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World Social Science Report 2016 - Challenging Inequalities: Pathways to a Just World
- 1. World Social Science Report 2016 | Challenging Inequalities: Pathways to a Just World
- 2. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Download the full report: • 107 authors from 40 countries • 74 cutting-edge social science contributions on inequalities • Research agenda for the next 10 years • Prepared with the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and co-published with UNESCO • Summary published in English, French and Spanish • Open Access download available en.unesco.org/wssr2016
- 3. 2010 | Knowledge Divides • Co-published with UNESCO • Articles from 48 authors • Summary published in English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. 2013 | Changing Global Environments • Co-published with UNESCO and OECD • Articles from 151 authors • Summary published in French, Spanish and Portuguese • Over 13 launches worldwide www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities The background | World Social Science Reports address important social science challenges, take stock of social science contributions and capacities, and make recommendations for future research, practice and policy.
- 4. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities The context | Inequality looms large in the minds of governments, businesses and civil society Photo: Magharebia via Flickr
- 5. The context | Adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals commits governments worldwide to take action on inequality ‘We pledge that no one will be left behind’ Preamble to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities
- 6. • To look beyond economic inequality into the interactions between multiple dimensions of inequality • To document the trends in inequality in all world regions, especially less well- researched and low-income countries in Africa and Asia • To analyse the consequences of inequalities in different countries and regions, and for different groups of people • To identify strategies to reduce inequalities • To provide a multidisciplinary contribution to the study of inequality, with inputs from across the social sciences, as well as from outside academia • To identify critical knowledge gaps and propose a global research agenda on inequality. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities The context | Why a new report on inequality?
- 7. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Timeline | Development of the World Social Science Report 2016 2013 ISSC General Assembly decides 2016 Report should focus on inequality 2014 Expert meeting held in partnership with UNESCO 2015 Scientific Advisory Committee meets for the first time 2015 Agreement with Institute of Development Studies (IDS), editorial team formed 2015 World Social Science Forum held in Durban, South Africa 2015 Commissioning articles 2016 Editing, peer-review, layout, publication, translations Published September 22 2016
- 8. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Economic and political power are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of people. This can threaten growth, social cohesion and the health of democracies. Wealth of bottom 50 per cent versus wealth of richest sixty-two people (Source: Oxfam, 2016)
- 9. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Global economic inequality declined during the first decade of this century, largely due to the reduction of poverty in countries like China and India. This favourable trend could however be reversed if inequality within countries continues to increase. The evolution of global inequality of living standards from 1988 to 2010 (average of various recent estimates) (Sources: Anand and Segal (2014), Bourguignon (2015), Lakner and Milanovic (2015).)
- 10. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Inequalities within countries are rising Evolution of Gini coefficients, high-income and middle income countries (Source: OECD Income Distribution Database, Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database.
- 11. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Inequalities should not be understood and addressed only in relation to income and wealth. They interact across seven key dimensions: economic, political, social, cultural, environmental, spatial and knowledge. • In many countries, economic and political resources are concentrated in the hands of a small elite, threatening the health of democracies (Byanyima, 67) and widening social and economic inequalities, especially when these inequalities are combined with autocratic and non-representative political systems (Hanieh, 19). • Life in the Anthropocene is creating new inequalities on environmental lines. The development of markets for natural resources has increased poverty and inequality in certain places (Fincher, 13). Less equal societies have greater carbon emissions per dollar of GNP (Power, Wilkinson and Pickett, 37). Inequality and environmental unsustainability are deeply interlinked; tackling one without addressing the other is unlikely to succeed (Leach, 27; Narain, 29). • Inequalities in access to knowledge remain significant, and interact with other dimensions of inequality. In Nigeria, just 3 per cent of the poorest girls living in rural areas completed lower secondary school in 2013, compared with 17 per cent of the boys. In contrast, 95 per cent of the richest boys in urban areas completed lower secondary school (Antoninis, Delprato and Benevot, 10). • Enduring forms of inequality are associated with identities, such as race, caste and ethnicity, which are themselves facets of cultural inequality. Gender pervades all these; in many settings we see women and girls facing persistent material disadvantages, discriminatory social norms, violence, and restrictions on voice and participation.
- 12. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Current levels of inequality threaten our capacity to address other global priorities. Interaction of Inequality Goal 10 and the other SDGs (Source: Gaventa, 22)
- 13. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Reducing inequalities is a requirement for human rights and justice, and is essential for success in other global priority areas, such as environmental sustainability, conflict resolution and migrations. • High and rising inequality can act as an impediment to economic growth, and dissipates the impact of growth on poverty reduction (Kanbur, 24). • Inequalities can limit our ability to respond to crises. The effective management of the Ebola crisis was hindered by visible inequalities between local and expatriate medical staff, and between communities and elites, which undermined trust (Wilkinson and Brima, 31). • Current affluent lifestyles depend upon an unsustainable use of fossil fuels and raw materials. Reducing inequalities requires using resources differently (Fleurbaey and Klasen, 40). • Inequalities are producing new manifestations related to nutrition and health: the ‘stuffed and starved’ phenomenon of chronic undernourishment alongside rising obesity (Hossain, 33). • There is a growing consensus that systemic inequality between identity groups may spur conflict, and evidence that countries with high levels of group- based inequalities are more likely to experience civil war (Østby, 25).
- 14. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities The Report reminds us that the future of inequality is unwritten. It details cases of changes in rules, and of initiatives at various levels, that are building a fairer world.
- 15. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Successful pathways to address inequality combine policies and action in context-specific ways • Learning from positive country experiences • Rule-changing measures and policies • Social and political action • Coherent integrated packages, commitment • Addressing embedded histories and cultural practices • While a century of democratization has made the USA more politically equal for black people and other minorities, the disparity in income between black and white households has been remarkably stable over forty years. Racial disparity remains significant in other domains, such as access to education, health and justice (Harris, 20). • In Africa as elsewhere, control of and access to natural resources has for centuries underpinned social stratification and the production of inequalities (Murombedzi, 9; Olukoshi, 48). • The increase of economic inequality in the period from 1998 to 2008 resulted primarily from the growth in incomes of the top 1 per cent, particularly in rich countries (Milanovic, 5). At the same time, globalization, deindustrialization and the polarization of the labour market in Western economies mean that the middle classes are experiencing a slow but consistent erosion of their standard of living (Chauvel and Hartung, 38).
- 16. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| Collective action by citizens is opening spaces for additional solutions to inequality that can inspire inclusive policy innovation • New alliances of stakeholders can build broad support for change. The mobilization of doctors, patient groups and political forces around the design of a Patient’s Bill of Rights was a significant contributor to a new Health Insurance Law on universal coverage in Egypt (Bayoumi, 30). • Grass-roots mobilization and political action can often be effective in breaking down deeply connected economic, social and political inequalities (Gaventa and Runciman, 12). • In India, Indonesia, Ethiopia and Brazil, local initiatives empower poor and vulnerable adults, especially women, to diversify their income sources and access microcredit. They are instrumental in the development of solidarity and self-help networks among the individuals concerned (Mathie et al., 64). • Public participation can increase the political will to reduce inequality. A high level of public participation in Brazil’s ‘Zero Hunger’ effort was crucial to the country’s turnaround to reduced inequality (Green, 66).
- 17. Number of social science publications produced worldwide on inequality and social justice per subfield, 1992–2013 (fractional counting) Key messages| There are important inequalities in the knowledge produced about inequalities – by sub-field www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities
- 18. Number of social science and humanities publications on inequalities and social justice per region 1992- 2013 …and by Region www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities
- 19. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Key messages| A new social science research agenda is needed to accompany and inform pathways toward greater equality. Priority 1: Increase support for knowledge production about inequality, and processes of social inclusion and exclusion, in those places most affected by them. Priority 2: Improve our ability to assess, measure and compare the dimensions of inequality over time and across the world. Priority 3: Deepen our understanding of diverse experiences of inequality. Priority 4: Deepen our understanding of how multiple inequalities are created, maintained and reproduced. Priority 5: Deepen our understanding of how local and global forms of inequality connect and interact. Priority 6: Promote research on how to move towards greater equality. Priority 7: Support cross-cutting syntheses and theory on inequality and equality.
- 20. • Goes beyond ‘ measuring’ inequality – to understanding intersecting and multiple forms of inequality through multidisiciplinary approaches • Goes beyond quantification – to innovative combinations of, qualitative, participatory studies, and quantitative methods that focus more on why inequalities persist and how they can be overcome • Goes beyond just producing more social science – to challenging inequalities of knowledge, of access, of construction and co- construction, and of whose knowledge counts. A step change is needed – towards a more multidisciplinary, globally inclusive and transformative agenda www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities
- 21. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Download the full Report en.unesco.org/wssr2016 The Report was financed by generous contributions from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida); UNESCO, as part of its framework agreement with the ISSC; the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); European Science Foundation (ESF), Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Research Council of Norway, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and the Swedish Research Council.
- 22. www.worldsocialscience.org | #ChallengingInequalities Thank you | issc@worldsocialscience.org Photo: Icy & Sot
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Arab Spring, food riots, Occupy, 99%
- Goal on inequality plus interactions with other goals.
- Inequalities are challenging first, because they are rising Bringing together the latest evidence on inequality trends Dramatic rise in the incomes of the top 1 per cent of earners globally, concentrating wealth in the hands of a small elite - sixty-two individuals own the same wealth as the bottom half of the world population (Oxfam, 2016)
- the report shows that global inequality – that is, between the living standards of the entire global population – actually declined during the first decade of this century. But this is driven largely by reduced inequality between countries, and large reductions in poverty in China and India. Rising inequalities within countries threaten to reverse this positive trend.
- We are seeing rising inequalities in both old industrialised countries, and emerging middle income ones. In emerging economies data is scarcer and time series are shorter, but countries such as Colombia, Brazil and India register even higher levels of income inequality than in the North. Today South Africa has the world’s highest income inequality, despite a decrease in recent years. In China, not shown here, the Gini coefficient rose by eleven points over the period 1985– 2008 (Li, 15), although a decline of about two points in the subsequent six years could mark a turning point. Also rising in SSA, although data are even poorer
- The inequalities that matter are not just of income and wealth, however. While concern often focuses on the economic, to understand and respond to inequality we need to address six further forms: political, social, cultural, environmental, spatial and inequalities related to knowledge. The report therefore often talks of multiple inequalities. The report’s contributors show the numerous ways these multiple inequalities interact. They do so in shaping drivers – in in Egypt for instance, not just economic but political and gender inequalities interacted. Whether amongst young people in Europe or farmers in Malawi; citizens and refugees in the Middle East or urban residents in South Africa or India, we see how people often experience intersecting discriminations and injustices, as these different forms of inequality interact and compound each other. Some of the most enduring forms of inequality are those associated with identities, such as race, caste and ethnicity, which are themselves facets of what we term cultural inequality. Gender pervades all these, and in many settings we see women and girls facing persistent – and sometimes growing – material disadvantages, discriminatory social norms, violence, and restrictions on voice and participation. Downward spirals of intersecting inequalities can in turn affect people’s self-perceptions, limiting their capacities to aspire to a different way of life.
- Rising inequalities therefore matter in many ways. Most fundamentally, they are ethically and morally objectionable, having no place in societies striving for greater fairness and justice. But it also has far-reaching consequences for almost every aspect of our lives, and abilities to achieve other political and social goals, including those in the SDGs. The report argues that tackling inequality – goal 10 – should be regarded as a central goal, necessary for countries to achieve almost all the others.
- To elaborate on these consequences – Poverty and growth - Kanbur shows that that inequality can hamper economic growth, and certainly reduces the impact of that growth on poverty reduction. Ability to respond to crises – the importance of trust, which inequalities can undermine Health, nutrition, worse in countries with higher income inequality. For instance, as Hossain points out (33), the area of hunger is witnessing new manifestations of inequality related to nutrition – the ‘“stuffed and starved” phenomenon of chronic undernourishment alongside rising obesity’. Conflict and access to justice - for instance, Østby (25) examines the relationship between inequality and political violence, noting the importance of horizontal inequalities for conflict as well as the role of ‘sheer inequality between rich and poor nations’. And deeply linked with environmental unsustainability, and the many goals around water, land, climate; can worsen environmental problems like climate change, and make the co-operation needed to tackle them far more difficult.