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Title Page…
Chapter Three:
Elements & Organization
Identify the Elements of Visual Art Understand the Property,
Classification and Harmony of
Colors
Recognize the
Principles of Design
Learn How Light
Determines Color
Objectives:
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Topics that will be discussed today
Topics
Chapter Three Arts: Elements and Organization…
Home
Elements of Visual Arts Properties of Color Classification of Colors Color Harmony Harmonies of Contrasting…
The Paradox of Color How Light Determines… The Mystery of Color… Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design

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Elements of the Visual Art
The materials the artist uses in creating a work
of art are the medium and the elements put
together.
An element of art can only be seen in some
medium. This element is independent of the
medium; for instance, a pencil line, or an ink
line.
The medium is the physical means through
which we can come into contact with a work
of art; the elements are its quantities or
properties.
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual …

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Line
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual Art…
It is the simplest, most ancient, and most
universal means for creating visual art.
A line is a prolongation of a point. As a
prolongation, it may be straight or curved
according to its direction.
Straight lines are horizontal, vertical or
diagonal.
The horizontal line implies width, quietude and
contemplation. It gives a sense of infinity.
Horizontal lines are most often found in
landscape.
The vertical line signifies poise, aspirations,
dignity, solemnity and height.
The diagonal line suggests action or
movement. Diagonal lines meeting at sharp
angles form jagged lines that are harsh and
unpleasant.
Curved lines are graceful and show life and
energy. A single curve is a single arc. A double
curve turns back on itself is an S shape. The
spiral curved line is the famous "line of grace"
or "line of beauty" of Hogarth.

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Value (Light and dark)
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual Art…
Value is the relative degree of lightness and
darkness in a graphic work of art or painting. It
indicates the degree of
luminosity; that is, the
presence or absence of
light.
Light and shadow,
known as chiaroscuro,
from the Italian word
for light and dark is
different from value.
Light and shadow is a
means of modeling a
figure in depth, a
means of articulating
the form.
Light & Shadow
(Chiaroscuro)
Rembrandt Portrait of Vaters
It is value which
gives the impression
of solidity, distance
and illusion of depth.
Example of Value in Art

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Form
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual Art…
Forms are used to describe simple
objects and determine the structure of
these objects. For mechanical purposes,
forms show masses that are solid, have
volume and are three-dimensional.
This is the external appearance of a clearly
defined area.
Some forms are natural, abstract, non-
objective, or geometric. Natural forms are
those we see in nature; i.e., shapes of
leaves, animals, trees and mountains.
Some buildings look like geometric solids
Example of Form in Art
Example of
a Natural
Form
Example of a Geometric Building

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Color
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual Art…
Color is the quality of an object or substance with respect to
light reflected by it, and usually determined visually by
measurement of hue, saturation and brightness of the reflected
light.
It is a series of wave
lengths which strike
our retina. Every ray of
light coming from the
sun is composed of
different waves which
vibrate at different
speeds.
The colors - red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet constitute the
spectrum. All colors come from the sun through its
light rays.
Example of Dispersion of Light and Color

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Texture
Home Topics Elements
Elements of the Visual Art…
Texture is the surface treatment of an artistic work in order to
give variety and beauty to any work of art. The sense of sight
and the sense of touch are involved. They are smooth and
rough. Variations in texture of objects, buildings and
structures help avoid a monotonous effect.
Space
Space is an art element which is concerned with
making all parts functional so that all parts of the work
of art will contribute to make the whole a complete
work of art. Space exists as an "illusion" in the graphic
presentation.
It also refers to the distance between the area around
and within shapes, forms, colors, and lines.
Example of Texture in Art
Example of Space in Art

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Properties of
Color
Hue
This is the particular identity of a color. The
principal hues are red, yellow and blue. This is
classified into two, warm and cool. Color is said to
be warm when red or yellow is dominant; and cool
when blue is the dominant color.
Value
This term is applied to denote the lightness and
darkness of a color. Colors can be made darker by
making the pigments thicker, adding black, or
adding a little of its complement. Colors can be
made lighter by adding water or oil or white.
Topics Elements Properties of Color
Properties of Color…
Example of Value in Art

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Intensity
Also known as Saturation or Chroma, this is the
term to denote the brightness and dullness of a
color. Colors differ in intensity or vividness. When a
hue is found in its most vivid form, it is said to be in
full intensity.
Topics Elements Properties of Color
Properties of Color…
A hue completely neutralized loses its color and
becomes gray.
Example of
Neutralization of
Color

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Classification of Colors
The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. These are called primary
colors because all other colors are produced by combining any of the
two colors.
The secondary colors are green, violet and orange. These colors can
be produced by mixing any two of the primary colors.
The intermediate colors can be produced by mixing in equal amounts
primary and secondary colors. These colors are yellow orange, red-
orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, and yellow green
The tertiary colors can be produced by combining in equal mixture any
two secondary colors such as orange-yellow, violet green, and orange-
green.
Elements Properties of Color Classification of Colors
Classification of Colors…

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Concept of Color Interpretation
Elements Properties of Color Classification of Colors
Classification of Colors…
Colors Description Meaning
Black Darkest and the dullest of the colors. It is only
considered a color when mixed with other
colors.
It suggests despair, gloom, death and mourning.
Blue One of the Primary Colors. It is the color of the
sky and of the deep.
It gives the impression of vastness and infinity. It is a
symbol of tranquility, calmness and peace.
Gray The combination of black and white or the three
primary colors.
It gives the impression of weight, solidity and
neutrality.
Green Color of still water and vegetation. It is a symbol of growth, freshness and hope.
Orange Combination of red and yellow. This color symbolizes deliciousness and sweetness.
Pink Combination of red and white. It symbolizes love.

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Concept of Color Interpretation
Elements Properties of Color Classification of Colors
Classification of Colors…
Colors Description Meaning
Red Basic color or One of the Primary Colors. It typifies fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery, war,
passion, energy, and warmth.
Violet Mixture of red and blue. It suggests shadows, mourning, penance, royalty
and power.
White When taken independently, is not considered a
color.
It is the lightest of all colors. It symbolizes
simplicity, clarity, purity, and peace.
Yellow It is the color of light and one of the primary
colors.
This is the color which is often mistaken as a color
of jealousy. It symbolizes life, joy, sunshine,
cheerfulness, warmth, splendor and hospitality.
Yellow-green The kind of color which is hurting to the eyes and
which makes one appear darker. It is a color
appropriate for those with fair complexions.
This particular color is the symbol of jealousy and
hatred.

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Concept of Color Interpretation
Elements Properties of Color Classification of Colors
Classification of Colors…
Colors Description Meaning
Brown mixture of red and a little green It is said to be the safest color for all. It suggests
humility and confidence.
Warm colors Colors that advance.
The warm colors give
the illusion, under
certain conditions,
that they are closer to
us
some artists have exploited
this quality to deepen or
flatten space in their works.
They have done so by
painting the figures in the
foreground in cooler colors.
Cool Colors Colors that recede. It
gives the illusion that
they are farther than
us
Example of the use of Warm and Cool Colors

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Color Harmony
Color Harmony is the correct combination and arrangement of
colors so that they will appear pleasing to the eyes.
Monochromatic Harmony employs only one color with its tints
and shades. An example is red. Harmonizing with it are red,
medium red, and dark red.
Analogous Harmony is the use of colors which possess one
common color in all their mixture. These colors are found near
each other in the color chart. An example is orange, red-orange
and yellow-orange.
Properties of Colors Classification of Colors Color Harmonies
Color Harmonies…
Example of Color Harmony
Example of Monochromatic Harmony
Example of
Analogous
Harmony

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Harmonies of Contrasting Colors
Classification of Colors Color Harmonies Harmonies of Contrasting…
Harmonies of Contrasting Colors…
This group of color
harmonies are contrasted
because the colors are
selected and arranged in
such a way that the colors
involved are found opposite
each other in the color
chart.
The best result may be
attained by neutralizing
(lessening of the brightness
of the color by adding either
white, black, or gray) one or
both of the colors.
Complementary Harmony is the
combination of any two of the opposite
colors in the color chart. There are six
complementary harmonies. An example is
yellow and violet.
Double-complementary(Tetradic)Harmony
is made possible by combining any of the
two adjacent colors in the color chart with
their complements. Four colors are needed
to wake up this harmony. An example of this
is blue-violet and violet, and yellow and
yellow-orange.

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Classification of Colors Color Harmonies Harmonies of Contrasting…
Harmonies of Contrasting Colors…
Split-complementary(Triad)Harmony
employs three colors to produce it by starting
with any color in the Color Chart with the
exception of the three secondary colors,
because the opposite of a secondary color is a
primary color and therefore, it is a basic color.
Example is blue, yellow-orange and red-orange.
Double-split-complementary(Square) Harmony
is made possible by the combination of any two
sets of split-complementary harmony. These
two sets should lie opposite each other in the
color chart. An example of this is blue-violet,
yellow and orange, then yellow-orange-blue and
violet.

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The Paradox of Color
Color Harmonies Harmonies of Contrasting… The Paradox of Color
The Paradox of Color….
Color is a paradox. It exists in light, which to human eyes seems colorless. It does not exist in soap bubbles, rainbows or paint,
which appear colored.
The symphony of varied hues we see around us does not mean that we live in a world of colored objects. It only means that
the surface of these objects reflects back a particular portion of the light that is hitting them. Thus, an apple is red not
because it is itself red. Green leaves are simply reflecting green light.

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How Light Determines Color
Color Harmonies Harmonies of Contrasting… How Light Determines…
How Light Determines Color….
With good reason, a woman buying a dress will often take it out into daylight to see the "true" colors. She usually finds that
any red in the fabric is far more pronounced in sunlight than under the fluorescent lamps which concentrate much of their
energy in the blue wavelengths of the spectrum, while the energy of sunlight is distributed evenly through the spectrum, thus
giving the fabric sufficient red light to reflect.

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Color Harmonies Harmonies of Contrasting… How Light Determines…
How Light Determines Color….
A more exaggerated color change occurs on a highway lit by
sodium-vapor lamps. These lamps emit nearly all the energy
at two wavelengths in the yellow part of the spectrum: A
yellow car glistens brilliantly yellow in sodium-vapor light,
but blue or red cars given little of their color to reflect
appear drab gray..
A white surface will reflect every visible wavelength. Under
reddish yellow light, however, the white part of fried eggs
becomes virtually indistinguishable from the yolk because it
has only yolk colored wavelengths to reflect. Because
ordinary household light bulb emir blue light and strong red
light, they can produce a somewhat similar distorting
effect. To register "true" colors, indoor color photography
requires a special film that is extra sensitive to the
spectrum's blue wavelengths.
Example of sodium-vapor lamps
Example Colors under Colored Light

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The Mystery of Color Perception
Almost three centuries have passed since
Isaac Newton first speculated on how
colors are perceived and yet the
phenomenon of seeing in color - which
man shares with a number of other
animals, including apes, goldfish and bees -
is only now beginning to be clearly
understood.
It has been a major problem that color
vision involves a physiological process,
whereby light energy is transformed into
color signals to the brain, and a
physiological process, by which the brain
interprets the signals.
Harmonies of Contrasting… How Light Determines… The Mystery of Color...
The Mystery of Color Perception….

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The Mystery of Color Perception
An early theorist, Thomas Young, could present a satisfactory
explanation of color vision as purely physiological action, in which a
combination of three primary colors are sufficient to create any hue.
Later, however, Ewald Hering would set forth a more complex but
equally plausible theory of four-color vision, based on human reaction
to colors.
For many years, the theories of color vision enunciated by Young and
Hering were thought to be contradictory. But current research,
conducted with sophisticated equipment and techniques, is finding
validity in both viewpoints. A composite theory, now evolving, may
provide the best explanation of how the human eye sees the world in
cascades of colors.
Harmonies of Contrasting… How Light Determines… The Mystery of Color...
The Mystery of Color Perception….

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Uses of the Art Elements
Symbols.
These are made up of different
shapes used to depict or
symbolize objects. Objects are
simplified so that only the
prominent part is represented.
How Light Determines… The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements
Uses of the Art Elements…
Pictures.
The use of the art elements gives the
difference of how pictures are being
represented. The conservative artist
represents things exactly as he sees
them in nature while a modernist tries
to interpret nature as he feels it.
Emotion.
Emotions are expressed by the different
elements which symbolize or suggest
feelings; i.e., despair, mourning, hope, love,
passion, hate, anger, fear, and actions like
conflict, struggle, crying, violence, kissing,
and laughing.

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Principles of
Design
Design is the overall organizational visual
structure of the formal elements in a work of art.
A design is the proper arrangement of the
different art elements in order to produce
something beautiful. The design of things makes
objects differ from one another.
The most important factor is to execute these
principles in order to achieve beauty. Elements
are parts of a whole while principles are rules or
guides to help one put these elements together
to achieve beauty.
The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…

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Two Types of
Design
The Decorative Design is the surface
enrichment of a structural design. Its
principal function is to enhance beauty, so it
is called "che luxury of the design."
A decorative design must be simple,
moderate, and must serve the purpose of
the structural design. There must be
enough background and space to give an
effect of simplicity and dignity
Decorative design may be applied as center
motif, corner motif, border motif or as an
over-all pattern. When a curtain design is
used to show strength and durability of
materials, the function of this kind of design
is for utility.
The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
The Structural Design shows strength
and durability of materials. Examples are
monuments, buildings, bridges, and
towers. This kind of design should meet
such requirements as simplicity,
proportionality and suitability of
materials to the purpose.
Example of Structural Design
Example of Decorative Design

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Variations of
Decorative Design
Naturalistic Design is one which is the exact
replica of natural form.
Conventional Design is one which is a result
of the impression of natural form.
Geometric Design is produced with the aid of
mechanical instruments.
Abstract Design is one which uses
suggestions of natural objects.
The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
Example of Geometric
Design
Example of Conventional Design Example of Naturalistic Design
Example of
Abstract Design

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Five Principles of
Design
Balance is a feeling of equality in weight,
attention, or attraction of the various elements
of design. It is the quality of two contrasting
forces having two opposite directions.
In this principle, the Law of Rest is always
applied. It suggests stability, security,
satisfaction, rest and peace.
There are many factors which contribute to a
sense of balance. These are the position, size,
proportion, value, quality, shapes and direction of
all elements of the work of art.
.
The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
Two Kinds of Balance
1. Formal (symmetrical) Balance is
achieved by the arrangement of the
same objects of the same sizes so
that they have equal distances
from the center. This principle is
easily achieved as can be seen in
human features, trees, animals,
insects and buildings. It gives the
impression of dignity, reserve,
strength, and
stateliness. But if
overused, it becomes
monotonous.

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The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
Two Kinds of Balance
2. Informal (non-symmetric, asymmetrical or
occult) Balance is the quality of stability in a
composition in which the objects on one side
differ from those on the other side and yet
visually attract our attention with equal force.
This kind of balance is also a means of a mass
without formal measurement.
It is more difficult to do than a formal balance
because it needs a good sense of careful
observation and understanding of the items
involved. The occult balance is more exciting
than the formal balance, because the artist has
more freedom. Informal balance suggests
freedom, power, rhythm and swiftness and
greater variety.
1.1. Slant or diagonal balance is a
kind of balance which is achieved by
placing objects with equal visual
weights on either side of a diagonal
line. This diagonal line is the line that
joins the opposite corners of a
square or rectangle.
This is used only
for decorative
purposes.
Example of
Informal
Balance Design
Example of Diagonal Design

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The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
Harmony
Harmony is said to be the most essential of all the
principles of design. This principle is important in
story, letter and poetry writing in order to be
understood.
Harmony is the art principle which gives an
impression of unity and since it implies unity, the
"Law of Order" is always followed. Applying harmony
in the visual arts refers to the adaptation of the visual
elements to each other, the agreement between the
parts of a composition which results in unity. Some
of the possible ways to achieve harmony are
repetition, contrast, transition, harmonizing ideas and
fitness to use.
Five Principles of Design Proportion
Proportion deals with the proper or significant relation
between two things or parts. The principle of proportion is
sometimes called the "Law of Relationships." This is
expressed in size, number and position. The space
surrounding the objects
plays an important relation to
the other objects. We
experience gratification
in which the sizes and the
number of pieces of
furniture are proportional
to the length, width and
height of the room.

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The Mystery of Color... Uses of the Art Elements Principles of Design
Principles of Design…
Rhythm
Rhythm in art, means an easy,
connected path along which
the eye may travel in any
arrangement of lines, forms or
colors. It is related movement.
Rhythm is obtained through
the repetition of shapes,
through the progression of
sizes, and through an easily
connected or continuous line
movement.
Emphasis
Emphasis is the art principle
by which the eye is carried first
to the most important thing in
any arrangement, and from
that point to every other detail
in the order of its importance.
It give active sense of
enjoyment. An artist shows
various ways of emphasizing a
part in a painting. He makes
use of size or color to
dramatize a part depicted in
his visual art work.
Rhythm of Life by Linda Olsen
Example of Emphasis in Art