PhD EM 309 (Organization and Management of Preschool, Basic Education and Higher Education)

1. School as an Organization
Educators as Managers
Participatory Management
by: Jefferson Lerona
Discussant

2. School as an Organization

3. It refers to how schools arrange the
resources of time, space, and personnel for
maximum effect on student learning (Jeba,
2017).
School as an Organization

4. The school as an organization is about
the actual organization of resources, events,
personnel of a school (Danielson, 2018).
School as an Organization

5. In a school, different people are assigned duties and
made responsible for the same. They are also given due
powers to discharge their duties effectively.
The co-ordination between different personnel is
also ensured to organize the activities of the school
properly.
School as an Organization

6. School as an Organization
Structure
Goals
Functions
Bureaucratic Aspects
Professionals
Growth
Control of Schools

7. School organization means:
Organization of different types of activities of a school.
Organization of Material resources of a school.
Organization of a school personnel
Organization of Ideas and Principles into school system
which includes building relationships, creating conducive climate
for work at the school etc.
School as an Organization

8. Aims and Objectives of School Organization
1.The basic aim is that schools are the betterment of societies.
2.To provide efficient life of the school children and prepare
them for the art of learning together.
3. To bring school and community close to each- other.
4. To prepare the students according to the interest and ability
of the students
School as an Organization

9. 5. To help the students to unfold their personality (mental
development) inner part.
6. To enable the students to have the right type of psychology of
life.
7. To conserve all the group practical values, heredity and
culture of our society.
School as an Organization

10. Need for School Organization:
•to ensure smooth functioning of a school.
•to avoid under and over utilization of the resources of a school
there by ensuring optimum and judicious use of the resources.
School as an Organization

11. Need for School Organization:
•to make best use of the capabilities of the school personnel
because if they are allotted the work depending upon their area
of expertise, interest, experience they are likely to deliver work
at the best of their abilities.
•to save time, increase clarity and efficiency of work as there is
clarity of duties to be performed and responsibilities
School as an Organization

12. Principles of School Organization
Interest of individual differences of child- all children in
school does not have equal abilities so this factor should be kept
in mind. Organization should be made in such away that each
child get opportunity to develop their inner potentials.
Co-operation with Society A school can never go through
progress until the individual of the society develop a positive
attitude toward the school.
School as an Organization

13. Principles of School Organization
The organization must be flexible: it should be flexible and
balanced because the society always tends to changes and the
need of the human being also changes with time.
Comprehensiveness: each and every aspect of the activity
should be comprehensive and a clear picture of the organization
should be presented.
Utility: utilization of all the possible resources help in
achieving the goals.
School as an Organization

14. Principles of School Organization
Adaptability: it can facilitate our activities. The power
of adaptability is the key of success.
Accountability: analysis of the activities of the staff give a
positive result to organization.
Professional Growth: teacher and other worker should be
given a proper training facilitation for better performance.
School as an Organization

15. Element of School as an Organization
Raising the professional status of teaching
Reducing disparities in schools
Designing a 21st-century curriculum
Promoting flexible learning arrangements focused on growth
Identifying and meeting the needs of children
School as an Organization

16. Challenges in School Organization
Time Management issues
Finding proper resources
Adapting class activities
Ease communication with parents
Problems with Technological Advancement
School as an Organization

17. Challenges in School Organization
Problems With Funding
Psychological issues
Leadership Problems
Interference of government
Lack of devotion among teachers
Lack of cooperation among parents
Lack of initiative by the school administrators.
School as an Organization

18. Educators as Managers

19. Literature Review
The teacher as an educational manager can be
considered at global, institutional and classroom level.
He/she faces different situations which are specific
to the educational process, situation when the
relationship student – teacher can be considered an
indicator for the educational management appliance
(Cristea, 2003).
Educators as Managers

20. Literature Review
Cosmovici, Iacob, and Luminița, (2005) in the
educational process, the teacher uses different
managerial dimensions, meaning the roles to
coordinate the activity of teaching – learning –
evaluating, to support the students, to involve in the
educational partnership and research.
Educators as Managers

21. Literature Review
The main roles of the teacher are: orientation,
guidance and rational management of the human and
material resources in order to achieve the objectives.
Educators as Managers

22. Literature Review
In present time the teacher has to take into account
the available human resource, which is like a “dough”
that has to be “shaped”, and has to establish
cooperation relationship with other factors (parents,
business environment, job offers, etc).
Educators as Managers

23. Ten Roles for Teacher Leaders (Harrison and Killion, 2007)
1. Resource Provider
2. Instructional Specialist
3. Curriculum Specialist
4. Classroom Supporter
5. Learning Facilitator
6. Mentor
7. School Leader
8. Data Coach
9. Catalyst for Change
10. Learner
Educators as Managers

24. Wallace (2012) stated that most successful principals perform
five key functions well:
1. Shaping a vision of academic success for all students
2. Creating a climate hospitable to education
3. Cultivating leadership in others
4. Improving instruction
5. Managing people, data, and processes to foster school
improvement
Educators as Managers

25. University of Georgia Study (2013)
A recent study conducted by the University of Georgia
theorizes that today’s principals need to be engaged in at least
five key functions to facilitate reforms and improvements in
schools. These include:
•Vision
•Planning and goal-setting –
•Sharing the decision-making process
•Empowering and taking initiative
•Development of faculty and staff
Educators as Managers

26. Major Functions of Administration in a School
1.Planning of school programs and activities
2. Directing school work and formulating and executing
educational policies
3. Coordinating administrative and supervisory activities
4. Providing the necessary leadership.
5. Evaluating the teaching personnel and school program
6. Keeping records and reporting results
Educators as Managers

27. Educators as Managers

28. Educators as Managers

29. Educators as Managers

30. Schools of management though that are relevant to Educators
as managers (Sridhar, 2014).
● Scientific Management – worked task performance
● Administrative Management- best way to perform a job
● Bureaucratic Organization – larger and more complex,
authoritarian-paternalistic pattern.
● Classical Management – profitable business / school
● Human Relations School – interrelationships among members
and conflict free.
Educators as Managers

31. Participatory
Management

32. What is participatory management?
● Including relevant stakeholders in the management of a
resource.
− Definition of stakeholder – those who are directly or indirectly
affecting or being affected by a management decision (Glicken,
2000).
● Extending the range of people and organizations involved in
management to those who would not normally be involved
Participatory Management

33. Literature Review (Shagholi & Hussin, 2009)
● Participatory management may positively impact job
satisfaction (Kim 2002; Spence-Laschinger et al 2004),
● Organizational commitment (Spence-Laschinger et al 2004),
● Perceived organizational support (Rhoades & Eisenberger
2002; Lau & Lim 2002),
● Organizational citizenship behavior (VanYperen et al 1999),
● Labor-management relations (Ospina & Yaroni 2003) and job
performance (Lau & Lim 2002; Ming 2004)
● Positive work outcomes (Siegall & Worth, 2001).
Participatory Management

34. Participatory management as multidimensional approach
contains fifteen components as follow:
1-Trust: PM enhancing the levels of trust (Blase & Blase, 2001;
Tschannen-Moran, 2001) and high levels of trust hastens the
establishment of strong networks among the members
(Hargreaves, 2001).
2-Decision making: PM is key decision-making processes (Saxton,
2004) and it is the practice of empowering employees to
participate in organizational decision making (Marzano, 2003).
Participatory Management

35. 3-Team work: PM increase decision making that it is accomplished
by group participation (Robert & Moran, 1998).
4-Share power: PM is a process in which influence is shared among
individuals who are otherwise hierarchically unequal (Kim, 2002;
Marzano, 2003).
5-Motivation: participative approaches to decision making mainly
out of pragmatic motives to achieve valued organizational results
(Somech, 2002)
Participatory Management

36. 6-Communication: PM causes Communication effectively with
subordinates (Albanese, 1975).
7-Involvement: PM encompasses various employee involvement
schemes in co-determination of working conditions (Kim, 2002;
Marzano, 2003).
8-Collaboration: Through a judicious use of participatory
management, leaders may make sound decisions by drawing upon
the collective expertise, experience, and wisdom of their
employees (Lichtenstein, 2000).
Participatory Management

37. 9-Democracy: Democracy is a benefit of participatory management
(Bartle, 2007).
10-Transparency: Transparency is a benefit of participatory
management (Bartle, 2007).
11-Innovation: PM encourage innovations (Walker & Dimmock,
2000).
12-Respect: PM prepare a situation for expressing appreciation
when a subordinate does a good job (Albanese, 1975).
Participatory Management

38. 13-Problem solving: PM promotes the adoption of problem solving,
flexibility and change (Marchant, 1982).
14-Identify common goal: PM is an co-operation between manager
and subordinates in the setting up of objectives (Dutton, 1973).
15-Equalitarian: In PM power inequities are balanced (Harchar &
Hyle, 1996).
Participatory Management

39. Types of participants
● Organized stakeholders
− organisations and their representatives, normally have a high
degree of interest and expertise
− individuals of particular power within a community
e.g. local land owners
Participatory Management

40. Types of participants
● Public
− general public who tend to be un-organised and who are
normally non-experts (in a technical sense)
● Competent authority
− organization who is responsible for planning and
implementation of the participatory process
Participatory Management

41. Different Levels of Participation
(Evolving from Arnstein 1969, Mostert, 2003, Drafting Group
2002).
--Information provision
● stakeholders are informed about management plans
− Consultation
● stakeholders are asked their opinion
● stakeholders provide data/knowledge
Participatory Management

42. Different Levels of Participation
(Evolving from Arnstein 1969, Mostert, 2003, Drafting Group
2002).
− Active involvement (co-designing)
● stakeholders share responsibility and activities in creating
possible plans, implementation and/or maintenance
− Decision making (co-deciding)
● stakeholders participate in final decision making
Participatory Management

43. Classes of Participatory Method
● Public information provision
● Education
● Interviews
● Surveys
● Forums
● Meetings
● Workshops
● Events
Participatory Management

44. “Management is the opportunity
to help people become better
people. Practiced that way, it‘s a
magnificent profession."

45. Thank you and God bless!
