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1. . “RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM” :-
. HERE WE DISCUSS
ABOUT WHAT IS A
RESPIRATORY
SYSEM AND HOW
IT WORKS ?

2. . “RESPIRATORY SYSTEM” :
▪ WHAT IS RESPIRATION ?
▪ WHAT ARE ITS TYPES ?
▪ WHAT IS A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ?
▪ WHAT ORGANS ARE INVOLVED IN IT ?
▪ HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS ?
▪ WHAT ARE ITS FUNCTIONS ?

3. . WHAT IS RESPIRATION ?
▪ DEFINITION:
▪ Respiration is the biochemical process in
which the cells of an organism obtain energy
energy by combining oxygen and glucose,
glucose, resulting in the release of carbon
dioxide, water, and ATP, the currency of
energy in cells.
▪ OR
▪ The oxidative process occurring within living
s by which the
chemical energy of organic molecules is rele
in a series of
metabolic steps involving the consumption of
ygen and the
liberation of carbon dioxide and water.
▪ All organisms, from a single bacterial cell to
coral reef colony to a blue whale, undergo
respiration.

4. 1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
▪ DEFINITION:
▪ Exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the
the blood.
▪ PROCESS:
▪ It occurs by diffusion.
▪ 0xygen goes into the blood from alveoli.
▪ Carbon di oxide goes into the alveoli from blood.

5. 2. INTERNAL RESPIRATION:
▪ DEFININTION:
▪ Metabolism of oxygen to convert it into glucose with in the cell or
cell or tissue.
▪ PROCESS:
▪ It also occurs by diffusion.
▪ Oxygen diffuses out of the blood.
▪ Carbon di oxide diffuses out of the cells.

6. . TYPES OF RESPIRATION:
▪Types of respiration
present in all living
organisms are:
▪1. Anaerobic
Respiration.
▪2. Aerobic

7. 1. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:
▪ DEFINITION:
▪ Partial oxidation of food in the absence
absence of oxygen, resulting in the
release of some amount of energy, is
called anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic
Anaerobic means without oxygen or in
in the absence of oxygen.
▪ PROCESS:
▪ Glucose has six carbon atoms joined to
to each other by covalent bonds.
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are also
attached to these carbon atoms. In
anaerobic respiration of glucose, some
some hydrogen atoms are removed
from it, resulting in its oxidation. (The
(The addition of oxygen or the removal
removal of hydrogen is oxidation.) At the
the end of a series of reactions, glucose

8. 2. AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
▪ DEFINITION:
▪ The complete oxidation of food yielding carbon dioxide,
dioxide, water and energy in the presence of oxygen is
called aerobic respiration.
▪ PROCESS:
▪ Aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria.
After glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is
is oxidized in a series of reactions. The products of these
these reactions include ATP, carbon dioxide and water. The
The number of molecules of ATP formed in aerobic
respiration is 38. Hence the energy made available is much
much greater than in the case of anaerobic respiration.
▪ Inside the mitochondria, when an inorganic phosphate
group (PO 3-4, represented here as Pi) gets attached to a
a compound called ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a
molecule of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is formed.
▪ ADP + Pi →ATP
▪ The bond holding the last (terminal) phosphate group is
is easily broken when ATP reacts with water. In the process,

9. . STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Step 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Transfer of electrons removed from Kreb’s
intermediates.
Step 2: KREB CYCLE
Breakdown of pyruvic acid into Carbon di oxide.
Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.

10. . RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ORGANS INVOLVED:
▪ The respiratory system, which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing muscles, aids the body in the exchange of gases
between the air and blood, and between the blood and the body’s billions of cells. Most of the organs of the respiratory system help to distribute
air, but only the tiny, grape-like alveoli and the alveolar ducts are responsible for actual gas exchange.
▪ The respiratory system is divided into two main components:
▪ Upper respiratory tract: Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside
located outside the chest cavity.
▪ Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move
cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or blown out.
▪ Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along side the nose help make the skull lighter.
▪ Pharynx: Both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate destinations. The pharynx also plays a role in
role in speech.
▪ Larynx:The larynx is essential to human speech.
▪ Lower respiratory tract: Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial tree (including the alveoli), the organs of
the organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity.
▪ Trachea: Located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.
▪ Lungs:Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs.They’re responsible for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling
exhaling carbon dioxide.
▪ Bronchi:The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air.

11. . MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION:
▪ Air enters the nose through the nostrils. When air passes through the nose, it is warmed, moistened and
filtered. The hairs present in the nose filter out particles in the incoming air. The air is moistened by the mucus
present in the nose, and it is warmed by the blood flowing through the capillaries in the nose.
▪ The respiratory tract from the nose to the bronchioles is lined by mucous membranes and cilia. The mucus and
cilia act as additional filters.
▪ Behind the nose lies the pharynx (throat). There are two passages here—one for food and the other for air. The
air passes from the pharynx to the larynx, or the voice box. The opening leading to the larynx is called glottis. It
is protected by a lid called epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the passage to the lungs.
▪ From The larynx the air goes to the trachea, or the windpipe. The trachea is about 11 cm long. It is guarded by
16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, which prevent the trachea from collapsing. The trachea divides into two tubes
called bronchi. Each bronchus divides and branches out in the form of thinner tubes called bronchioles.
▪ The bronchioles enter the lungs and divide further into finer branches called alveolar ducts. These open into
extremely thin-walled, grape-shaped air sacs called alveoli. Each alveolus is covered by a web of blood
capillaries.

12. . FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
▪ The respiratory system
filters, warms, and
humidifies the air you
breathe.
▪ Organs in the respiratory
system also play a role in
speech and the sense of
smell.
▪ The respiratory system
also helps the body

13. ▪ ASSIGNMENT:
▪ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
▪ BS-BIOTECHNOLOGY
▪ 1 ST SEMESTER
▪ SUBMITTED TO: DR.WAJID
ALI
▪ SUBMITTED BY: ANOUSHA
AJAZ