1. SCIENCE
PROCESS
SKILLS

2. What is science process skills?
 How a scientist works, thinks and studies
problem.
(friedl 1995)

3. What is sps?
A way of investigation that involves specific
skills which require the following steps:
~ planning course of actions.
~ carrying out activities.
~ collecting data.
~ organising & interpreting data.
~ reaching a conclusion.

4. BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS.
 OBSERVING
 CLASSIFYING
 MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
 MAKING INFERENCES
 PREDICTING.
 COMMUNICATING.
 CONTROLLING VARIABLES
 MAKING HYPOTHESES.
 USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP
 INTERTING DATA
 DEFINING OPERATIONALLY
 EXPERIMENTING

7. WHAT IS MEANT BY
OBSERVING?
 Observing involves collecting information
about objects or phenomenon by using
the five senses.
 -sight
 -hearing
 -touch
 -taste
 -smell

8. What are the characteristic of
objects and phenomenon that we
are observing?
 Picture.
 Photograph
 Video presentation
 Audio recording
 Real life thing or condition
 Real object or 3D model
 Life or preservation specimen

9. Why do we need to observe?
 To compile / gather as much information
as possible about objects or phenomena.

10. How do we observe?
 ~Focus on the objects or phenomena to
be studied.
 ~Identify the characteristics.
 ~Compare the objects or phenomena.
 ~Identify changes & sequence of events.
 ~Use appropriate apparatus for more
detailed observations.

11. You are observing when
you are …

12. 1. Using the five senses effectively.

13. Using the five senses effectively.

14. 2. Identifying relevant particulars of
an objects and its environment.

15. Identifying relevant particulars of an
objects and its environment.

16. Focusing on relevant particulars from
massive information.

17. 3. Focusing on relevant particulars
from massive information.

18. 4. Identifying similarities and differences.

19. 4. Identifying similarities and differences.

20. 5. Identifying strange / unusual
features.

21. Identifying strange / unusual features.

22. 6. Realizing changes in environment.

23. Realizing changes in environment.

24. Identifying the correct sequence.

25. 7. Identifying the correct sequence.

26. 8. Using appropriate instrument(s)
to enhance senses for the details.
MICROSCOPE STETHOSCOPE

28. What is meant by classifying?
 Classifying is a process of grouping
objects according to certain
characteristic for a purpose.

29. When do we need to classify?
When there are:
~ many items or information.
~ items or information are not
organised

30. How do we classify?
 Identify the general characteristics of the
items.
 Sort out items of the same characteristics into
their respective groups.
 Identify other characteristics.
 Repeat steps 1-3 until there is only one item
in each group.

31. You are classifying
when you are….

32. You are classifying when you
are….
1. Detecting similarities.
2. Grouping objects based on certain
criterion.
3. Using other criterion in grouping
objects.
4. Grouping objects in different ways.

33. Classify

34. 1. Detecting similarities .
Same shape
Same Colour

35. 2. Grouping objects based on
certain criterion.
..

36. 3. Using other criterion in grouping
objects.
..

37. 4. Grouping objects in different
ways.
..

38. CLASSIFYING

39. Grouping objects based on certain criterion.

40. Using other criterion in grouping objects.

41. Grouping objects in different ways.

43. What is meant by measuring and using
numbers?
 Measuring and using numbers is
a process of observing
quantitatively using numbers and
standard or standardised
measuring tool as the reference
unit.

44. Why do we need to measure and use
numbers?
 To obtain more accurate observations.

45. How do we measure and use
numbers?
 Identify the measurement required.
 Specify the instrument to be used.
 Compare the measurement with the specific
instyrument.
 Add up the total measurement.

46. You are measuring and
using numbers
when you are….

47. 1. Able to count and compare quantity of
items in different groups.

48. Able to count and compare quantity of items in
different groups.

49. 1. Able to count and compare quantity of
items in different groups.

50. Able to count and compare quantity of items in
different groups.

51. Able to recognized the pattern from a table of
numbers.

52. 2. Able to recognized the pattern from a
table of numbers.

53. 3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.
0 = STOP
1 = SLOW
2 = FAST
3 = FASTEST

54. Using numbers to record phenomenon.
1 = SLOW
2 = FAST
3 = FASTER
4 = FASTEST

55. 3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.

56. 4. Using scales and explaining ratios.

57. 5. Compare objects using numbers.
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58. 5. Compare objects using numbers.

59. 6. Using tools correctly.

60. 7. Recording unit correctly.

61. 8. Choosing and using standard unit.

62. Comparing time, distance, area and
volume with relevant units.

63. 10. Determining the accuracy in
measurements.
Which is more accurate?

65. What is meant by making
inferences?
• Making inferences is a process of making early
conclusions by relating previous experiences
with immediate observations.

66. Why do we need to infer?
• 1. To plan actions or to make a choice.
• 2. To analyse the cause of effect of decisions.

67. How do we infer?
• Observe the situations or circumstances.
• State the reason why the situation or
circumstances happens.
• Give reason to your statement(s).
• Check if the reasons given are based on the
opinions or observations from the situations.If
based on opinions,state why.

68. You are making inferences when
you are……………..

69. 1. Using information from observations
to make reasonable early conclusions.

70. 2. Making various possible interpretations
from single observation.

71. 3. Able to identify the limitations of
inferences.

72. 4. Testing the accuracy of inferences
through additional observations.

73. 5. Using inferences as a tool to determine
the appropriate additional
observations.

74. 1. Using information from observations
to make reasonable early conclusions.

75. Making various possible interpretations from
single observation.

76. Able to identify the limitations of inferences.

77. Testing the accuracy of inferences
through additional observations.

78. Using inferences as a tool to determine the
appropriate additional observations.

80. What is meant by predicting?
• Predicting is a process of
forecasting events based on
observations and previous
experiences or certain
pattern of reliable data.

81. Why do we need to predict?
• When accuracy is not essential in :
• ~reducing the number of choice.
• ~planning.
• ~considering choices.

82. How do we predict?
• Observe to gather data.
• Identify the pattern of the data.
• Based on the pattern or past
experiences, make suitable
predictions.

83. You are predicting when
you are….
1. Using previous or present evidence to
state incoming events.
2. Able to differentiate between prediction
and guessing.
3. Able to determine the outcomes from an
action.
4. Using pattern of data explicitly to make
projections.

84. You are predicting when
you are….
7. Being cautious in making assumption
about a certain pattern of data beyond
the evidence at hand.
8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a
tool to predict.

85. Using pattern of data explicitly to make
projections.

86. Extrapolating and inserting data as a tool
to predict.

88. What is meant by communicating?
 Communicating is a process
of receiving.spreading and
sharing of information and
ideas.

89. Why do we need to communicate?
 To spread ideas or information.
 To share idea or information.

90. How do we communicate?
 Record information obtained from various
resources.
 Translate the information into other forms
such as charts,graphs and table.
Spread the information through various
means and way.

91. You are communicating
when you are….
1. Speaking, listening or writing to
express ideas or meanings.
2. Recording information from
investigations.
3. Drawing and making notes.
4. Using and explaining the meaning of
symbols.

92. You are communicating
when you are….
5. Using charts, graphs and tables to
present information.
6. Posting questions clearly.
7. Using references.
8. Writing experiment report to
enable others to repeat the
experiment.

93. Drawing and making notes.
It is yellow in colour, tastes
sour,rectangular in shape

95. Control variables
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

96. Identify variables in an investigation
(manipulated and responding variables)
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

97. Identify fixed variables
Volume of water
Size of salt Rate of stir
Temperature of water

99. Suggest suitable explanations in line with the
evidence at hand
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

100. Suggest suitable explanations in line with the
principles and concepts of science.
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

101. Using previous knowledge to make explanations
Quantity of Time taken to
sugar dissolve
5 spoons 10 min
3 spoons 5 min
1 spoon 2 min

102. Aware that there are more than one
explanation for events.
Aware that the explanation is just a suggestion.

103. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND
THINKING SKILLS.
 SCIENCE  THINKING SKILLS
PROCESS SKILLS
-CHARACTERIZE
-TO COMPARE
OBSERVING
-TO RELATE

104. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND
THINKING SKILLS.
-CHARACTERIZE
 CLASSIFY - TO COMPARE AND
TO CONTRAST
- TO COLLECT AND
CLASSIFY

105. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND
THINKING SKILLS.
 MEASURING - TO RELATE
AND
USING -TO COMPARE AND
NUMBERS TO CONTRAST

106. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND
THINKING SKILLS.
- TO RELATE
- TO COMPARE AND
 MAKING TO CONTRAST
INFERENCES - TO ANALYZE
- INFERRING

107. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND
THINKING SKILLS.
- TO RELATE
PREDICTING
- MENTAL IMAGE

108. Thank You.

110. You are observing when you are…
1. Using the five senses effectively.
2. Identifying relevant particulars of
an objects and its environment.
3. Focusing on relevant particulars
from massive information.
4. Identifying similarities and
differences.

111. You are observing when you are…
5. Identifying strange / unusual
features.
6. Realizing changes in environment.
7. Identifying the correct sequence.
8. Using appropriate instrument(s)
to enhance senses for the details.

112. You are measuring and using numbers
when you are….
1. Able to count and compare quantity of
items in different groups.
2. Able to recognized the pattern from a
table of numbers.
3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.
4. Using scales and explaining ratios.
5. Compare objects using numbers.

113. You are measuring and using numbers
when you are….
6. Using tools correctly.
7. Recording unit correctly.
8. Choosing and using standard unit.
9. Comparing time, distance, area
and volume with relevant units.
10. Determining the accuracy in
measurements.

114. You are making inferences
when you are….
1. Using information from observations
to make reasonable early conclusions.
2. Making various possible
interpretations from single
observation.
3. Able to identify the limitations of
inferences.

115. You are making inferences
when you are….
4. Testing the accuracy of inferences
through additional observations.
5. Using inferences as a tool to determine
the appropriate additional
observations.
6. Determining the accuracy in
measurements.

116. You are predicting when
you are….
5. Confident with the accuracy of the
prediction.
6. Able to verify a statement of related to
future events based on evidence or past
experiences.

117. MODULE OF
BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS

118. MODULE OF
BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS

119. 9. Comparing time, distance, area
and volume with relevant units.

120. You are making inferences
when you are ….

121. MODULE OF
BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS
SKILLS

122. You are predicting when
you are….
1. Using previous or present evidence to
state incoming events.
2. Able to differentiate between prediction
and guessing.
3. Able to determine the outcomes from an
action.
4. Using pattern of data explicitly to make
projections.

123. You are predicting when
you are….
5. Confident with the accuracy of the
prediction.
6. Able to verify a statement of related to
future events based on evidence or past
experiences.

124. You are predicting when
you are….
7. Being cautious in making assumption
about a certain pattern of data beyond
the evidence at hand.
8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a
tool to predict.

125. You are communicating
when you are….
1. Speaking, listening or writing to
express ideas or meanings.
2. Recording information from
investigations.
3. Drawing and making notes.
4. Using and explaining the meaning of
symbols.

126. You are communicating
when you are….
5. Using charts, graphs and tables to
present information.
6. Posting questions clearly.
7. Using references.
8. Writing experiment report to
enable others to repeat the
experiment.