21st century literature midterm exam

21st Century Literature Midterms Examination Reviewer Academic Year 2016-2017
Study well! Good luck! 08142016
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Date and Time of Examination: ________________________________________
Scope of the Examination:
 Importance of Studying Literature
 Literary Types and Forms
 Critical Approaches in Studying Literature by Roger Don SJ. Cerda
 The Seven Literary Standards
 The Elements of a Short Story
 The Elements of Drama
 The Elements of Poetry
 Connotation
 Preludes by Daryll Delgado (Fiction)
 Justice by Ralph Semino Galán (Poetry)
 Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili (Poetry)
 Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera (Fiction)

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A. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter of the correct answer. If the answer cannot be found on the choices, write X.
1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why we should study literature?
A. Links us with the world of which we are a part.
B. Literature enables us to transcend our immediate time, place, and culture and to make connections with other
human beings. Literature helps us grow both personally and intellectually.
C. Literature
D. Literature encourages us to develop mature empathy with all forms of life—human, animal, and plant.
E. Literature sharpens our sense of moral judgement.
F. Literature stimulates our imagination and ingenuity.
G. Literature shows the significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron, and ambivalence.
H. Literature allows us to see the world in different vantage points.
I. Literature relives history.
J. Literature reminds us that we are human beings.
2. Which of the four genres of literature “presents a story that is invented and not literally ‘true.’ It is written to be read
rather than to be acted or performed, and the events depicted are told to us by a narrator, not enacted or dramatized.”?
A. Prose Fiction
B. Poetry
C. Drama
D. Non-fiction Prose
3. Which of the four genres of literature is “a piece of art written by a poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions
which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes, and onomatopoeia. The
emphasis is the use of aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and rhyme. It heavily
uses imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions.”?
A. Prose Fiction
B. Poetry
C. Drama
4. Which of the four genres of literature is “a story acted out, It shows people doing through some eventful period in
their lives, seriously or humorously. The speech and action of a play recreate the flow of a human life, which comes
fully to life only on the stage.”?
A. Prose Fiction
B. Poetry
C. Drama
5. Which of the four genres of literature “presents factual information or expresses a viewpoint.”?
A. Prose Fiction
B. Poetry
C. Drama
6. Which are the most commonly encountered prose fiction?
A. Fairy Tale and Novella
B. Novel and Short Story
C. Parable and Fable
D. Myth and Legend
7. Which is often known to be a story of origins, how the world and everything in it came to be?
A. Novel
B. Myth
C. Parable
D. Fairy Tale
8. Which is known to be unverified story handed down from earlier times from generation to generation, especially one
popularly believed to be historical?
A. Novella
B. Fable
C. Short Story
D. Legend
9. Which is known to be a simple story illustrating a moral or religious story?
A. Novel

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B. Myth
C. Parable
D. Fairy Tale
10. Which is usually known to be short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as
characters animals that speak and act like humans?
A. Novella
B. Fable
C. Short Story
D. Legend
11. Which of the following we can meet witches and queens, giants and elves, princes, dragons, talking animals, ogres,
princesses, and sometimes even fairies?
A. Novel
B. Myth
C. Parable
D. Fairy Tale
12. What is known to be a piece of prose fiction marked by a relative shortness and density, organized into a plot and
some kind of denouement at the end?
A. Novella
B. Fable
C. Short Story
D. Legend
13. What is usually known to focus on one important event in the lives of a small number of central characters?
A. Novella
B. Fable
C. Short Story
D. Legend
14. Which is known to be a fictional prose narrative of considerable length, typically having a plot that is unfolded by the
actions, speech, and thoughts of numerous characters placed in a number of different situations?
A. Novel
B. Myth
C. Parable
D. Fairy Tale
15. Which is known to be a fictional prose narrative that is no longer that a short story, but shorter than a novel?
A. Novella
B. Fable
C. Short Story
D. Legend
16. It is a type of poetry that is comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a state of
mind or an emotional state. It retains some of the elements of song which is said to be its origin.
A. Lyric Poetry
B. Fictional Poetry
C. Dramatic Poetry
D. Narrative Poetry
17. It is a type of poetry that gives a verbal representation, in verse, of a sequence of connected events. It propels
characters through a plot. It is always told by a narrator. It may tell a love story, the story of father and son, or the
deeds of a hero or heroine.
A. Lyric Poetry
B. Fictional Poetry
C. Dramatic Poetry
D. Narrative Poetry
18. It is a type of poem that tells a story, but the poet lets one or more of the story’s characters act out the story.
A. Lyric Poetry
B. Fictional Poetry
C. Dramatic Poetry
D. Narrative Poetry
19. What is known to be a musical work, an abstract entity that serves as an umbrella for many versions or renditions
which is meant to be sung?
A. Ode

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B. Elegy
C. Sonnet
D. Song
20. What is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter?
A. Ode
B. Elegy
C. Sonnet
D. Song
21. What is known to be meditative poem lamenting the death of a public personage or a friend or loved one; be extension,
any reflective lyric on the broader theme of human morality?
A. Ode
B. Elegy
C. Sonnet
D. Song
22. It is a long lyrics poem with a serious subject written in an elevated style and formal stanzaic structure.
A. Ode
B. Elegy
C. Sonnet
D. Song
23. It is a song, originally transmitted orally, which tells a story. It is an important form of folk poetry which was adapted
for literally uses from the sixteenth century onwards. It is usually a four-stanza, alternating tetrameter and trimester.
A. Ballad
B. Epic
C. Soliloquy
D. Metrical Romance
E. Dramatic Monologue
24. It is a poem which tells a story that ends happily, whether love is involved or not. It represents a chivalric theme or
relates improbable adventures of idealized characters in some remote or enchanted setting.
A. Ballad
B. Epic
C. Soliloquy
D. Metrical Romance
25. It is an extended narrative poem that operates in a large scale, both in length and topic. It uses an elevated or dignified
language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero with the intervention of supernatural beings.
A. Ballad
B. Epic
C. Soliloquy
D. Metrical Romance
26. It is written to reveal both the situation at hand and the character himself.
A. Ballad
B. Epic
C. Soliloquy
D. Metrical Romance
27. It is a long speech in which a character who is alone on a stage expresses his or her private thoughts or feelings. It is
intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections.
A. Ballad
B. Epic
C. Soliloquy
D. Metrical Romance
28. Refers to the drama in which a heroic protagonist meets an unhappy or calamitous end, brought about by some of the
fatal flow of character, by circumstances outside his or her control, or simply by destiny.
A. Melodrama
B. Comedy
C. Tragicomedy

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D. Tragedy
29. It depicts humorous incidents in which the protagonists are faced with moderate difficulties but overcome them and
the play ends happily.
A. Melodrama
B. Comedy
C. Tragicomedy
D. Tragedy
30. Refers to fictional works that blend aspects of the genre of tragedy and comedy.
A. Melodrama
B. Comedy
C. Tragicomedy
D. Tragedy
31. Music is used to increase the spectator’s emotional response or to suggest character types.
A. Melodrama
B. Comedy
C. Tragicomedy
D. Tragedy
32. It generally ridicules human folly and associated political, social or moral problems.
A. Farce
B. Satirical Comedy
C. Black Comedy
D. The Comedy of Manners
E. Romantic Comedy
33. It depicts the romantic intrigues of a sophisticated upper class, including witty repartee and humorous social
blundering.
A. Farce
B. Satirical Comedy
C. Black Comedy
E. Romantic Comedy
34. It involves idealized romantic love, as in romance.
A. Farce
B. Satirical Comedy
C. Black Comedy
E. Romantic Comedy
35. It induces laughter as a kind of defense mechanism when a situation, dispassionately considered, would be simply
horrifying.
A. Farce
B. Satirical Comedy
C. Black Comedy
E. Romantic Comedy
36. It depends upon ridiculous situations, exaggerated character types, coarse humor, and horseplay for its comic effects.
A. Farce
B. Satirical Comedy
C. Black Comedy
E. Romantic Comedy
37. It is a biography written by the person himself or herself.
A. Essay
B. Autobiography
C. Editorial
D. Magazine
38. It is a personal account of a person’s life written by another person.
A. Character Sketch
B. Diary
C. Journal

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D. Biography
39. It is an abbreviated portrayal of a particular characteristic of people.
A. Character Sketch
B. Diary
C. Journal
D. Biography
40. It is a daily record of events in a person’s life. (Choose two answers)
A. Character Sketch
B. Diary
C. Journal
D. Biography
41. It is a statement or an article by a news organization, newspaper, or magazine that expresses the opinion of the editor,
editorial board, or publisher.
A. Essay
B. Autobiography
C. Editorial
D. Magazine
42. It is a brief work of nonfiction that offers an opinion on a subject.
A. Essay
B. Autobiography
C. Editorial
D. Magazine
43. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of essay?
A. To express ideas or feelings
B. To persuade
C. To entertain
D. To analyze
E. To inform
44. Which of the following is not a critical approach in studying literature by Roger Don SJ. Cerda?
A. Reader-Response Approach
B. Marxism
C. Feminism
D. Queer Theory
E. Formalism
F. Historical-Biographical Approach
G. Deconstruction
H. Moral/Intellectual Approach
I. Mythological Criticism
45. It is a critical approach that establishes the interaction between the reader and the piece of literature. It recognizes
reader’s dynamism, that is, each reader carries with him his attitude, intelligence, schema, and experience to make
sense of the text without making reference to author’s life history and the text’s historical and cultural circumstances.
It embraces the idea that each text is an organic unity, meaning the text itself has meaning independent from its creator.
B. Formalism
C. Queer Theory
D. Historical-Biographical Approach
46. It is a critical approach that focuses on class conflicts as well as class distinctions by emphasizing social, economic,
and political inequalities as exemplified by the characters in a literary work. It establishes the tension between the
privileged and the deprived, the superior and the inferior, the strong and the influential, and the weak and the
insignificant. It also magnifies “structural violence” affects people in their quest for social justice and equality.
A. Feminism
B. Deconstruction
C. Moral/Intellectual Approach
D. Marxism
47. It is a critical approach that examines the subjugation of women in the society and how they were personified in
literature whether independent or dependent, superior or inferior, strong or weak, liberated or conservative,
assertive or submissive, uncompromising or accommodating, expressive or timid. It defies the stereotyped

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representation of women grounded on the idea or notion that they are only secondary to men in terms of their
economic, social, and political roles.
A. Feminism
B. Deconstruction
D. Marxism
48. It is a critical approach that scrutinizes, problematizes, and criticizes the role of gender in literature. It confronts the
concept of normative sexualities as types of social structures and social conflicts which delineate our ideas about
sexuality as an identity where a man is expected to be attracted to a woman and vice versa. It advocates recognition
on both homosexuals and lesbians as sexual preferences or identities not deviant to what we consider as normal and
natural.
B. Formalism
C. Queer Theory
49. It is a critical approach that focuses on the inherent feature of the text. These features encompass the literary elements
and devices such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and conflict, as well as how they work together to support
the theme and to form organic unity. It reduces the importance of a text’s historical, biographical, and cultural contexts
as supposed to Historical-Biographical Approach. It capitalizes on form rather than content.
B. Formalism
C. Queer Theory
50. It is a critical approach that embraces the idea that text and author are inseparable, thus, in order to make sense of
the text, the reader must dig the author’s life history to know what compelled him from writing the text. It also enables
the reader to have greater knowledge from which to draw conclusion by understanding the way of life on a certain
time period.
B. Formalism
C. Queer Theory
51. It is a critical approach that strives to exhibit that any text is not a disconnected whole but contains numerous
conflicting meaning; that any text therefore has more than one interpretation; that any text itself links these
interpretations inextricably; that the incongruity of these interpretations is irreducible; thus, an interpretative
reading cannot go beyond a certain point.
A. Feminism
B. Deconstruction
D. Marxism
52. It is a critical approach that concerns itself with the content and values of the text, that is, to determine if the text is
significant in the reader’s well-being—making them become better persons and them understand the world.
A. Feminism
B. Deconstruction
D. Marxism
53. Which of the following is NOT included in the Seven Literary Standards?
A. Artistry
B. Intellectual Value
C. Permanence
D. Spiritual Value
E. Style
F. Symbolism
G. Suggestiveness
H. Universality
54. It is a standard that tells us that it is quality that appeals to the readers’ standard of beauty in terms painting or
literature, its elements work together to express their intended meaning.
A. Spiritual Value

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C. Permanence
D. Artistry
55. It is a standard that appeals to our intellect. An artwork inflames critical thinking. It helps you uncover indispensable
truths about life and human nature.
A. Spiritual Value
C. Permanence
D. Artistry
56. It is a standard that appeals to our emotions. It makes is sympathize or emphasize with the people involved in an
artwork.
A. Style
B. Symbolism
C. Universality
D. Suggestiveness
57. It is a standard that appeals to our sense of morality by making us undergo self-realization that makes us better
persons. It subsumes the capacity to inspire; ordinary people who do things extraordinary well.
A. Spiritual Value
C. Permanence
D. Artistry
58. It is a standard that tells us an excellent artwork lasts. It stands the test of time. It can be read on several occasions
with the feeling that you are reading it for the first time for each reading provides new insights about the world we
live in.
A. Style
B. Symbolism
C. Universality
D. Suggestiveness
E. Permanence
59. It is a standard that tells us a superb artwork is timeless and timely; it is forever relevant; it appeals to all regardless
of one’s race, educational attainment, gender, religious affiliation, and social status because it deals with elemental
feelings, fundamental truths, and universal conditions.
A. Style
B. Symbolism
C. Universality
D. Suggestiveness
60. It is a standard that tells us an artwork manifests the artists’ ingenuity and originality. He deviates from the usual
convention, but he is able to showcase his talent beyond mediocrity.
A. Style
B. Symbolism
C. Universality
D. Suggestiveness
61. Which of the following is NOT included in the five key elements that go into great short story?
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting
E. Theme
62. Which of the following is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central conflict?
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting
E. Theme
63. It is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action of a short story or other literary works.
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting

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E. Theme
64. Many would think that this only refers to the place where the story takes place, but in reality, it actually encompasses
both the physical locale that frames the action and the specific time including the date and years, the climatic actions,
and even the historical period during the story took place.
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting
E. Theme
65. When we speak of a narrator, what is needed?
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting
E. Theme
66. It is the central idea or belief in a short story.
A. Character
B. Plot
C. Point of View
D. Setting
E. Theme
67. The opening section of a plot is called as ____. It is where information about the setting and time of the story are
presented. This situation is established and some of the characters are introduced. Usually, at this point, nothing
significant has happened yet.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis
E. Falling Action/Reversal
F. Resolution/Denouement
68. This happens when something happens that disturbs the equilibrium. In this part, conflict is introduced and things
begin to happen, this conflict propels the plot forward.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis
69. It is a struggle between two people or things in a story. The main character is usually on one side of the central ___.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis
70. As the complication develops, the conflict intensifies until the story reaches its ___. This is where the tension is most
intense and it represents the turning point of the plot.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis
71. After the climax comes, the ___ comes. It is where the tension subsides.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis

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72. As the complications untangled, the story moves to its conclusion. The story ends with the __ wherein the conflict is
finally resolved.
A. Exposition
B. Complication
C. Conflict
D. Climax/Crisis
73. Which of the following conflicts is considered internal?
A. Man vs Man
B. Man vs Himself
C. Man vs Society
D. Man vs Circumstance
74. These characters are primarily responsible for the major actions in the story.
A. Main/Major
B. Secondary/Minor
C. Central/Leading
D. Hero/Protagonist
E. Villain/Antagonist
75. The character which the story revolves around is known as ___.
A. Main/Major
B. Secondary/Minor
C. Central/Leading
D. Hero/Protagonist
76. In the old narratives, the central character is known as ___.
A. Main/Major
B. Secondary/Minor
C. Central/Leading
D. Hero/Protagonist
77. The exact opposite of the hero is the ___, the character who opposes the hero and invested with negative attributes.
A. Main/Major
B. Secondary/Minor
C. Central/Leading
D. Hero/Protagonist
78. It is the point of view that the narrator plays a minor role in the story.
A. First-person Participant
B. Third-person Omniscient
C. First-person Observer
D. Limited Omniscient
79. It is the point of view that the narrator plays a major character in the story.
80. It is the point of view where the narrator is not a character in the story, but like a God the writer is capable of knowing
everything including the characters’ thoughts and feelings.
81. It is the point of view in short stories where the narrator is similar to the first-person point of view in so far as they
are both restricted to situations and events which can be seen and known by one character.

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82. The following are key elements of drama EXCEPT
A. Dialogue
B. Plot
C. Character
83. What is known to be the indispensable element of a drama?
A. Dialogue
B. Plot
C. Character
84. The three methods of characterization in drama are the following EXCEPT
A. Through name and physical appearance
B. Through action, through what the characters do in the course of the play
C. Dialogue
85. The following are elements and devices of poetry EXCEPT
A. Allegory
B. Alliteration
C. Assonance
D. Denotation and Connotation
E. Diction
F. Image
G. Irony
H. Metaphor
I. Meter
J. Rhyme
K. Simile
L. Symbol
M. Tone
86. Which of the following can tell us a story that can be read symbolically?
A. Allegory
B. Alliteration
C. Assonance
87. Which of the following happens when the initial sounds of a word, beginning either with a consonant or a vowel, are
repeated in a close succession?
A. Allegory
B. Alliteration
C. Assonance
88. It occurs when the vowel sound within the word matches the same sound in a nearby word, but the surrounding
consonant sounds are different.
A. Allegory
B. Alliteration
C. Assonance
89. It refers to both the choice and order of words. It has been split into vocabulary and syntax.
A. Diction
B. Irony
C. Metaphor
D. Meter
90. It allows us to say something but to mean something else, whether we are being sarcastic, exaggerating, or
understanding.
A. Diction
B. Irony
C. Metaphor
D. Meter

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91. It is the rhythm established by the poem, and it is usually dependent not only to the number of syllables in a line, but
also on the way those syllables are accented. This rhythm is usually described as a pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables.
A. Diction
B. Irony
C. Metaphor
D. Meter
92. It is the most recognizable convention of poetry, but its function is always overlooked. It helps unify a poem—it
repeats a sound that links one concept to another, thus helping to determine the structure of a poem.
A. Rhyme
B. Simile
C. Symbol
D. Tone
93. It uses the word “like” that signifies a direct comparison between two things that are alike in a certain way. Usually on
of the elements of this is concrete and the other one is abstract.
A. Rhyme
B. Simile
C. Symbol
D. Tone
94. It works in two ways: it is something itself, and it also suggests something deeper.
A. Rhyme
B. Simile
C. Symbol
D. Tone
95. It is roughly equivalent to the mood it creates in the reader.
A. Rhyme
B. Simile
C. Symbol
D. Tone
96. Who is the author of Preludes?
A. Daryll Delgado
B. Jose Wendell Capili
C. Raissa Claire U. Rivera
D. Ralph Semino Galán
97. Who is the author of Justice?
A. Daryll Delgado
98. Who is the author of Cronulla Beach?
A. Daryll Delgado
99. Who is the author of Virtual Center?
A. Daryll Delgado
100. The main theme of Preludes is all about ___.
A. Gender Inequalities
B. The Justice System
C. Racism
D. Science Fiction and Society
101. The main theme of Justice is all about ___.
C. Racism

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102. The main theme of Cronulla Beach is all about ___.
C. Racism
103. The main theme of Virtual Center is all about ___.
C. Racism
104. Which of the following is an example of Fiction? (Choose Two)
A. Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili
B. Justice by Ralph Semino Galán
C. Preludes by Daryll Delgado
D. Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera
105. Which of the following is an example of Poetry? (Choose Two)
A. Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili
B. Justice by Ralph Semino Galán
C. Preludes by Daryll Delgado
D. Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera
B. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Write PAK if the statement is correct, and GANERN if the statement is incorrect, then
correct the underlined word/s with the correct answer.
______________________________1. Drama came from the word “dran” which means “to do” or “to act.”
______________________________2. Legend came from the Latin adjective “legenda.”
______________________________3. Myth orients people to the metaphysical dimension, attempts to explain the origins and
nature of the world, as well as certain custom or practice of a human society, validates social issues, and on the
psychological plane, addresses oneself to the innermost depths of the psyche.
______________________________4. Marvelous and magical things happen to characters and objects in fairy tales.
______________________________5. If the dialogue of a play rhymes, has repeating rhythms, or features of other distinct poetic
elements, the play is considered to be drama.
______________________________6. One of the themes of elegy is human morality.
______________________________7. Dramatic Monologue can be acted out, and is a form of a drama. It is also defined as a speech
that one person makes to himself or to another.
______________________________8. In “high” comedy, human folly arouses intellectual amusement as well as engaging the
emotions.
______________________________9. In “low” comedy, it arouses laughter through jokes and clowning that have more appeal to
the emotions than the intellect.
______________________________10. William Shakespeare is known to melodramas.
______________________________11. Melodramas came from the word “melody” (which came from the word “melodia” which
means “song”) and “drama.”
______________________________12. Autography came from the words “auton,” meaning self, “bios,” meaning life, and “graphien,”
meaning write.
______________________________13. Character Sketch emphasizes on the most striking characteristic of a person’s life.
______________________________14.
______________________________15. The theme (14) is considered as the body of the story and the plot (15) is the soul.
______________________________16. When the main character is opposed by another person or against the forces of nature
against society, it is called external conflict.
______________________________17. When the main character is struggling against something inside himself or herself (feelings,
emotion, sickness etc.), it is called internal conflict.
______________________________18. Flat characters are simple and one-dimensional. They represent a single dominant trait or
characteristic and they remain essentially unchanged throughout the story.
______________________________19. Round characters are complex and multidimensional. They exhibit a number of traits which
may be conflicting.
______________________________20. Dynamic characters are characters responsible for the large advancement of the plot.
______________________________21. Static characters are characters do not effect changes in the story. They may contribute to
the action, but they are not the primary agents of change.

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______________________________22. Characterization is the presentation and establishment of character.
______________________________23. Expository Mode is a direct and explicit way of characterizing. It tells what the character is
like.
______________________________24. Dramatic Mode is an indirect and implicit way of characterizing. Instead of implicit
statements, the statement, the speech, action, or thoughts of the character are the ways to know what he or she is like.
______________________________25. Atmosphere is the mood or feeling that pervades a literary work.
______________________________26. Narrator is the person who writes the story.
______________________________27. Author is the person who is recounting the events in the story.
______________________________28. Drama (28) is meant to be performed on stage. It is a story in dialogue performed by actors,
______________________________29. on a stage, before an audience. It is commonly known as a play (29).
______________________________30.
______________________________31. The plot (30) tells us what happens, story (31) tells us why it happens.
______________________________32. The plot of a drama is usually structured with acts and scenes.
______________________________33. The acts are the main division of drama.
______________________________34. The scene is a smaller unit, either a division with no change of locale or time.
______________________________35. The character and plot works together in drama.
______________________________36. Although it is not mandatory for a poet to use all these elements or devices, they form an
important aspect in poetry.
______________________________37.
______________________________38. Connotation (37) has a negative meaning, while denotation (38) has a positive meaning.
______________________________39. Poets gravitate toward words with strong connotative possibilities because they are so rich
of connotative possibility.
______________________________40. Poetic imagery alters or shapes the way we see what the poem is describing.
______________________________41. The meaning of a poem frequently depends on the success of metaphors.
______________________________42. The rhythmic unit is often described as a foot.
______________________________43. An iambic foot follows a pattern of stressed/unstressed syllables.
______________________________44. Metaphors (44) are comparisons between two seemingly dissimilar things; symbols (45)
______________________________45. associates two things, but their meaning is both literal and figurative.
C. CLASSIFICATION. Write L if the given is an example of PROSE FICTION, O if it a POETRY, V if DRAMA, and E if
NONFICTION PROSE. If your answer is O, classify it further by writing OL for LYRIC POETRY, ON for NARRATIVE POETRY,
OD for DRAMATIC POETRY. If your answer is V, classify it further by writing VT for TRAGEDY and VC for COMEDY. Sige
lahat lagyan mo na lang ng label.
1. Epic 2. Novel 3. Sonnet
4. Legend 5. Melodrama 6. Farce
7. Character Sketch 8. Essay 9. Parable
10. Short Story 11. Romantic Comedy 12. Tragicomedy
13. Biography 14. Myth 15. Ode
16. Song 17. Autobiography 18. Fairy Tale
19. Ballad 20. Dramatic Monologue 21. Satirical Comedy
22. Fable 23. Editorial 24. Diary/Journal
25. The Comedy of Manners 26. Novella 27. Metrical Romance
28. Soliloquy 29. Black Comedy 30. Elegy
D. DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION. Pair off and discuss the differences in connotation between these pairs of words.
Write H if your answer is NEUTRALPOSITIVE, U if NEUTRALNEGATIVE, M if POSITIVENEUTRAL, G if
NEGATIVENEUTRAL, O if NEGATIVEPOSITIVE, T if POSITIVEPOSITIVE, K if NEGATIVENEGATIVE, and A if
POSITIVENEGATIVE. You may give example or situation to exemplify your idea.
1. anger and rage
2. ask and interrogate
3. cheap and inexpensive
4. close and intimidate
5. cheated and mislead
6. childish and childlike
7. comment and criticize
8. commitment and dedication
9. cooperate and collaborate
10. cozy and comfortable
11. death and rose
12. decline and reject
13. follow and chase
14. friend and crony
15. generous and extravagant
16. house and home
17. identical and analogous
18. job and drudgery
19. old and dilapidated
20. pity and sympathy
21. praise and flattery

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22. proud and conceited
23. shy and timid
24. slender and skinny
25. steal and snatch
26. trip and tour
E. SHORT ANSWERS. Answer the following questions.
1. Define ‘literature.’
2. Explain the Importance of Studying Literature.
a. Literature helps us grow both personally and intellectually.
b. Literature links us with the world of which we are a part.
c. Literature enables us to transcend our immediate time, place, and culture and to make connections with other
human beings.
d. Literature encourages us to develop mature empathy with all forms of life—human, animal, and plant.
e. Literature sharpens our sense of moral judgement.
f. Literature stimulates our imagination and ingenuity.
g. Literature shows the significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron, and ambivalence.
h. Literature allows us to see the world in different vantage points.
i. Literature relives history.
j. Literature reminds us that we are human beings.
3. Differentiate myth from legend, parable from fable, fairy tale from short story, and novel from novella.
4. How will you know the meaning of a literary text that you are reading?
5. How important are the Critical Approaches in Studying Literature?
6. Explain the following Critical Approaches in Studying Literature.
a. Reader-Response Approach
b. Marxism
c. Feminism
d. Queer Theory
e. Formalism
f. Historical-Biographical Approach
g. Deconstruction
h. Moral/Intellectual Approach
7. How do you know if a work of art is excellent or not?
8. Explain the Seven Literary Standards.
a. Artistry
b. Intellectual Value
c. Suggestiveness
d. Spiritual Value
e. Permanence
f. Universality
g. Style
9. Define short story in your own words.
10. What do you think that make(s) authors remarkable short story writers?
11. How important are characters in a short story?
12. Define drama in your own words.
13. How important is dialogue in a drama?
14. Define poetry in your own words.
15. Why is it important for us to know the importance of the elements and devices of poetry?
16. Why is it important for us to know the connotation and denotation of a word?
17. Literary Mapping. Draw the plot structure of the following using Freytag Pyramid. Then narrate, how the story goes.
(Assume they have not read it.)
a. Preludes by Daryll Delgado (Fiction)
b. Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera (Fiction)
18. Writing Conflict. Give situations or circumstances that will exemplify the following conflicts.
a. Man vs. Himself
b. Man vs. Circumstance
c. Man vs. Society
d. Man vs. Nature
Preludes by Daryll Delgado
19. Why does it seem acceptable in the Philippine society for husbands to have affairs with other women?
20. Is it acceptable for woman? Why or why not? What do you think or feel about this?

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21. Should this attitude be changed? Why or why not?
22. What are the common points and difference of concubinage and adultery in Philippine law?
23. How did the short story explored infidelity and how it affects the family?
24. What is a prelude? Why is that the title of the story?
25. What does Nenita feel for her husband? Why do you think she feels that way?
26. What does her herbalista friend feel about Nenita’s husband?
27. Who was the man that died in the first paragraph?
28. How do you think he died? What clues in the text helped you to reach that conclusion?
29. What is the importance of the dried purple leaves? Do you think that these leaves were used in the story? How?
30. Who killed the man? Explain your answer.
31. The story ends with the feeling of heat. What are the many meanings of heat in the story?
32. Why is it ironic for the widow to be married to a judge?
33. Do you think, with what happened, that some kind of justice was served? Why or why not?
34. “Chekov’s gun” is a principle which means that if an important object or detail is mentioned in the text, this should
play a central role in the plot. In the short story, what takes place of Chekov’s gun? How does it help in your
appreciation of the story?
The Justice System by Ralph Semino Galan
35. What do you know about the impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona? Was it discussed in schools? What did
people say at the time?
36. Why is it important for government officials to declare their SALN? What does it have to do with good governance?
37. Do you think that the process of impeachment is important for a nation, or is it just a distraction from which is more
important? Explain your answer.
38. Do you think that the Philippine Justice System gives justice in a timely manner? Why? Why not?
39. Give the meaning of each symbol below.
a. Blindfold
b. Golden pair of scales
c. Double-edge sword
d. Torth’s feather of truth
e. Painting “is this Philippine Justice?” with Justicia fading into the air…”cloudly as doubts…”
f. “…face the music of derision…”
40. Why are symbols important in a poem? Explain what some of the symbols mean and how they add meaning to the
poem.
41. Why are symbols important in the life of a nation? What do people get from the symbols of the nation?
42. Why does the poem describe the Philippines as “my uncertain country”?
43. What does the simile, “wrong and right can be shuffled like cards” mean? What does this mean when it comes to any
of the following: politics and politicians, the police, and the justice system?
44. What is the poem trying to say about the difference between justice in the Philippines and justice anywhere else?
45. Of all the objects that Justice owns, which one do you think is the most important? Why?
46. Why does Justicia look like she is fading in the painting, “Is this Philippine Justice”?
47. Why is money mentioned in the poem?
48. Why was it important for the Chief Justice to be impeached? What is the message for Filipino government officials?
49. Why does the Chief Justice have to “face the music of derision’? Is he derided, not only for his crime, but because he
was caught?
Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili
50. Do you think Filipinos suffer from racism?
51. Do you think Filipinos are ever racist? Can they be racist against fellow Filipinos, such as Filipino-Chinese or the Aeta?
52. Why is racism a problem? Has racism disappeared from society?
53. Tell us something about the Aborigines of Australia.
54. Tell us about the immigration issues in Australia.
55. Tell us about Cronulla, Cronulla Beach, and the events during December 2005.
56. What is the importance of the poem’s setting?
57. Why is it ironic that the beach used to be an “aboriginal landscape”?
58. What does it mean that there are generations who want to keep themselves “pure and sterile”? What does this say
about the immigration issues in Australia?
59. Why did the white man rampage against colored people? How did you feel about this?
60. Why did the colored people take their revenge? How do you feel about this?
61. In this discussion about immigration and race, where does the Filipinos come in? Why is this an important concern
for Filipinos?

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62. The pink seashells in the story gradually turned into sand. What could this be a symbol of? Explain.
63. Did the poem change the way you look at living or working abroad? Did it changed the way you view Australia? Why
or why not?
64. The last line says, “So racializing, this soap.” What does this mean?
Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera
65. Do you think science fiction is popular in the Philippine society? Why or why not?
66. What do you think would happen if Filipinos had never fought against martial law?
67. Would you have fought against it? Explain your answer.
68. Define the following terms.
a. New Society
b. CCP
c. Escape to the mountains
69. How would you describe the setting of the story?
70. Describe the “class division” that Nick is talking about. Is it similar to the class divisions we see in Philippine society
today? Why or why not?
71. How does the story allude to martial law? Why is this done?
72. Which character in the story do you identify with the most? Why?
73. Why does Art say about reality, and why it is better than virtual reality? Do you agree or disagree?
74. The virtual reality in the story alludes to today’s technology. What particular products or services do you think that
this alludes to?
75. What does the story have to say about technology? Do you think this is true in today’s society?
76. Explain the name symbolism in the character of Art. What is the story trying to say about Art?
77. Why does Delia long for Manila at the end of the story? What insight can you get from this?
78. Where did the author got the idea of this story? What made her decide to write about a dystopia, like the ominous
feature of “The Hunger Games?” What are the advices she gave to young Filipino science fiction writers?
79. Write a character analysis of Delia. Discuss the following
a. What is her motivation?
b. Is she a dynamic or a static character?
c. Does she have a character arc in the story?
d. What is her turning point?
e. What does she represent in Philippine society? Explain your reasons for saying so,

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