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An Assignment on
Mitosis
The process where a single cell divides resulting
in generally two identical cells, each containing
the same no. of chromosomes and genetic
content as that of the original cell.
• Mitosis was first discovered in plant cells by
Strasburger (1875).
• Later on, W. Flemming (1879) discovered it in
animal cells. The term mitosis was coined by
Flemming (1882).
• The cells undergoing mitosis are called
mitocytes. In plants, the mitocytes are mostly
meristematic cells.
• In animals, the mitocytes are stem cells,
germinal epithelium and embryonic cells.
• It also occurs during regeneration. Root tip is
the best material to study mitosis.
There are three main reasons:
• Growth
• Repair/healing
• Asexual reproduction
• Mitosis can take few minutes or a few days
• Muscles cells
• Nerve cells
• Skin cells
• Digestive tract cells
• A typical cell goes through a
process of growth, development
and reproduction called the cell
cycle.
• The longest phase in the cell
cycle is interphase.
• The 3 stages of interphase are
called G1, S and G2.
Mitosis
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase Karyokinesis
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• C-Phase or Cytokinesis
• Nucleus becomes spherical and cytoplasm
becomes more viscous.
• The chromatin slowly condenses into well-
defined chromosomes.
• Each chromosomes appears as two sister
chromatids joined at the centromere.
• The microtubules begins to form outside
nucleus. In plants the spindle apparatus is
anastral.
• In animals the mitotic spindle is amphiastral
which include two asters in opposite poles of
the spindle.
• Nuclear envelop breaks down
into membrane vesicles and
the chromosomes set free
into the cytoplasm.
• Chromosomes are attached
to spindle microtubules
through kinetochores.
• Nucleolus disappears.
Metaphase
• Kinetochore microtubules align the
chromosomes in one plane to form
metaphasic plate or equitorial plate.
• Centromeres lie on the equitorial
plane while the chromosome arms
are directed away from the equator
called autoorientation.
• Smaller chromosomes remain
towards the centre while larger
ones occupy the periphery.
• Chromosomes split Simultaneously at
the centromeres so that the sister
chromatids separate.
• The separated sister chromatids
move towards opposite poles.
• Daughter chromosomes appear V-
shaped (metacentric), L-shaped (sub-
metacentric), J-shaped (acrocentric),
rod-shaped (telocentric)
• It is the shortest of all stages of
mitosis.
• Daughter chromosomes arrive at
the poles.
• Kinetochore microtubules
disappear.
• Chromosomes uncoil into
chromatin.
• Nucleolus re-appears.
• It is considered as the reverse of
prophase.
• It is the cytoplasmic division that starts during
anaphase and completed by the end of
telophase.
• It takes place by two different methods i.e.,
cell plate method and cleavage or cell
furrowing method.
 Cell plate cytokinesis
It occurs in plant cells. The golgi
vesicles fuse at the centre to form
barrel shaped phragmoplast. The
contents of phragmoplast solidify to
become cell plate, which separates the
two daughter cells.
 Cleavage cytokinesis
It occurs in animal cells. In this process
a cleavage furrow appears at the
middle, which gradually deepens and
breaks the parent cell into two
daughter cells.
• Mitosis is an equational division.
• It is the division through which daughter cells that are
identical are produced.
• Genetic stability: It maintains constant chromosome no. and
genetic stability in all somatic or vegetative cells of the body.
• Growth: Mitosis increases cell no. so that a zygote transforms
into a multicellular adult.
• Surface-volume ratio: As the size of a cell increases, the
surface area decreases accordingly. By mitosis, the cell
becomes smaller in size and the surface volume ratio is
restored.
Animal Cell
 Centriole and aster
present.
 Daughter cells separated
by cleavage furrow.
Plant cell
No visible centriole
or ester.
Daughter cells
separated by cell
plate
Mitosis is one of the important part of the growth and
development process in both animals and plants. In
plants, the cells that are dividing because of mitosis are
usually found on the meristems, the tips of roots and
shoots.
However, in animals, the diving cells can happen in
any tissue that is growing, but the dividing cells are
mostly found in dividing embryos, mainly the blastulas.
It also makes it possible for tissues to repair i.e.,
healing when we get hurt. For this to happen, mitosis
maintains the same genetic makeup in both daughter
cells.
Jurgens G: Plant cytokinesis: Fission by fusion. Trends Cell Biol
15:277-283, 2005
Albertson R, Riggs B, Sullivan W: Membrane traffic: A driving
force in cytokinesis. Trends Cell Biol 15:92-101, 2005
Mitchison TJ, Salmon ED: Mitosis: A history of division. Nat cell
Biol 3: E17-E21, 2001
Pollard D. Thomas, Earnshaw C. William: Cell Biology, Biol Chap
44, pp 792-814
Mitosis

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Mitosis

  • 2. The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same no. of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.
  • 3. • Mitosis was first discovered in plant cells by Strasburger (1875). • Later on, W. Flemming (1879) discovered it in animal cells. The term mitosis was coined by Flemming (1882).
  • 4. • The cells undergoing mitosis are called mitocytes. In plants, the mitocytes are mostly meristematic cells. • In animals, the mitocytes are stem cells, germinal epithelium and embryonic cells. • It also occurs during regeneration. Root tip is the best material to study mitosis.
  • 5. There are three main reasons: • Growth • Repair/healing • Asexual reproduction
  • 6. • Mitosis can take few minutes or a few days • Muscles cells • Nerve cells • Skin cells • Digestive tract cells
  • 7. • A typical cell goes through a process of growth, development and reproduction called the cell cycle. • The longest phase in the cell cycle is interphase. • The 3 stages of interphase are called G1, S and G2.
  • 9. • Prophase • Prometaphase • Metaphase Karyokinesis • Anaphase • Telophase • C-Phase or Cytokinesis
  • 10. • Nucleus becomes spherical and cytoplasm becomes more viscous. • The chromatin slowly condenses into well- defined chromosomes. • Each chromosomes appears as two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. • The microtubules begins to form outside nucleus. In plants the spindle apparatus is anastral. • In animals the mitotic spindle is amphiastral which include two asters in opposite poles of the spindle.
  • 11. • Nuclear envelop breaks down into membrane vesicles and the chromosomes set free into the cytoplasm. • Chromosomes are attached to spindle microtubules through kinetochores. • Nucleolus disappears.
  • 12. Metaphase • Kinetochore microtubules align the chromosomes in one plane to form metaphasic plate or equitorial plate. • Centromeres lie on the equitorial plane while the chromosome arms are directed away from the equator called autoorientation. • Smaller chromosomes remain towards the centre while larger ones occupy the periphery.
  • 13. • Chromosomes split Simultaneously at the centromeres so that the sister chromatids separate. • The separated sister chromatids move towards opposite poles. • Daughter chromosomes appear V- shaped (metacentric), L-shaped (sub- metacentric), J-shaped (acrocentric), rod-shaped (telocentric) • It is the shortest of all stages of mitosis.
  • 14. • Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles. • Kinetochore microtubules disappear. • Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. • Nucleolus re-appears. • It is considered as the reverse of prophase.
  • 15. • It is the cytoplasmic division that starts during anaphase and completed by the end of telophase. • It takes place by two different methods i.e., cell plate method and cleavage or cell furrowing method.
  • 16.  Cell plate cytokinesis It occurs in plant cells. The golgi vesicles fuse at the centre to form barrel shaped phragmoplast. The contents of phragmoplast solidify to become cell plate, which separates the two daughter cells.  Cleavage cytokinesis It occurs in animal cells. In this process a cleavage furrow appears at the middle, which gradually deepens and breaks the parent cell into two daughter cells.
  • 17. • Mitosis is an equational division. • It is the division through which daughter cells that are identical are produced. • Genetic stability: It maintains constant chromosome no. and genetic stability in all somatic or vegetative cells of the body. • Growth: Mitosis increases cell no. so that a zygote transforms into a multicellular adult. • Surface-volume ratio: As the size of a cell increases, the surface area decreases accordingly. By mitosis, the cell becomes smaller in size and the surface volume ratio is restored.
  • 18. Animal Cell  Centriole and aster present.  Daughter cells separated by cleavage furrow. Plant cell No visible centriole or ester. Daughter cells separated by cell plate
  • 19. Mitosis is one of the important part of the growth and development process in both animals and plants. In plants, the cells that are dividing because of mitosis are usually found on the meristems, the tips of roots and shoots. However, in animals, the diving cells can happen in any tissue that is growing, but the dividing cells are mostly found in dividing embryos, mainly the blastulas. It also makes it possible for tissues to repair i.e., healing when we get hurt. For this to happen, mitosis maintains the same genetic makeup in both daughter cells.
  • 20. Jurgens G: Plant cytokinesis: Fission by fusion. Trends Cell Biol 15:277-283, 2005 Albertson R, Riggs B, Sullivan W: Membrane traffic: A driving force in cytokinesis. Trends Cell Biol 15:92-101, 2005 Mitchison TJ, Salmon ED: Mitosis: A history of division. Nat cell Biol 3: E17-E21, 2001 Pollard D. Thomas, Earnshaw C. William: Cell Biology, Biol Chap 44, pp 792-814