Presentation tries to link cities with buildings in the context of energy, resources, sustainability and productivity and brieflt describes how the cities can be made green and how green buildings can be made a reality

1. Jit Kumar Gupta
Chairman, Chandigarh Chapter, IGBC, Chandigarh
Founder Director, College of Architecture, IET
Bhaddal
jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

2.  UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities
2008/2009- Harmonious Cities, defines cities in
terms of --
 Cities contain both order and chaos.
 In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
 They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
 They are physical manifestation of history and culture
 They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
 Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas,
ambitions and aspirations,
 but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository
of society’s ills.
 Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing
social development and providing employment but
 they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.

3.  Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in Urban India.
 Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051)
 Urban India --first time added more persons(91m) than Rural
India(90m)in last decade
 During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
massive shift of population -not simply a shift of demographics
 Shift places cities/towns at centre of India’s development
 Increased population requires --More cities, More housing,
More educational/ healthcare/ institutions
 More commercial space ,More transportation– More
infrastructure– more Resources

4. Urbanization-issues

5.  A City can be made Smart if it is:
 Visioned Smartly
 Planned Smartly
 Built Smartly
 Developed Smartly,
 Operated Smartly
 Financed Smartly
 Governed Smartly
 Has Smart Leadership
 Has Smart Mobility
 Assured Environmental quality.
 Employment for all

6. Forbes identified Nine
key aspects that define a
Smart City: ‘
• Smart education
•smart energy,
•smart building,
• smart mobility,
•smart infrastructure,
•smart technology,
•smart healthcare
•smart citizen
•smart governance

7.  Focussing on sustainability, ;
 Minimising environmental impact by;
 -- Reducing waste, ;
 -- Expanding recycling,
 Lowering emissions, --
 - making city compact.
 Promoting Pedestrianisation-
 Introducing high-tech/ hydrogen-powered buses--
reducing traffic/energy usage / pollution;
 Promoting TOD
 Preserving/expanding Open Space/Revitalizing parks /
neighbourhoods
 Using Renewable energy – Geothermal/Hydropower - --
providing city's heat/electricity.
 Reducing Carbon footprints
 Promoting Green buildings /Energy efficiency/
Alternative energy, .

12. Context of
Buildings- Role
and Importance

13.  Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth and
development since inception
 Buildings -- would continue to define future journey of
human growth
 Buildings-- constitute manmade environment-
 Buildings-- vital for human growth
 Buildings – are living organism
 Buildings – cater to all human activities
 Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions
 Buildings -- largest consumers of energy
 Buildings - largest consumers of resources
 Buildings – largest generators of waste
 Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology
 Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints
 Buildings -- responsible for global warming
 Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability


14.  Buildings– providers of optimum/worst living conditions
 Buildings -- make people healthy/sick
 Buildings –critical- 80% human life spent in buildings
 Buildings vital to address / overcome human/
ecological concerns
 Making Buildings Sustainable-- essential to make value
addition to - resources, environment ,ecology
 Studies revealed —
 A Green School-- makes learning easy and more
meaningful
 A Green House--makes people happy and healthy
 A Green Hospital-- cures patients quickly
 A Green Shopping Mall-- can increase sale / profits

15. Context of
Buildings-
Resources/
environment

16. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering700-900msqmto be added annually--global energy/
environment implications can be critical.
•Buildings designed /constructed and operated with utmost
care for considerations energy/ sustainability/resources

17. Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

19. 

22. Defining Green
Buildings

23.  Green building ---a structure which is environmentally
responsible /resource-efficient throughout its life-cycle.
 Green Buildings---- reduce overall impact-- of built
environment-- on human health / natural environment
by:
 -Efficiently using— -- energy,-- water, -- other resources.
 --Protecting--- occupant’s health and-- improving
employee productivity
 -Reducing—waste-pollution and- environment degradation.
- at every stage during construction /operation of
building,- Making building-- cost-effective/ low costs
 Building “Green" -- an opportunity to;
 -- use our resources efficiently
 -- while creating healthier buildings
 -- that improve human health,
 -- build a better environment and
 -- Save cost

25. What makes a
Building Green

26. Green Building outcome of—
 Sustainable Site
 Respecting Site -Site planning based on site conditions
 Designing with Nature-
 Design based on Panchmahabhutas- Prithvi, Agni, Jal,
Vayu and Aakash
 Making optimum use of Orientation- North, South, East,
West
 Design based on Climate- Regional, city and site
 Design based on Wind Direction
 Using Integrated Approach to Design
 Making optimum use of Natural/Renewable Resources-
Sun, Air, Wind , Water etc
 Using Sustainable- Non-toxic Materials available locally,
in natural form ,made from recycled contents/
industrial waste/agro waste/plastic waste/ renewable
resources etc
 Using State of Art Construction Technologies

27.  Ensuring Healthy Indoor Environment-- with minimal
pollutants -- reduced product emissions- protecting
occupant health-- improving employee productivity
 Creating Landscape –having least water usage -- using
native plants that survive without extra watering
 Minimising Water Consumption- slow the flow, breaking
water, using water rated fixtures, zero-water urinals/ wc,
rainwater harvesting, ground water re-charging
 Minimising Energy Consumption- Generating Energy by sun,
wind, bio-mass, geo-thermal- water heating, using LED,
Day lighting, Energy rated appliances
 Making Efficient use of Resources --
 Safeguarding Environment--- reducing overall impact on
environment.
 Minimising Waste – through circular rather than linear
option
 Promoting policy - Refuse, Reduce, Recycle ,Reuse
 Creating team of Professionals- having knowledge,
expertise , understanding, experience of Green Buildings
 Taking call on making Building Green-- at start of project

30. Benefits of
Green Buildings

31. •i. Green Building helps in :
• ii. Up to 50% saving in energy
•iii. Up to 40% saving in water consumption
•iv. 35% Reduction in carbon emission
•v 8000-12000 Tons of Co2 per million Sq. ft. of building
• vi About 3 MW saving in connected electric load / million Sq ft building
• vii Reduction of 70% waste to facilitate easy handling
•viii Reduced load on municipal water handling plants
•ix Enhance brand image--attracting national and international companies
•x Better returns due to higher rents
•xi Benefits to State :
•Reduction of electric demand– less production capacity- saving 21000-
27000 MW for new construction to be added
•Reduction in solid waste- less waste to be carried/dumped
•Reduction in water requirement- less water sourced/supplied/smaller
network – lower development cost
• Reduction in waste water
•Benefits---Environmental , Social, Economic benefits

33.  Reduce operating costs
 Optimize life cycle
economic performance
 Sustained savings
 Energy savings: up to 50 %
 Water savings: up to 40 %
HPCL-Admin Building, Vizag

34.  Environmental benefits
 Reduce impact on the environment
 Health and Safety benefits
 Enhance occupant comfort
 Improve Productivity of occupants
ISRO-NRSC, Shadnagar, Hyderabad

35.  A green building may;
 -- cost more up-front but
 -- saves through lower operating costs over useful
life of building.
 -- cost savings optimised- when used at
conceptual design phase –assisted by team of
professionals.
 -- Integrated systems approach ensures -- building
designed as one system-- rather than a collection
of stand-alone systems.
 Improved occupant health, comfort, productivity,
 Reduces pollution
 Green building measures -- yield enormous savings
 Potential financial benefits of improving indoor
environments exceed costs by a factor of 8 and 14

36. Cost of
Building/Green
Buildings

37. Building Year
awarded
Built-in Area
(sq.ft)
Rating
Achieved
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
 Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years
 Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

40. Features of
Green Buildings

41.  Valuing Site, Climate, local culture, materials,
building vocabulary
 Minimal disturbance to landscapes / site
condition
 Adopting Innovative Design Strategy
 Using Local, renewable, non-toxic and recycled
/ recyclable material in pure form
 Using State of Art Construction Technologies
 Promoting Efficient use of water and water
recycling
 Ensuring Use of energy efficient and eco-friendly
equipments
 Promoting Use of renewable energy
 Promoting High Order of indoor air quality for
human safety and comfort
 Adopting Effective controls and building
management systems

42.  Designing
Green Buildings

43. i. Designing building in harmony with nature– Climate, natural features
and resources surrounding site.
 ii. Optimizing use of site potential
 iii Specifying ‘Green' building materials from local sources,
 Iv Reducing structural loads---
 V Optimizing systems---
 Vi Generating on-site renewable energy.
vii Finding balance between building and environment
viii Promoting energy reduction
• ix Preparing plans /layout plans with energy/resources as focus,
• x Making best use of sun and wind energy
• xi Adopting integrated approach to design
• xii Adopting Passive Design approach
xiii Involving cooperation of design team at all stages– Architects
, Engineers, Promoters , Consultants etc
--Green Building practice expands/ complements building design concerns
of:
- economy,
-utility,
-durability,
-comfort.

56. Site Planning

57. -Context of Site in Green Buildings—
-- Minimize Building footprints
--- Reduced hard surface
i) Understanding Site
ii) Location
iii) Orientation
iv) Wind direction
v) Soil conditions
vi) Topography
vii) Vegetation and Natural Features
viii) Hydrology and Precipitation
ix) Infrastructures
x) Surrounding Land uses & Buildings
xi) Vision / Visual Linkages

58. .
i) Neighbourhood Character
ii) Physical Characteristics
iii) Site and Slopes
iv) Minimum Fingerprints of Building
v) Minimum damage to site
vi) Design with Nature and local Culture
vii) Promoting Pedestrianisation
viii) Using hierarchy of
-- Preservation,
-- Conservation and
-- Regeneration

60. Energy
Efficiency

61. Energy efficiency achieved through ;
Adopting Passive design strategies --
through building shape , orientation,
passive solar design, use of natural
lighting.
Using natural light- positively impact
on productivity / well being.
Installing high-efficiency lighting
systems-- with advanced lighting
controls-- motion sensors / dimmable
lighting controls.
Using properly sized / energy-
efficient heat/cooling system in a
thermally efficient building shell.

62. -- Maximize light colours for roofing /
wall finish materials;
-- install high R-value wall/ ceiling
insulation;
-- using minimal glass on east/ west
exposures.
-- Minimizing electric loads from
lighting, equipment, appliances.
--Involving alternative energy sources
-- photovoltaic /fuel cells
 Computer modelling -- for optimizing
design of electrical and mechanical
systems and building shell.

66. Sun Pipes used to lit
basement,
Viswa Syamalam, IGBC Platinum

69. Reduce energy
demand by
passive measures
Reduce energy
demand by active
measures
Integration of
renewable energy
LeastcostimpactSomecostimpact
Highest
cost
impact
• Climate responsive
architectural design
• Efficient building envelope
• Daylight harvesting
• Integration of natural sources
for cooling & heating in
building design.
Offset energy demand from the
grid by installing on-site
renewable energy
• Energy efficient equipment
• Lights
• Fans
• Air- conditioners
• Efficient building Operation &
Maintenance through BMS (Building
Management System) & Smart
Metering

71.  Adopt Strategies for - Slow the flow/sharing/ breaking
water /water conservation/RW Harvesting/Ground
water charging
 Design for dual plumbing-- using recycled water for
toilet flushing / gray water system that recovers
rainwater or other non-potable water for site irrigation.
 Minimize wastewater-- use ultra low-flush toilets, low-
flow shower heads/ water conserving fixtures.
 Use Re-circulating systems for centralized hot water
distribution.
 Installing point-of-use hot water heating systems-- for
more distant locations.
 Metering water use – both for domestic/ landscape
separately
 -- Promote micro-irrigation /sprinklers / high-pressure
sprayer-- to supply water in non-turf areas.
 Involving communities --Through education /incentives
 Promoting Green Buildings as a Brand

74. Optimization of
water demand
Use of water
efficient systems
Use of recycled
water and
rainwater
harvesting
SomecostimpactHighestcost
impact
Leastcostimpact

75. Green
Materials

76. Use sustainable construction materials / products which
promote resource conservation /efficiency through ;
-- reused and recycled contents- helps develop markets
for recycled materials
-- zero / low off gassing --of harmful air emissions,
-- zero or low toxicity,
-- sustainably harvested materials–fast growing,
trees/bamboos
-- high recyclability/ durability/ longevity,
-- Material produced from industrial/agro waste
-- Pre-cast/ Prefabricated materials
 Promoting Material efficiency– through dimensional
planning /material efficiency strategies—– design to
conform to standard-sized wallboard /plywood sheets/
flooring
 Reuse and recycle inert construction/demolition
material– for parking/foundations/flooring
 Design with adequate space-- to facilitate recycling
collection/ incorporate a solid waste management

78.  Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime-
Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of
masonry.
 Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired Fly
Ash technology -- CO2 emissions in manufacturing
process limited..
 Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using fly
ash bricks -- cool in summers and warm in winters.
 High Fire Resistance: -- as these bricks composed of
fly ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt
residue of the coal fired in a thermal power plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and
other sulphate attack, ensuring no efflorescence in
structure.

80. The Vinyl windows
--Excellent insulators :
--Reduce heating
/cooling loads
- Prevent thermal loss
through frame / sash
material .
-- Not impacted by
weather/ air pollution /
salt, acid rain industrial
pollution ,pesticides
,smog, discoloration and
structural damage .
-User friendly
- Eco- Friendly ,
-- Readily accepted
-- Safe .

81. Bamboo-- Higher Compressive strength
Bamboo – High Tensile Strength
Earthquake Resistance –
 Lightweight -.
Cost-effective
–Durable -
Fast Growing
 Simple designing-
Reducing use of wood
 Eco- friendly
 Promoting Employment
 Promoting Welfare of society/poor-
 Reduced Global warming-

82.  Occupants
Health- Indoor
Air Quality

83. Causes of poor indoor air Quality—
i. Poor ventilation
ii. Outdoor air quality/impurities
iii. Poorly insulated Building Envelop
iv. Smoking
v. Use of toxic building material
vi. Use of High VOC compound based paints for walls
vii. Dampness/water intrusion- microbial contamination
viii. Use of VOC based cleaning agents
ix. Poor Lighting
x. Furniture
xi. Floor Coverings- Carpets
xii. Poor pollution controls-- during construction
xiii. Damaging existing vegetation/trees
xiv. Poor site planning/management
xv. Carpeting of floors
xvi. Using pesticides

84.  Promoting health and wellbeing by;
 Bringing fresh air inside,
 Delivering good indoor air quality-- through ventilation-
- avoiding materials / chemicals creating harmful
/toxic emissions.
 Incorporating natural light / views--to ensure building
users’ comfort /enjoyment of surroundings/ reducing
lighting energy needs .
 Designing for ears/ eyes – through Acoustics /sound
insulation-- for promoting concentration,
recuperation/ peaceful enjoyment of a building-- in
educational, health /residential buildings.
 Ensuring Environment comfort --through right indoor
temperature
 Adopting Passive design
 placing effective Building management and monitoring
systems

85. -- Choose building materials / cleaning/maintenance
products – which emit no toxic gases/ have low volatile
organic compounds (VOC) /formaldehyde.
 -- Provide adequate ventilation and a high-efficiency, in-
duct filtration system.
 --Using Heating /cooling systems -- that ensure adequate
ventilation/ proper. filtration
 -- Prevent indoor microbial contamination-- through
selection of materials resistant to microbial growth
 -- provide effective drainage from roof / surrounding
landscape
 -- install adequate ventilation in bathrooms,
 -- allow proper drainage of air-conditioning coils
 -- design building systems to control humidity.
 -- Use Indoor plants
 Good overall indoor environmental quality–-- reduces
respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, sick building
symptoms
 -- enhance worker performance.

86. Best air purifying plants for
general air cleanliness
Areca Palm Snake Plant
Best Air Purifier
Money Plant
Removes Nitrogen Oxides
& absorbs formaldehydes
Improving Indoor Air Quality through Plants –
Air Purifiers

87. Operation &
Maintenance

88.  For ensuring building continues to perform as
designed / commissioned
 Operation/maintenance – critical part of green
buildings
 Achieving goals of Green building --involves
performance based on design.
 Testing/ adjusting -- mechanical, electrical/
plumbing systems for meeting design criteria.
 Involving staff involved in maintenance/
equipment.
 Periodic monitoring of-- building performance
critical - through measurement, adjustment/
upgrading.

89. Steps to
Ensure Success

90.  Establish a vision--for sustainable principles/
integrated design approach.
 Develop project's vision-- goals, design criteria/
priorities.
 Go for Green Rating from a reputed Rating Agency-
IGBC/GRIHA/LEED/GEM
 Develop a project budget-- for green building
 Constitute team of design professional-- with green
building experience.
 Select construction team-- committed to project
vision
 Develop project schedule--that allows for systems
testing/ commissioning.
 Develop contract plans/ specifications-- to ensure
building design has suitable level of building
performance.
 Create effective incentives

91. Conclusion

92.  Adopting intelligent approach to Site /Site Planning
 Adopting intelligent approach to Building Design
 Adopting an intelligent approach to Energy
 Safeguarding Water resources
 Minimising Waste and maximising reuse
 Using fewer, more durable/local Materials--
generating less waste
 Keeping Environment Green
 Creating Resilient and flexible Structures
 Connecting Communities and People
 Exploring potential of Information and communication
Technologies
 Considering building in the context of life-cycle cost
 Lowering Environmental Impacts
 maximise Social and Economic Value
 Minimizing Embodied energy/Water

93. Rating Green
Buildings- Indian
Green Building
Council- IGBC

94. I Sustainable Architecture & Design- 5/5
Integrated design approach, Site preservation, Passive Architecture ii
Site Selection and Planning - 14/14
basic amenities, proximity to local transport, natural topography,
tree preservation, heat island reduction, low emitting vehicle,
outdoor light pollution, facilities for construction workers etc
iii. Water Conservation --18/19
Rain water harvesting – roof/non-roof, efficient plumbing fixtures,
Sustainable landscape design , waste water treatment/recycling,
water metering
iv Energy Conservation --28/30
use of chlorofluorocarbon-free equipment, Minimum energy
consumption , enhanced energy efficiency, On/off site renewable
energy generation, energy saving measures in appliances and
other equipment and energy metering and management

95.  v. Building Materials/Resources– 16/16
Waste segregation- post occupation
 handling of construction waste materials,
 reuse of salvaged materials,
 using green building materials, products and equipment
 organic waste management- post occupation,
 vi Indoor Environment Quality- 12/9
 tobacco smoke control, fresh air ventilation ,CO2 monitoring,
 low emitting compound materials, paints and adhesives,
 Day lighting,
 outdoor view,
 indoor/outdoor pollution
 Indoor Air Quality management during construction,
 Indoor Air Quality testing after construction/ before occupation
vii. Innovations and Development -- 7/7
 Innovations in design process,
 optimisation of structural design,
 Waste water reuse during construction.
 IGBC accredited professional

99. ‘A Green building makes you
Happy, Healthy and More Productive
-Provides highest quality of indoor environment
-Optimizes Resources, , Reduces Waste,
- Reduces Carbon Footprints
-makes building operations cost-effective and
energy --efficient
- – ‘Natural Capitalism’