1. Results:
Hip Flexion/Extentionduringrunning:
The hip jointflexesatheel contactandisforcedintoextensionduringthe mid-stanceandtoe-off as
the knee andankle plantarflex.
Lessknee flexionbefore heal strikewas observedinthe 2nd
testingsessionforbothleftandright
legs.Flexiondue toabsorbsionwaslesscomparedtothe 1st
testingsessionalso.Thiscouldpossibly
be showinga gaininstrengthinhip extensorsbetweenthe testingsessions.
Knee Flexion/Extenionduringrunning:
The knee flexesfollowinginitial contact,the quadricepscontracteccentrically.Thisisseenaspower
absorbsion.Asthe participantreachesalmost50% of the stance phase the knee extendstopropel
the participantforward(Novechecketal.1998). Knee flexion-extensiondenotesthe angle between
the femurand the tibia.0 degreesindicatesfull extension. Flexionof the knee providesthe greatest
degree of shockabsorbsionduringrunning(Mital etal. 2009).
Comparisonof knee flexion/extensionbetweenthe twotestingoccasionsshowedgreaterknee
flexioninbothlegsduringthe stance phase inthe secondarytestwhile running.The difference in
flexionbetweenthe leftandrightlegduringrunningobservedinthe earliertestisstill apparentin
the 2nd
test.
Right – Black
Left - Red
Right – Black
Left - Red

2. Ankle Plantar and Dorsiflexion:
Plantarflexion (orplantarflexion)isthe movementwhichincreasesthe approximate90 degree angle
betweenthe frontpartof the foot andthe shin. Dorsiflexion isthe movementwhichdecreasesthe
angle betweenthe footandthe shin.
Comparisonof ankle plantaranddorsi flexionbetweenthe twotestoccasionsshow asimilar
amountand charateristicof movementinthe rightfoot comparedtothe 1st
trail.The leftfoot
howevershowsthe paticipantfootstrikingwithmuchmore dorsi flexionthaninthe firsttrail with
verylittle variance aboutthe meanvalue.
Ankle Pronation/Supination:
In the firsttrailsthe participantwasnot classedasan over-pronatororover-supinator. The plotted
data showed the rightfoot,pronatingfora longerperiodof time before toe-off andnotactually
reachinga supinatedposition. Lackof supinationtowardsthe endof the stance phase could have
beencausinga lossinefficiencyin the rightleg. Alsothe prolongedpronationof the rightfootmight
cause an overuse injury. Cavanaghetal.(1990) statedthat a typical normal stance phase is
characterizedbyapproximately10degree’sof supination,followedby10 degreesof pronation.
Approximatelyanaverage of 1 degree supinationonthe rightwasviable fromthe 2nd
trails,alsothe
footstayedsupinateduntil aftermid-stanceof the footinthe 2nd
trails,whereasithadstartedto
pronate before the midstance inthe 1st
trails.Alsothe maximumpronationof the rightfootwas
much lowerthaninthe 1st
trails.The leftfootshowedsimilarcharacteristicsinthe 2nd
trail compared
Right – Black
Left - Red
Right – Black
Left - Red

3. to the 1st
trail,howeverthe leftfootshowedamaximumpronationof approximately2degreesless
than the 1st
trails.
Abduction/Adductionof Leftand Right Hip RunningVs. Cutting:
Osteoarthritisisone of the mostcommoncausesof chronic hippainfor bothathletesandnon-
athletesalike alsodue to twisting,pivoting,decelerating,orasuddenimpactof throughthe joint.
Abduction/adductionof the hipwasmeasure inthe Yaxis,to observe the abduction/adductionof
the thighthroughthe hipjointwhile runningandcutting,givingabetterunderstandingof the
amountof extramovementoccursdue tocuttingmovementsandwhyhipinjuriesare relatedtoso
much injuryinsportswithsuddenchangesof direction.
In the lefthip,runningshowedamaximumadductionof 11.1 degreestowardsthe bodyanda
maximum4.1 degreesof adductioninthe rightleg. It’sworthnotingthatthe right legduringrunning
movesintoabductionmuchmore followingmidstance of the subject’s gait,whereasthe leftleg
duringrunningisalwaysadductedthroughoutthe gait.Inthe leftlegduringcuttingapproximately
15.3 degreesmore abductionoccursaboutthe hipand approximately8.8degreesmore than
runninginthe right leg.Thisshowscuttingcreates considerable more lateralmovementinthe hip
jointthanrunning.The showsthat the cuttingmovementcreatesmore lateral movementwithinthe
hipjointandincreasesthe riskof damage to softtissue.
Pronation/Supinationin Leftand Right Ankle Running Vs.Cutting:
Lookingfurtherintothe cause of injuryinrunningtechnique we chose tomeasure the foot
pronationandsupinationmovementaboutthe ankle. PronationisaNormal andnecessary
occurrence of the footand ankle jointduringwalkingandrunning. Over-pronation,resultingina
large amountof ankle movement,asseenduringcuttingmovementsinthisstudy, issaidtobe
regardedas one of the main causesof overuse injury. Problem’s arise withextensive orover-
prolongedpronation,causingincreasedpressuretobe puton the supportingstructuresof the foot
and the leg.
Running – Black
Cutting - Red
Running – Black
Cutting - Red

4. Verylittle movementaboutthe ankle jointwasfondduringcutting.The anklesinbothlegswere
foundto be at an angle of approimatlyzerodegreesduringthe stance phase of the cutting
movement.Thisshowsthatverylittle movementiscreatedbycuttinginthe ankle jointandthatthe
legnaturallyincreasesthe rigidityof the ankle duringthe movementtoprevent injuryfromoccuring.
Abduction/Adductionof the Left and Right Knee Running Vs. Cutting:
Ligamentinjuriestothe knee are verycommoninsportsthat require stoppingandstartingor
quicklychangingdirections creatingtwistingandab/adductionmovementsof the shankthroughthe
knee joint.These extremeforcesonthe knee canresultintorn ligaments anddamagedcartilage.
Considerablymore abductionof the shankaboutthe knee wasseeninbothlegsduringthe cutting
movementcomparedtorunning.The leftlegduringrunningremainedadductedapproximately4
degreesduringthe stance phase.Duringcuttingthe leftlegwasabductedbyamaximumof 9.7
degrees.The rightlegwhile runningshowedabductionratherthanadductionof the shank,however
duringcuttingthe rightshank abducteda maximumof 14.4 degrees,approximately5degreesmore
than the leftlegwhile cutting.Thisshowsthatcuttingcreatesa muchgreaterdegree of abductionof
the shankabout the knee jointwhilecutting.Therefore creatingmuchmore lateral movement
withinthe jointandthusthe potential tocause injurytotissue withinthe joint.
Running – Black
Cutting - Red

5. References:
Mital M, Avil S.(2009) The podiatrist’srole inthe assessmentof the sports patient:part2 – gait
analysis.sportEXmedicine 2009;42(Oct):24-26
Cavanagh,PR.(1990). Biomechanicsof Distance Running.Champaign,IL.UnitedStatesof America.
Human Kinetics.