2.  “Any act of gender-based violence that results in,
or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women and
girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring
in public or private life”.

3.  More violent forms, such as
 femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders,
 gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early
marriages,
 Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war, trafficking
in women and girls and
 ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.

4.  In spite of treaties, (the Protocol to the the African
Charter) conventions, legislation and policies against
some cultural practices the situation of women in
Africa continue to be vulnerable to harmful traditional
practices and customs such as FGM and widow
inheritance, which expose them to the risk of HIV and
AIDS

5.  There is a palpable feeling that legislation alone is not
enough to achieve equality in Africa, that it is not
sufficient to change perceptions, or cultures of sexism
– the types of cultures which are permissive to
gendered violence happening. Even with an increasing
number of women in parliament in some of the
countries and increasing legislation to prevent
discrimination and violence on the basis of gender, a
culture of masculinity prevails. Why is that?
Unequal power relationships continue

6.  Obtaining data on violence against women – use
these to show the economic and social cost of VAW as
well as emotional and psychological impact on the
affected person
 It is important that the extent, nature and root causes
of such violence are well-documented. By analyzing
such information, concrete steps can be taken, both
legal and charitable, to reduce the occurrence of such
violence and reduce its effects.

7.  Increase access to opportunities for women- empower
women to avoid abusive relationships - empower
women, free them to leave behind abusive
relationships
 Build capabilities of women- including physical
capabilities/ create awareness/ prevention
programmes/ crisis counselling & support groups

8.  Make ending VAW every one’s concern; everyone’s
business: The boys in your life need your time and
energy. Your son, grandson, nephew, younger brother,
your male colleague. The boys you teach, coach and
mentor. All need you to help them grow into healthy
men.
The girls in your life what are you teaching them above
all what do they see!

9.  THE UN has identified violence against women and
girls "the most pervasive" human rights violation that
we know today. Statistics from the world over, paint a
clear picture of the social and health consequences of
violence against women.
 According to the United Nations Development Fund for
Women (UNIFEM), violence against women is a major
cause of death and disability for women aged 16 to 44
years

10.  The economic costs are considerable. Such violence
impoverishes not only individuals, but families,
communities, and governments, and stalls economic
development of each nation

11.  Why we need empowerment:
 Why we need empowerment Educational problems Society Gender prejudice Low confidence Lack of unity Problem
related with health Poverty and Ignorance Traditional barriers

Educational problems:
 Educational problems Social, cultural, Environmental Beneficiaries Schemes ?

Society :
 Society Family, Dowry , Parda system

Lack of unity:
 Lack of unity Women Vs Women

Problem related with health:
 Problem related with health Social, Cultural and Gender differences

Poverty and Ignorance:

12.  Poverty and Ignorance

Gender prejudice:
 Gender prejudice Suppressing the Women

Low confidence:
 Low confidence Parsi theater

Traditional barriers:
 Traditional barriers

What makes us different:
 What makes us different Biological factor Chronic illness Dyslexia X Factor


13.  Largest democracy in the world
 Land boundaries with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China,
Nepal and Pakistan
 Area: 3,287,590 sq.km (slightly more than one-third the size of
US)
 Coastline: 7,000 k.m.
 Population: 1,065,070,607 (Growth rate of 1.44%)-second
largest population in the world
 Sex ratio: 1.07 male (s)/female
 Life expectancy at birth: 63.25 years (male) and 64.77 years
(female)
 Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid
and other 3%
 Religions: Hindu (81.3%), Muslim (12%), Christian (2.3%),
Sikh(1.9%), Others (2.5%)
 Languages: 18 major languages; 216 languages in total and
several thousands dialects
 Literacy: 59.5% (total population); 70.2% (male); and 48.3%
(female)

14. Education
 Literacy
› Gender gaps:
 Differences across states
(Kerala has highest
female literacy;
Rajasthan, Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh have the
lowest)
 Differences between
rural and urban areas
 Parental preference for
boys going to school
 Higher dropout rate
among girls
Female Male
1971 22% 46%
1991 39% 64%
2003 48% 70%

15. Education
› Gender gaps in higher education
 About 1 percent of total women population
has college education
 Women account for a third of the students at
college/university level
 In engineering and business, the proportion of
female students is much smaller
 In education, nearly half of the students are
women

16. Barriers to Female Education
› Poverty: one-fourth of India’s population lives
below the poverty line (2002)
› Social values and parental preferences
› Inadequate school facilities
› Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at
the primary level and 22 percent at the
university level (1993)
› Gender bias in curriculum

17. Employment
› Difficult to get an overall picture of employment
among women in India
 Most women work in the informal sector
› Women accounted for only 23 percent of the
total workers in the formal sector in 1991
› The number of female workers has increased
faster than the number of male workers
› Female unemployment rates are similar to male
unemployment rates

18. Barriers to Female Employment
› Cultural Restrictions
 Hierarchical society (caste system)
 Purdah system: the veiling and seclusion of women
› Discrimination at Workplace
 More prevalent in fields where male competition is high
 Less prevalent in fields where competition is low
› Lack of employment opportunities

19. Empowerment
 Social Empowerment
› Education
 There is no direct relationship between
education and work force participation; but
may affect their participation in household
decision making
› Economic Independence:
 Economic independence does not imply
significant improvement in social standing
 Culture and tradition play an important role
 A small fraction has opened up towards
Western values

20.  Economic Empowerment
› Property Rights
 Patriarchal society
› Economic Decision Making
 In the household
 In businesses

21.  Political Empowerment
› Representation in democratic institutions
› Government reservations policy for women:
the constitutional amendment of 1990s

22. Women specific Legislations
 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
 The Maternity Benefit Act 1961
 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
 Indecent Representation of Women
(Prohibition) Act, 1986
 The Commission of Sati (Prevention)Act,
1987
 Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005

23. Health
& Nut.
Education
Water & San.
Skills
Technology Credit
Political
Participation
Marketing
Asset base

24.  Implementation of Laws like
› Equal remuneration
› Minimum Wages
› Factories Act
 Infrastructure for women like
› Water and sanitation at workplace
› Creches
› Working Women Hostels
› Transport services
› Security