1.
CONTENTS
WHAT IS CLIMATE?
WHAT IS CLIMATE
CHANGE?
FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE
IS CLIMATE
CHANGE REAL?
IS EARTH’S
CLIMATE
CHANGING?
CAUSES OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
GREENHOUSE
GASES
Increasing
Greenhouse Gases
Trap More Heat
HUMAN ACTIVITY
INFLUENCE
CARBON CYCLE &
CARBON DIOXIDE
PRESENT CARBON
CYCLE
WORLDWIDE
CARBON EMISSION
OCEAN
ACIDIFICATION
WHAT IF NO
GREENHOUSE
GASES
WHAT IS GLOBAL
WARMING
GLOBAL WARMING
LEADS TO:
EARTH’S
TEMPERATURE – 1
EARTH’S
TEMPERATURE – 2
HOW HOT CAN IT
GET?
FLOODS V/S
DROUGHTS
EFFECTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE :
THE DEBATE
SOLUTIONS
INDIVIDUAL
ACTIONS

2.
CONTENTS
FACTS ABOUT
WATER - 1
FACTS ABOUT
WATER – 2
WHAT IS WATER
CRISIS?
SAFE DRINKING
WATER IS SCARCE
PRECIPITATION
PATTEERNS WILL
CHANGE
EFFECTS OF
FLODDING
EFFECTS OF
DROUGHTS
DEMAND &
USAGE
4 KILLER FACTS
CASE STUDY
WATER SCARCITY
IN INDIA WATER
STATES HIT BY
WATER
SCARCITY(INDIA)
FACTS ABOUT
WATER SCARCITY
REFERENCES

3.
WHAT IS CLIMATE?
Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of
weather, in a given region over a long period of time
(usually 30 years).
temperature
humidity
atmospheric pressure
wind
precipitation
atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables
It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in

4.
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
Climate change is a change in the
usual weather found in a place.
This could be a change in how
much rain a place usually gets in
a year. Or it could be a change in
a place's usual temperature for a
month or season.
Climate change is also a change in
Earth's climate. This could be a change
in Earth's usual temperature. Or it
could be a change in where rain and
snow usually fall on Earth.

5.
Biotic
factors
Transpiration
Respiration
PhotosynthesisDigestion
Decomposition
FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE FOR
CLIMATIC CHANGES

6.
Latitude Altitude
Ocean
Currents
Topography
Solar
Radiation
Evaporation
Orbital
Variations
Volcanic
Activity
ABIOTIC
FACTORS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CLIMATIC CHANGES

7.
IS CLIMATE CHANGE REAL?
There is broad-based agreement
within the scientific community
that climate change is real.
Conquer that climate
change is indeed
occurring and is almost
certainly due to human
activity.
The U.S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
the National
Aeronautics
and Space
Administration
the National
Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration

8.
IS EARTH’S CLIMATE CHANGING?
Earth's climate is
always changing.
• There have been times
when Earth's climate has
been warmer than it is
now. There have been
times when it has been
cooler
• These times can last
thousands or millions of
years.
• People who study Earth see
that Earth's climate is
getting warmer. Earth's
temperature has gone up
about one degree
Fahrenheit in the last 100
years. This may not seem
like much. But small
changes in Earth's
temperature can have big
effects.
•.
Some effects are already
happening.
• Warming of Earth's climate
has caused some snow and
ice to melt.
• The warming also has
caused oceans to rise. And
it has changed the timing
of when certain plants grow

9.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE
CHANGEMost scientists say that humans can change
climate too. People drive cars. People heat and cool
their houses. People cook food. All those things take
energy. One way we get energy is by burning coal,
oil and gas. Burning these things puts gases into
the air. The gases cause the air to heat up. This can
change the climate of a place. It also can change
Earth's climate.
Over the past 150 years, the world’s
industrialized nations have changed the
balance of the carbon cycle by burning
huge amounts of fossil fuels which emits
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—
primarily carbon dioxide. (concentrated
carbon such as coal, oil and gas)
Other human activities, such as
agriculture and deforestation,
also contribute to the proliferation
of greenhouse gases that cause
climate change.
the atmospheric concentration of CO2 did
not rise above 300 parts per million
between the advent of human civilization
roughly 10,000 years ago and 1900.
Today it is at about 400 ppm, a level not
reached in more than 400,000 years.
Many things can cause climate to
change all on its own. Earth's distance
from the sun can change. The sun can
send out more or less energy. Oceans
can change. When a volcano erupts, it
can change our climate.
Industrialized nations have also
breeding vast numbers of
methane-producing livestock
and cutting down the forests
that naturally absorb carbon
dioxide from the air.

10.
GREEN HOUSE GASES
Greenhouse gases include carbon-based gases such as carbon
dioxide and methane.
They’re vital in the Earth’s atmosphere in certain
quantities because they help trap and retain some of the
sun’s heat (the ‘greenhouse effect’).
This makes life as we know it possible on Earth – without it
the world would be mostly frozen. But too much is dangerous,
too.

11.
GREENHOUSE GASES
Nitrous oxide
Water
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Sulfur hexafluoride

12.
“GREENHOUSE EFFECT”Increasing greenhouse gases trap more
heat

13.
Human activity
influence

14.
•The carbon cycle is the natural
process by which carbon gases
are emitted and absorbed
across the globe.
•This determines the overall
levels of carbon gases in the
atmosphere.
CARBON
CYCLE
•Carbon dioxide is a natural gas.
• It’s essential for all life on
Earth.
• It’s absorbed by plants as they
grow, and emitted by all life
forms when they respire and
when they die (or when they’re
burned as fuel).
• Other than water vapor, it’s the
most common greenhouse gas
CARBON
DIOXIDE

15.
PRESENT CARBON CYCLE
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS
Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100
years)
Storage and flux of carbon
(in billions of tones)

16.
Carbon(109metrictons)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Liquid fuel
Total
Gas fuel
Solid fuel
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year

17.
THIS IMAGE SHOWS THE
CHANGE IN PH OF THE OCEANS
OVER THE PAST 300 YEARS. THE
BRIGHTER THE COLOR, THE
MORE THE DECREASE IN PH
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

18.
With no greenhouse gases at
all in its atmosphere,
scientists estimate that
Earth’s average atmospheric
temperature would be about
-18° C, or about 0°F
WHAT IF NO GREENHOUSE
GASES?

19.
Global Warming refers to average
increase in the earth’s temperature due
to increase in pollution which results in
greenhouse effect which in turn leads to
climate change.
WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?

20.
:
GLOBAL WARMING LEADS TO
rise in the
sea level
due to
melting of
glaciers
shrinkage
of forests
changes in
the rainfall
pattern
wide range
of impacts
on plants
and
humans.

21.
Radiation
Cooling
Solar
Energy
Sun

22.
Radiation
Cooling
Solar
Energy
Sun

23.
HOW HOT CAN IT GET?
RISE OF 2°C
•A rise of just 2°c would mean:
•severe storms and floods in
some countries, droughts in
many more
•seas become more acidic,
coral and krill die, food chains
are destroyed
•little or no Arctic sea ice in
summer – not just bad news
for polar bears, it also means
that the global climate warms
faster (as there’s less polar ice
to deflect sunlight)
BEYOND 2°C
• Scientists predict possible
rises of up to 6°C this
century if we don’t
drastically cut greenhouse
gas emissions.
It almost doesn’t bear thinking
about what this would mean:
•Rainforests dying.
•Increased melting of the
ancient ice sheets of
Greenland and Antarctica.
•Dramatic sea level rises.
•And people and animals
suffering along the way.

24.
In the last century, our planet’s
average temperature has increased by
approximately 1°C.
Just 1°C? This
seems very small. So
why is global warming
such a big problem?
To answer your question, let’s compare the
earth to the human body. What will happen if
your body temperature increases by even a
few degrees?

25.
I will fall sick.
Exactly! Similarly, if the temperature of
the Earth increases by even a few
degrees the result is Climate Change.

26.
FLOODS V/S DROUGHTS

27.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
Even small
increases in
Earth’s
temperature
caused by
climate change
can have severe
effects.
The earth’s
average
temperature
has gone up
1.4° F over the
past century
and is expected
to rise as much
as 11.5° F over
the next.
That might not
seem like a lot,
but the average
temperature
during the last
Ice Age was
about 4º F lower
than it is today.
Scientific
research shows
that the climate
- that is, the
average
temperature of
the planet's
surface - has
risen by 0.89 °C
from 1901 to
2012.
Compared with
climate change
patterns
throughout
Earth's history,
the rate of
temperature
rise since the
Industrial
Revolution is
extremely high.

28.
RAINFAL
L
There have been observed changes in precipitation, but
not all areas have data over long periods.
Rainfall has increased in the mid-latitudes of the northern
hemisphere since the beginning of the 20th century.
There are also changes between seasons in different
regions.
For example, the UK's summer rainfall is decreasing on
average, while winter rainfall is increasing.
There is also evidence that heavy rainfall events have
become more intensive, especially over North America

29.
Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate
change) contribute to greater storm damage.
warming ocean temperatures are associated with stronger and more frequent
storms.
additional rainfall, particularly during severe weather events leads to flooding and
other damage.
an increase in the incidence and severity of wildfires threatens habitats, homes,
and lives.
heat waves contribute to human deaths and other consequences.
Since 1900, sea levels have risen by about 10 cm around the UK and about 19 cm
globally, on average. The rate of sea-level rise has increased in recent decades.
EFFECTS ON SEA LEVELS

30.
Retreating glaciers
• Glaciers all over the
world - in the Alps,
Rockies, Andes,
Himalayas, Africa and
Alaska - are melting
and the rate of
shrinkage has
increased in recent
decades.
Sea ice
• Arctic sea-ice has
been declining since
the late 1970s,
reducing by about 4%,
or 0.6 million square
kilometers (an area
about the size of
Madagascar) per
decade.
• At the same time
Antarctic sea-ice has
increased, but at a
slower rate of about
1.5% per decade.
Ice sheets
• The Greenland and
Antarctic ice sheets,
which between them
store the majority of
the world's fresh
water, are both
shrinking at an
accelerating rate.
RETREATING GLACIERS, SEA ICE & ICE SHEETS

31.
CLIMATE CHANGE: THE DEBATE
While consensus among nearly all
scientists, scientific organizations,
and governments is that climate
change is happening and is caused by
human activity, a small minority of
voices questions the validity of such
assertions and prefers to cast doubt
on the preponderance of evidence.
Climate change deniers often claim
that recent changes attributed to
human activity can be seen as part of
the natural variations in Earth’s
climate and temperature, and that it
is difficult or impossible to establish a
direct connection between climate
change and any single weather event,
such as a hurricane.
While the latter is generally true,
decades of data and analysis support
the reality of climate change—and the
human factor in this process.
In any case, economists agree that
acting to reduce fossil fuel emissions
would be far less expensive than
dealing with the consequences of not
doing so.

32.
SOLUTIONS
Produce more
fuel-efficient
vehicles
Reduce vehicle useImprove energy-
efficiency in
buildings Develop carbon
capture and
storage processes
Triple nuclear power
Increase solar
power
Decrease
deforestation/plant
forests

33.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS
Use mass
transit, bike,
walk, roller
skate
Tune up
your
furnace
Unplug
appliances or
plug into a
power strip and
switch it off
Buy water-saving
appliances and
toilets; installing
low-flow shower
heads.
Caulk,
weatherstrip,
insulate, and
replace old
windows
Buy products
with a U.S. EPA
Energy Star
label

34.
TO PUT IT ANOTHER
WAY……..

35.
WHAT IS WATER CRISIS?
Simply put, water scarcity is either the
lack of enough water (quantity) or lack
of access to safe water (quality).
It's hard for most of us to imagine
that clean, safe water is not
something that can be taken for
granted.
But, in the developing world, finding a
reliable source of safe water is often time-
consuming and expensive. This is known as
economic scarcity. Water can be found...it
simply requires more resources to do it.
In other areas, the lack of water is a
more profound problem. There simply
isn't enough. That is known as
physical scarcity.
The problem of water
scarcity is a growing
one.
As more people put ever-increasing
demands on limited supplies, the cost
and effort to build or even maintain
access to water will increase.
And water's importance to political
and social stability will only grow
with the crisis

36.
Clean, safe
drinking water
is scarce.
Today, nearly 1
billion people in
the developing
world don't
have access to
it.
Yet, wetake it
for granted, we
waste it, and
we even pay
too much to
drink it from
little plastic
bottles.
Water is the
foundation of
life. And still
today, all
around the
world, far too
many people
spend their
entire day
searching for it.
In places like
sub-Saharan
Africa, time lost
gathering water
and suffering
from water-
borne diseases
is limiting
people's true
potential,
especially
women and
girls.
Education is
lost to
sickness.
Economic
development is
lost while
people merely
try to survive.
But it doesn't
have to be like
this. It's
needless
suffering.
SAFE DRINKING WATER IS
SCARCE

37.
THERE MAY BE MORE INTENSE RAINFALL ON
RAINY DAYS and more dry days in a year
PRECIPITATION PATTERNS WILL CHANGE

38.
Demand and Usage
Industrial
•Water is both
an important
input.
Agricultural
•90% of total
water resources
used.
Domestic
•30% of the rural
population lack
access to
drinking water.

39.
These ecosystems
are rich in
biodiversity. The
mangroves alone
house marine
turtles, freshwater
dolphins and
crocodiles.
People too will be
affected. More than
a million people
depend on the
mangroves for
natural resources
such as honey, fish
and wood.
People living on the
islands will have no
home and will have
to take refuge
elsewhere.
By 2100, the sea
level will have risen
by a meter.
4 KILLER FACTS

40.
To make matters worse, Bangladesh is an extremely densely populated country.
This will reduce the economic activity in Bangladesh and, more importantly, displace
people from their homes.
66% of the people of Bangladesh work in farms, however, low-lying farmland can be
flooded by an increase in sea levels.
An increase in sea level will make diseases such as malaria (the mosquitoes that spread malaria lay
eggs in watery areas) and cholera (which can spread by unclean water and ill-prepared food)
Even by a half meter increase in sea level, 10% of the land in Bangladesh will be lost.
One of the countries worst affected by an increase in sea levels is Bangladesh.
CASE STUDY: HOW WILL AN INCREASE IN SEA LEVELS AFFECT BANGLADESH?

41.
INDIA’S DEMAND FOR
WATER IS GROWING AT
AN ALARMING RATE.
WATER SCARCITY IN INDIA

42.
.
India is facing a
water crisis that
has implications
not only for its
1.1 billion people,
but for the entire
globe.
WATER

43.
1 IN 10 PEOPLE LACK
ACCESS TO SAFE WATER

44.
1 IN 3 PEOPLE LACK
ACCESS TO A TOILET

45.
WOMEN AND CHILDREN SPEND
125 MILLION HOURS EACH DAY
COLLECTING WATER

46.
EVERY 90 SECONDS A CHILD
DIES FROM A WATER-RELATED
DISEASE

47.
EVERY $1 INVESTED IN WATER
AND SANITATION PROVIDES A
$4 ECONOMIC RETURN

48.
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-climate-change-k4.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
http://www.takepart.com/flashcards/what-is-climate-change
http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/tackling_climate_change/climate_change_explained/
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-guide/climate-change
http://www.germanwatch.org/klak/fb-ms-e.htm
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/cholera/en/
http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/132/Mangroves.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0420_040420_earthday.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0323_060323_global_warming.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.sustainabilityforum.com/forum/climate-change/3364-sea-level-rise-inundation-coastal-india.html
http://garamut.wordpress.com/2009/02/06/rainforest-politics-the-carbon-credit-trade-in-png-an-essential-introduction/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hypergurl/514534462/
REFERENCE
S