This document discusses the kinetic theory of matter and how kinetic energy relates to the different states of matter. It explains that particles in solids have enough kinetic energy only to vibrate, while particles in liquids can slide over one another but not separate completely. Particles in gases can separate from one another due to their higher kinetic energy overcoming the attractive forces between particles. Examples are given of how shaking a bottle of cola or adding heat can demonstrate changes between the solid, liquid, and gas states.

1. Name: Jason Marshall
Grace Edmondson
Primary In-Service
Lecturer: Miss Jacqueline Hopkinson

2. This neat row of cola bottles represents matter in three different states—
solid, liquid, and gas. The bottles and caps are solids, the cola is a liquid, and
carbon dioxide dissolved in the cola is a gas. It gives cola its fizz. Solids, liquids,
and gases such as these have different properties. Solids have a fixed shape and a
fixed volume. Liquids also have a fixed volume but can change their shape. Gases
have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. What explains these differences
in states of matter? The answer has to do with energy.

3. MOVING MATTER
Energy is the ability to cause changes in matter. For example, your body uses
chemical energy when you lift your arm or take a step. In both cases, energy is used
to move matter—you. Any matter that is moving has energy just because it’s
moving. The energy of moving matter is called kinetic energy. Scientists think that
the particles of all matter are in constant motion. In other words, the particles of
matter have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving
particles is called the kinetic theory of matter.

4. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
• The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles.

5. KINETIC ENERGY AND STATES OF MATTER
Differences in kinetic energy explain why matter exists in different states. Particles
of matter are attracted to each other, so they tend to pull together. The particles can
move apart only if they have enough kinetic energy to overcome this force of
attraction. It’s like a tug of war between opposing sides, with the force of attraction
between particles on one side and the kinetic energy of individual particles on the
other side. The outcome of the “war” determines the state of matter.

6. KINETIC ENERGY DETERMINES THE STATES OF
MATTER
• If particles do not have enough kinetic energy to overcome the force of attraction
between them, matter exists as a solid. The particles are packed closely together
and held rigidly in place. All they can do is vibrate. This explains why solids have a
fixed volume and a fixed shape.
• If particles have enough kinetic energy to partly overcome the force of attraction
between them, matter exists as a liquid. The particles can slide past one another
but not pull apart completely. This explains why liquids can change shape but
have a fixed volume.
• If particles have enough kinetic energy to completely overcome the force of
attraction between them, matter exists as a gas. The particles can pull apart and
spread out. This explains why gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed
shape.

7. HOW COULD YOU USE A BOTTLE OF COLA TO DEMONSTRATE THESE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KINETIC ENERGY AND STATE OF MATTER?
You could shake a bottle of cola and then open it. Shaking
causes carbon dioxide to come out of the cola solution and
change to a gas. The gas fizzes out of the bottle and spreads
into the surrounding air, showing that its particles have enough
kinetic energy to spread apart. Then you could tilt the open
bottle and pour out a small amount of the cola on a table, where
it will form a puddle. This shows that particles of the liquid have
enough kinetic energy to slide over each other but not enough
to pull apart completely. If you do nothing to the solid glass of
the cola bottle, it will remain the same size and shape. Its
particles do not have enough energy to move apart or even to
slide over each other.

8. WHEN HEAT IS ADDED
When heat is added the particles start to move faster changing from one state to
another.

9. THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON THE MOLECULAR
PARTICLES IN MATTER

10. EXAMPLES OF KINETIC ENERGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
• Hydropower Plants
Hydropower plants are places where the generation of electricity takes place with
the help of water. When the moving water, possessing some kinetic energy, hits the
turbine present in the dam, the kinetic energy of the water gets converted into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves the turbines and then, ultimately,
it leads to the production of electrical energy.

11. • Windmills
Windmills form one of the good examples of applications of kinetic energy. In a
windmill, when the wind (air in motion) hits the blades, it causes the rotation, which
ultimately leads to the generation of electricity. Here, the moving air has kinetic
energy that causes the rotation of blades, and therefore, in this example too, the
kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy.

12. • Inflating a tire
When you pump air into a tire, the gas molecules inside the tire get compressed
and packed closer together. This increases the pressure of the gas, and it starts to
push against the walls of the tire.

13. • Use of hair spray
When you spray a can of hair spray, it increases the pressure of gas, causing the
volume of gas to be release(decrease).

14. • Use of oxygen tanks
In environments where oxygen is in low supply, it can be provided from a tank.
Since gases are very compressible, a large amount of oxygen can be stored in a
relatively small container. When it is released, the volume expands and the pressure
decreases. The gas is then available for breathing under normal pressure.

15. REFERENCE
• 7.1: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases. (2016, November 19). Chemistry
LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Valley_City_State_University/Chem_115/Chapt
er_7%3A_States_of_Matter/7.1%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory%3A_A_Model_for_G
ases
• The Kinetic Theory of Matter: Definition & The Four States of Matter - Video &
Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2019). Study.com.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-theory-of-matter-definition-the-
four-states-of-matter.html