HUMAN
EXPERIENCE IN LIFE. IT IS THE CREATIVE
REPRESENTATION AND REPRODUCTION OF WHAT WE
HAVE LIVED IN AND FOR. IT DESCRIBES, RECORDS, AND
SHARES OUR EXPERIENCES, HOPES, AND DESIRES TO
OTHER PEOPLE.

2.
•LITERATURE COMES FROM LATIN WORD “LITTERATURA” WHICH
•MEANS WRITING FORMED WITH LETTERS” HOWEVER,
LITERATURE IS NOT ONLY ENCLOSED IN THAT MEANING.
•LITERATURE IS ANYTHING AND EVERYTHING THAT REPRODUCES
LIFE EXPERIENCES. IT COLLECTS, ORGANIZES AND SUMS UP THE
ENTIRETY OF HUMANITY, OCCASIONALLY ADDING MORE COLOR
TO IT.

3.
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
•THE ELEMENTS ARE: FORM, THEME, CHARACTERIZATION AND STYLE
---FORM – TALKS ABOUT THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE LITERARY
PIECE. IT IS THE FIRST ASPECT OF LITERATURE THAT ATTEMPTS TO
CONNECT WITH THE READER. FROM THE TITLE OF THE LITERARY WORK, TO
THE WAY THE WORDS OR SENTENCES CREATES A VISUA IMPACT, EVERY
PART OF IT IS LITERATURE, THUS IT IS THROUGH FORM THAT THE
LITERATURE FIRST COMMUNICATE ITS MESSAGE.

4.
•THEME—LITERATURE IS ALWAYS HAS UNIFYING THEME THAT
HOLDS ALL OF ITS OTHER ELEMENTS IN PLACE. IT IS THE SUBJECT
OF WHICH LITERATURE REVOLVES AROUND. LITERATURE IS
PURPOSIVE.IT DRAWS IN CROWDS OF READERS WHO HAVE THE
SAME REASONS AND GOALS. IT UNITES PEOPLE WHO SHARE
COMMON LIFE EXPERIENCES. LITERATURE IS CREATED TO SHARE
STORIES, IGNITE A PASSION, AND THRUST READERS FORWARD
TO FEEL MORE OF LIFE.

5.
•CHARACTERIZATION--- CHARACTERS IN LITERATURE
COULD BE PRODUCTS OF THE WRITER’S IMAGINATION, OR
THEY COULD BE THE VERY COMPELLING POINT- OF-VIEW THAT
THE WRITERS THINK IN GREAT CHARACTERIZATION IS
ACHIEVE WHEN ONE DROPS HIS OR HER STEREOTYPICAL
VIEWS OF THE WORLD, AND GRABS THE MORE RELATABLE
AND VULNERABLE PERSONAS THAT STAND OUT

6.
•STYLE—IT REFERS TO THE SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES AND
DESIGNS THAT A LITERARY WRITER EMPLOYS TO PROLONG
HIS OR HER GRIP OF THE READER’S INTEREST. THE PLAY ON
WORDS AND THE SKILL IN THE STORYTELLING OF THE
COMPRISE OF HIS OR HER STYLE. IT IS THROUGH THE
INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS OF WRITERS TO IMPROVE AND
DEVELOP THEIR STYLE THAT LITERATURE CONTINUES TO LIVE,
EVEN IN THIS REALITY OF THE MODERN AGE.

7.
TYPES OF LITERATURE
•LITERATURE IS MAINLY TWO TYPES: FICTION AND NON FICTION LITERATURE
•FICTION LITERATURE- IS LITERATURE THAT PRESENTS IMAGINARY OR
UNREAL CHARACTERS, SETTINGS AND STORIES.
•NON-FICTION- IT TALKS ABOUT REALITY OF THINGS, PLACES, AND PEOPLE,
BUILDING UP ON FACTS.
•CREATIVE NON-FICTION LITERATURE- A COMBINATION OF THE TWO MAIN
TYPE INTO INGENIOUS LITERARY MASTERPIECE.

8.
COMMON FORMS OF LITERATURE:
•DRAMA
•NOVEL
•SHORT STORY
•POETRY
•ESSAY
•EPIC.

9.
DRAMA
•IT IS CREATED LITERATURE TO BE PERFORMED AND
WITNESSED BY AN AUDIENCE, AND INTENDED FOR THEATER
AND PERFORMED BY ACTORS WITH COSTUMES AND PROPS
AGAINST A CONSTRUCTED BACKDROP FOR SETTING. IT IS
DIVIDED INTO “ACTS AND SCENES” FORMING A TEXT FILLED
WITH DIALOGUES AND STAGE DIRECTIONS FOR ACTORS
MOVEMENTS.

10.
NOVEL
•IS AN EXTENDED STORY, USUALLY FICTIONAL.
NOVELS COULD PRESENT VARIOUS THEMES
ORGANIZED IN “CHAPTERS” AND SOMETIMES
“VOLUMES”

11.
SHORT STORY
•IS A STORY NARRATED IN BREVITY, IN
COMPARISON WITH NOVEL. SHORT STORIES ,
OFTENTIMES, ARE MORE CREATIVELY CRAFTED
THAN NOVELS. BUT LACK SPECIFIC AND MINUTE
DETAILS.

12.
POETRY
•A FORM OF LITERATURE THAT USES MORE EXPRESSIVE WORDS LIKE,
FIGURES OF SPEECH, AND CREATIVE STRUCTURES IN CONVEYING ITS
MESSAGE. MOST ARE INTENDED TO BE READ ALOUD , HOWEVER,
UNLIKE DRAMA, POEMS ARE USUALLY INTENDED TO A SPECIFIC
PERSON, AND IS ONLY MEANT TO BE HEARD AND GENERALIZED. IT IS
THE EXPRESSION OF WRITER'S EMOTION . IT STANDS OUT FROM THE
OTHER LITERARY FORMS AS IT HAS, MOST OF THE TIME METER, RHYME
AND RHYTHM.

13.
ESSAY
•A LITERARY FORM INTENDED TO BE READ, IF NOT
ADDRESSED TO SPECIFIC AUDIENCE. ESSAYS ARE MOSTLY
BUILT UPON FACTS AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. IT
FOCUSES ON ANALYZING AND CRITIQUING ISSUES. ESSAS
ARE DEEMED AS THE MOST RELATABLE AND TANGIBLE
AMONG OTHER LITERARY FORMS.

14.
EPIC
•A LITERARY FORM THAT IS SLOWLY BECOMING EXTINCT, IF NOT,
RARE. IN STRUCTURE IT COMBINES BOTH STYLES OF DRAMA AND
NARRATIVE STORY. IT HAS ALSO AN ELEMENT OF SONG IN IT, AS
MOST EPICS WERE SUNG IN THE OLD TIMES. MORE THAN A
FACTUAL STORY, IT SHOWCASES PERSONAL INTERPRETATIONS
OF THEIR WRITERS, THEREFORE ADDING HINTS OF FANTASY AND
MYTHOLOGY IN LITERATURE

15.
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF LITERATURE
•THE USE OF INTERNET AS A MEDIUM TO SHOWCASE
LITERATURE HAS HELPED C DIFFERENT LITERARY TYPES
INVOLVING WEB SHARING READING. THE CONTEXT OF THE
FAST CHANGING PERIOD OF THE 21ST CENTURY HAS ALSO
CONTRIBUTED TO THE CREATION OF SHORTER BUT
DETAIL-FILLED LITERARY TEXTS.

16.
HYPERPOETRY
•SOMETIMES CALLED “CYBERPOETRY”. IT PRESENTS POEMS THAT
INCLUDE VERSES OR LINES LINKED THROUGH HYPERLINK MARK-
UPS. THIS TYPE OF POETRY IS VERY VISUAL, AS IT OFTENTIMES
USES GRAPHICS TO FURTHER CONVEY THE MEANING. THIS LINKS
IN THIS TYPE OF POEM SUGGEST THAT THE READING OF THE
POEM IS HIGHL DEPENDENT ON THE READERS, AS THEY ARE THE
ONES CLICKING THE LINKS IN THE MARK-UP.

17.
BLOG
•FROM THE WORDS “WEB LOG” IS A WEBSITE CREATED TO
CONTAIN AND MANAGE USER-MADE ARTICLES OR POSTS
THAT ARE UPDATED REGULARLY. A GOOD MEDIUM FOR
WRITERS TO SHARE THR OPINIONS AND EXPERIENCES TO
A BIGGER AUDIENCE, AND AT THE SAME TIME , IS A GOOD
CHANNEL TO READ OTHERS IDEAS AS WELL.

18.
TEXT TULA
•IS A POEM PRODUCED AND SHARED THROUGH THE USE OF
MOBILE PHONES MESAGING APPLICATION. USUALLY EITHER
IN THE FORM OF “TANAGA” A FILIPINO POEM CONSISTING OF
FOUR LINES WITH SEVEN SYLLABLES EACH WITH RHYME
SCHEM OF AABB. THE DEVELOPED TEXT TULA FREELY USES
OTHER DUAL RHYME SCHEME OR FREESTYLE RHYME SCHEME
FORMS.

19.
CHICK LIT
•A GENRE OF FICTION THAT WAS MADE POPULAR IN THE
LATE 1990S. IT GENERALLY TALKS ABOUT WOMEN ATHEIR
DIFFERENT STRUGGLES, SPECIFICALLY STAGE IN MODERN
TIMES. THEMES IN THIS WRITING GENRE ARE TREATED
HUMOROUSLY AND LIGHTLY.

20.
SPECULATIVE FICTION
•IS AFICTION GENRE THAT DWELLS ON ISSUES OF
ALTERNATE IMAGINED SCENARIOS. IT USES THE
APPEAL OF CONSSPIRACY THEMES, FANTASY
SCIENCE FICTION, DYSTOPIAN SOCIETIES TO CREATE
IMAGINATIVE STORIES.

21.
FLASH FICTION
•A FICTION GENRE THAT PRESENTS ONE-SITTING-
LONG-OF-READING TEXTS. THE LONGEST TEXT IN
GENRE OF FLASH FICTION IS ONLY SAID TO BE
1000 WORDS.

22.
LITERARY DEVICES
•THESE ARE COMMON STRUCTURES APPLIED IN ANY
LITERARY WORK THAT WRITERS USE TO CONVEY THEIR
MESSAGE TO THE READERS. IT ALLOWS THE READERS TO
INTERPRET, UNDERSTAND, AND ANALYZE THE EXAMINED
WORK WHEN THE DEVICES ARE EFFECTIVELY UTILIZED.

23.
IN POETRY THERE IS A RECURRENCE OF ACCENTED AND
UNACCENTED SYLLABLES ON REGULAR OR NEARLY REGULAR
PATTERN. THIS GIVES A SENSE OF BEAT OR PATTERN TO POETRY.
•RHYTHM-THE RECURRENCE OF ACCENTED AND UNACCENTED
SYLLABLES IN PATTERN (WORDS OR IN THE LINES IN THE POEM).
•ALLITERATION--THE REPETITION OF A CONSONANT SOUND
•EX: :”PETER PIPER PICKED A PECK OF PICKEL PEPPERS”

24.
•ASSONANCE- THE REPETITION OF LINE OF VERSE OF THE
SAME VOWEL SOUND
EX: ON A PROUD ROUND CLOUD IN WHITE HIGH NIGHT---E.E.
CUMMINGS. “IF A CHEERFUL ELEPHANTANGELCHILD SHOULD
SIT”

25.
•RHYME --THE RECURRENCE OTHE SAME SOUNDS IN WORDS AT
THE END OF LINES
EX: HAD WE BUT WORLD ENOUGH, AND TIME
THIS COYNESS, LADY, WERE NO CRIME
WE WOULD SIT DOWN AND THINK WHICH WAY
TO WALK, AND PASS OUR LONG LOVE'S DAY
--ANDREW MARVELL, “ TO HIS COY MISTRESS”

26.
- MOST POETIC WORKS UTILIZES FEW WORDS
AND THESE ARE MAINLY ARRANGED IN LINES IN STANZAS.
HOWEVER, THE STRUCTURE MAY HAVE SOME DIFFERENT
FEATURE DEPENDING ON THE STYLE ESTABLISHED BY
WRITER, FOR EXAMPLE, A HAIKU, A BALLAD, AND SONNET
HAVE PECULIAR STRUCTURES.

27.
-THE WRITER OF A POETIC MAINLY
EXPRESSES FAMILIAR FEELINGS, EMOTIONS,
CONDITIONS, AND THE LIKE IN AN IMPLICIT AND
SUGGESTIVE WAY. THE USE OF CONNOTATION,
CONCRETE WORDS, AS WELL AS FIGURATIVE
LANGUAGE CAN BE PERCEIVE VERY EVIDENT IN
POETRY WRITING.

28.
--IN MOST CASES, POETS
ARE CAREFUL OF USING VARIOUS RHYMING
PATTERNS AND EVEN SOUND DEVICES.
SHAKEPEAREAN, SPENSERIAN, PETRARCHAN
SONNETS HAVE THEIR OWN RHYMING SCHEMES
AND MEASUREMENTS.

29.
-POEMS MAINLY CONVEY MEANINGS
IN A MYSTERIOUS WAY. A READER MUST HAVE THE
ABILITY TO DEDUCE AND TO INTERPRET CERTAIN IDEAS
THAT MAY LEAD TO THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT
THE POEM REVEALS. THUS, A POEM IS COMPOSED OF FEW
WORDS BUT IT MAY BEAR A VOLUME OF MEANINGS
DEPENDING ON ITS READERS.

30.
IT INVOLVES DICTION OR KNOWN AS THE WORD
CHOICE, IMAGERY THAN CAN TRULY APPEALS TO THE
SENSES, AND LASTLY, FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS. THUS,
SENSE CAN BE BEST ESTABLISHED BY THE MEANINGS OF
WORDS, SYMBOLISM, AND IMAGES USED BY THE WRITER.

31.
-THIS IS AN ELEMENT IS AN OFFSHOOT
OF A VARIETY OF ELEMENTS LIKE TONAL
PATTERNS, RHYTHM, AND MEASUREMENTS.
SOUND DEVICES, RHYMING SCHEMES, AND
REPETITIONS ARE MAINLY UTILIZED TO CREATE
AN EFFECT AND STRONG APPEAL.

32.
--- AN ELEMENT WHICH PERINS TO THE WAY
HOW WORDS AND LINES ARE ORGANIZED, SEQUENCED,
ARRANGED AND FORMED TO ENSURE UNITY OF FORM.
THUS, THIS ,INVOLVES THE CAREFUL AND MINDFUL
COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS, ESTABLISHING
HARMONY AMONG THESE TO FORM A WHOLE. THIS ALSO
HELPS TO REVEAL THE MEANING OF A POEM.

33.
•IT IS THE USE OF MORE EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE APPLYING
VARIETIES OF WORDS TO PROVIDE CREATIVE AND
DRAMATIC APPROACH TO THE MEANING BEING
PRESENTED.
-COMPARISON THAT USES THE EXPRESSIONS
“LIKE” AND “AS...AS”

34.
EXAMPLE: MY LOVE IS LIKE A RED RED ROSE
THAT'S NEWLY SPRUNG IN JUNE
MY LOVE IS LIKE THE MELODIES
THAT'S SWEETLY PLAY'D IN TUNE
----ROBERT BURNS, “ MY LOVE IS LIKE A RED
RED ROSE”

35.
-- IS A MILD, INDIRECT, OR VAGUE TERM
THAT OFTEN SUBSTITUTES A HARSH, BLUNT, OR
OFFENSIVE TERM.
EXAMPLES INCLUDE:
A LITTLE THIN ON TOP' INSTEAD OF 'GOING BALD.'
'FELL OF THE BACK OF A TRUCK' INSTEAD OF 'STOLEN.'
'LETTING YOU GO' INSTEAD OF 'FIRING YOU.'
'PASSED AWAY' INSTEAD OF 'DIED.'

36.
--- USES EXAGGERATION FOR EMPHASIS OR
EFFECT.
•EXAMPLES : -- I'VE TOLD YOU TO STOP A THOUSAND TIME.
--THAT MUST HAVE COST A BILLION DOLLARS.
-- I COULD DO THIS FOREVER.
--SHE'S OLDER THAN DIRT.
--EVERYBODY KNOWS THAT.

37.
-- OCCURS WHEN THERE'S A MARKED CONTRAST
BETWEEN WHAT IS SAID AND WHAT IS MEANT, OR BETWEEN
APPEARANCE AND REALITY.
EXAMPLES : "HOW NICE!" SHE SAID, WHEN I TOLD HER I HAD
TO WORK ALL WEEKEND. (VERBAL IRONY)
•A TRAFFIC COP GETS SUSPENDED FOR NOT PAYING HIS
PARKING TICKETS. (SITUATIONAL IRONY)

38.
•NAMING A TINY CHIHUAHUA BRUTUS. (VERBAL IRONY)
•WHEN THE AUDIENCE KNOWS THE KILLER IS HIDING IN A
CLOSET IN A SCARY MOVIE, BUT THE ACTORS DO NOT.
(DRAMATIC IRONY)
•THE TITANIC WAS SAID TO BE UNSINKABLE BUT SANK ON
ITS FIRST VOYAGE. (SITUATIONAL IRONY)

39.
---MAKES A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO UNLIKE
THINGS OR IDEAS.
EXAMPLES: HEART OF STONE
TIME IS MONEY
THE WORLD IS A STAGE
SHE'S A NIGHT OWL
HE'S AN OGRE

40.
-- IS THE TERM FOR A WORD
THAT SOUNDS LIKE WHAT IT IS DESCRIBING.
EXAMPLES:
•WHOOSH
•BUZZ
•CLICK
•OINK

41.
-- IS TWO CONTRADICTORY TERMS USED
TOGETHER.
EXAMPLES :
•PEACE FORCE
•JUMBO SHRIMP
•SWEET SORROW
•FREE MARKET

42.
--GIVES HUMAN QUALITIES TO NON-LIVING THINGS OR
IDEAS.
EXAMPLES:
•THE FLOWERS NODDED.
•THE SNOWFLAKES DANCED.
•THE THUNDER GRUMBLED.
•THE FOG CREPT IN.
•THE WIND HOWLED.

43.
-OCCURS WHEN A PART IS REPRESENTED BY THE WHOLE
OR, CONVERSELY, THE WHOLE IS REPRESENTED BY THE PART.
EXAMPLES :
•WHEELS - A CAR
•THE POLICE - ONE POLICEMAN
•PLASTIC - CREDIT CARDS
•COKE - ANY COLA DRINK
•HIRED HANDS - WORKERS

44.
OCCURS WHEN SOMETHING IS SAID
TO MAKE SOMETHING APPEAR LESS IMPORTANT OR LESS
SERIOUS.
EXAMPLES:
•IT'S JUST A SCRATCH - REFERRING TO A LARGE DENT.
•IT'S A LITTTLE DRY AND SANDY - REFERRING TO THE
DRIEST DESERT IN THE WORLD.

45.
•THE WEATHER IS COOLER TODAY - REFERRING TO
SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES.
•IT WAS INTERESTING - REFERRING TO A BAD OR
DIFFICULT EXPERIENCE.
•IT STINGS A BIT - REFERRING TO A SERIOUS WOUND
OR INJURY.

46.
THE USE OF A TERM CONNECTED WITH AN
OBJECT TO REPRESENT IT.
EXAMPLE:
“THE PEN IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD”
--EDWARD BULWER LYTTON, “RICHELIEU” (PLAY)

47.
THE USE OF A FAMOUS PERSON'S NAME
TO REPRESENT SOMEONE.
EXAMPLE:
•THE OFWS ARE TODAY'S NEW JOSE RIZAL OUR COUNTRY
•MY TEAMMATE IS THE KOBE BRYANT IN OUR BASKETBALL
CLUB.

48.
--THE USE OF INDIRECT REFERENCE TO PEOPLE,
PLACE,THING OR IDEA REGARDING CULTURAL, MYSTICAL OR
POLITICAL CONCEPT.
EXAMPLE:
OUR NEW CLASSMATE IS AN EINSTEIN DURING EXAMINATIONS.
(ALBERT EINSTEIN)
YOU DON'T HAVE TO CARRY WEIGHT OF THE WORLD ON YOUR
SHOULDERS.(ATLAS IN MYTHOLOGY)

49.
--CALL TO A PERSON, A THING OR A
PERSONIFIED IDEA WHICH IS NOT REALLY PRESENT.
•EXAMPLE:
•O' CAPTAIN MY CAPTAIN! OUR FEARFULTRIP IS DONE,
•THE SHIP HAS WEATHERED EVERY RACK, THE PRIZE WE
SOUGHT IS WON.
--WALT WHITMAN, “O CAPTAIN ! MY CAPTAIN”