The document discusses various topics related to groundwater and surface water systems. It explains that groundwater and surface water are connected, with pumping wells able to cause interference between cones of depression. It notes that extraction should not exceed recharge to avoid water mining and subsidence, and that recharge zones need protection. The hyporheic zone of water exchange between surface and groundwater is also described. Rainwater harvesting and the water cycle are briefly covered.
8. 8
GROUNDWATER/SURFACE WATER CONNECTIONS
Gaining Stream
Cone of
Depression
Pumping Well
Groundwater
In systems with high degree of
groundwater/surface water connectivity
(highly transmissive sediments)
9. 9
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
โข Multiple pumping wells can cause interference
between cones of depression
โข Extraction should not exceed recharge
โ Water mining
โข Extraction may cause subsidence
โข Recharge zones should be protected
โ Ensure adequate water flow
โ Ensure quality
โข Extraction may affect surface water
โข Many watershed management actions are
taken to protect quality
10. 10
HYPORHEIC ZONE
โข Zone where water is
exchanged between
surface and
groundwater
โข Controlled by
geomorphology
(upwelling and
downwelling)
โข Biochemical
processing: water
quality & habitat
issues
โข Temperature
11. RAIN WATER HARVESTING?
โข Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying &
storing water from rainfall in an area โ for beneficial use.
โข Storage โ in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater
โข Hydrological Cycle
12. FRESH WATER
๏ Over two thirds of the earth's surface is
covered with water, 97.2% of which is
contained in the five oceans. The
Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of
all fresh water on the planet, is visible
at the bottom. Atmospheric water
vapors can be seen as clouds,
contributing to the earth's albedo
16. RIVER
๏ Water generally collects in a
river from precipitation through
a drainage basin from surface
runoff and other sources such
as groundwater recharge,
springs, and the release of
stored water in natural ice and
snowpack's (e.g. from glaciers).
17. PERNNIAL
๏ Those in which water is available
through the year.
๏ Fed by rains during rainy seasons and
by snow during summer seasons.
๏ It is a source of public supplies directly.
NON PERENNIAL
๏ Those in which water is not available at
all time.
๏ Fed by rains during rainy seasons.
๏ The construction of dam is generally
adopted and water is for irrigation and
hydropower etc.
18. PROBLEM RELATED WITH OVERUSE OF
SURFACE WATER
I. Decrease in flow of water in stream and rivers.
II. Wet land surface reduction.
III. Water logging.
IV. Migration of people.
