Urban Flooding-Revised (1).docx

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URBAN FLOODING IN BARANGAY SAN FRANCISCO, PANABO CITY,
DAVAO DEL NORTE: ANALYSIS USING DPSIR FRAMEWORK
INSTITUTE OF LEADERSHIP, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GOOD
GOVERNANCE
DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN DISASTER RESILIENCY AND MANAGEMENT
AIKIE A. ENGUITO
JERALD L. NONES
RYAN MARK F. NIPALES
DECEMBER 2021

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URBAN FLOODING IN BARANGAY SAN FRANCISCO, PANABO CITY,
DAVAO DEL NORTE: ANALYSIS USING DPSIR FRAMEWORK
_________________________________________
A Thesis proposal submitted to the faculty of the
Institute of leadership, Entrepreneurship and Good Governance
Davao del Norte State College
_________________________________________
In partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN DISASTER RESILIENCY AND MANAGEMENT
AIKIE ENGUITO
JERALD L. NONES
RYAN MARK F. NIPALES
DECEMBER 2021

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APPROVAL SHEET
This Thesis entitled “Urban Flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City
Davao Del Norte: Analysis using DPSIR Framework” prepared and submitted by Aikie
Enguito, Ryan Mark Nipales and Jerald Nones in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Disaster resiliency and management, has been
examined, and is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
BOYETH PELONE, MSE
Adviser
Approved by the Thesis Committee.
FLORIE ANN L. FERMIL, MAEd
Chairman
Member Member
ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree, Bachelor of Public Administration.
BOYETH PELONE, MSE
Program Chairperson, Bachelor of Science in Disaster resiliency and management
FLORIE ANN L. FERMIL, MAEd
Dean of the Institute

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ABSTRACT
Aikie Enguito, Ryan Mark F. Nipales, Jerald L. Nones, Davao del Norte State, New
Visayas Panabo City, November 2021. Urban Flooding in Barangay San Francisco,
Panabo City, Davao del Norte: Analysis Using DPSIR Framework.
THESIS ADVISER: BOYETH PELONE
This study aims to Analyze the urban flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo
City, Davao del Norte, using DPSIR framework. A Quantitative Research is applied to this
study and by using a random sampling determine about 99 respondents inside the
Barangay. Simple thematic analysis was used to examine the data. Findings show that the
flood is happening every rainy season because of the clogged canals and results from
inundation of the river and it reaches the floor level of some houses. Flood also affects the
local products, small businesses and income of the small farmers because of the lower crop
production. The response of the LGU is being negative for providing support and
assistance, lacks of support for providing medical care and basic social services to the
affected families.
Keywords: Response, flood, DPSIR Framework, Quantitative Research Design, Thematic
Analysis, Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City, Davao del Norte Philippines.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1 ………………………………. 7
Rationale ………………………………. 7
Research objectives ………………………………. 8
Theoretical framework ………………………………. 9
Conceptual framework ………………………………. 9
Significance of the study ………………………………. 11
Scope and limitations of the study ………………………………. 11
Definition of terms ………………………………. 12
CHAPTER II ………………………………. 13
Review of Related Literature ………………………………. 13
CHAPTER III ………………………………. 18
Research Design ………………………………. 18
Research Locale ………………………………. 18
Population and sample ………………………………. 19
Research Instrument ………………………………. 21
Data Collection ………………………………. 21
Data analysis ………………………………. 21
Ethical Consideration ………………………………. 22
CHAPTER IV ………………………………. 23
Results and Discussion ………………………………. 23

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CHAPTER V ………………………………. 42
Summary ………………………………. 42
Conclusion ………………………………. 43
Recommendation ………………………………. 44

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Urban flooding is a major problem in many parts of the world and is one of the
most natural disastrous events which takes place every year unexpectedly. In a global
perspective, it is one of the most common hazards which disrupt people’s lives and
livelihoods (Rentschler and Salhab, 2020). Urban flood, being a natural disaster cannot be
avoided, the losses, effects, and damages due to flooding can be minimized or prevented
by applying the adapted practices to address flooding such as practicing to have a necessary
proper estimation of flood extent and flood hazard for the different conditions. Practicing
proper flood evacuation management plans can also help to lessen the effects and damages
of floods.
Urban flooding is a complex phenomenon that may occur in various forms, such as
urban flooding due to high intensity rainfall and inadequate drainage system and sometimes
clogged canals are also causing the flood in urban areas. In the Philippines, floods have
damaged at least 293 houses in just second quarter of 2021 (United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2021). In 2011 about 200 families fled their homes
after a flash flood ravaged four villages in Panabo City. According to the Panabo City
Quick response team, the flash flood is triggered by the overflowing of the Lasang river,

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as heavy waters hit the barangay of Little Panay, Datu Abdul, JP Laurel, and Kasilak and
there are zero casualties reported.
Research Objectives
This study aimed to analyze the urban flooding scenario in Barangay San Francisco,
Panabo City, Davao Del Norte using Diver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR)
framework. It seeks to answer the following specific objectives:
1. To assess the urban flooding scenario in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City,
Davao del Norte using DPSIR framework:
a. Driving forces of flood
b. Pressures
c. State of the environment
d. Impacts; and
e. Responses of the households, community, and LGU.
2. To develop a framework-specific to local urban flooding scenario in Barangay San
Francisco, Panabo City, Davao del Norte.
3. To recommend sound and vibrant management strategies to address local urban
flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City, Davao del Norte.

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Theoretical Framework
Kristensen’s (2004) Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework
provides a structure within which to present the indicators needed to enable feedback to
policymakers on environmental quality and the resulting impact of the political choices
made or to be made in the future. The DPSIR framework assumes a chain of causal links
starting with driving forces (economic sectors, human activities) through pressures
(emissions, waste) to states (physical, chemical, and biological) and impacts on
ecosystems, human health, and functions, eventually leading to political responses
(prioritization, target setting, indicators).
Conceptual Framework
Identification of the five components of the framework helps the analysis and
understanding of local urban flood scenarios in the study area. The DPSIR framework is
useful in describing the relationships between the origins and consequences of
environmental problems, but in order to understand their dynamics, it is also useful to focus
on the links between DPSIR elements and indicators.

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Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the study
DRIVING FORCES
Socio economic and
socio cultural forces,
which increase
pressures on the
environment.
(Example: Land use
change, Population.)
PRESSURE
Immediate factors that
affects the environment
(Example: Increase in
temperature and
increase the
precipitation due to the
effects of climate
change)
STATE
Condition of the
environment.
(Example:
Frequency of
flooding, air or
water quality)
IMPACTS
Effects of
environmental
degradation.
(Example: Economic
damage, loss of lives,
damages to the
infrastructures likes
buildings, roads,
bridges)
RESPONSE
The result of an undesired
impact and can affect any
part of the chain between
driving forces and impacts
(Example: decrease
urbanization rate, Land
use management,
watershed management
program, solid waste
management and Policy
review)

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Significance of the study
Urban flooding has a huge impact on the community especially for those who lived
in the urban areas, where it can affect their daily living. Thus, this study provides
information on the driving forces, pressures, state of the environment, impacts, and
responses to local flooding in the study area. This is significant as this gives additional
knowledge and understanding to the local households, community, and Local government
unit on the urban flooding scenario which might be of great help in crafting interventions
and policies to address the problem.
Scope and limitation of the study
This study was conducted in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City, Davao del
Norte, one of the urban barangays that is considered highly susceptible to flooding,
especially during rainy seasons. In fact, the majority of the puroks covering the area are
experiencing floods during this season. The study will be conducted in the months of
August up to November 2021 with a total of 99 respondents including the barangay
officials and purok presidents and the rest is the selected individuals.

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Definition of terms
The better clarification and understanding of the terms that are related to our study
is to follow the terms that are defined on operational.
DPSIR - The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response provides a structure within which to
present the indicators needed to enable feedback to policymakers on environmental quality
and the resulting impact of the political choices made, or to be made in the future.
Drainage System - Protecting the substructure from erosion and preventing floods.
Evacuation - happens when people are removed or leave a dangerous place. Evacuation
area - it is a safe facility when there is a disaster.
Floods - are the most frequent type of natural disaster that occurs when the water overflows
from rivers or canals caused by heavy rainfall, etc.
Flood control - refers to all methods that are used to reduce or prevent the damaging effects
of floodwaters.
Flood management - it is also to give constricted rivers and to reduce the flood
development and to control the flood.
Flood Risk Management - lessen the impacts or damages of floods.
Urban area - refers to towns or cities.

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Urban flood - is an overflow of water that comes from the drainage system and can cause
the land so they can flood.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of the relevant literature and studies related to the proposed
research. This provides a synopsis of the literature that gives context to the study including
international, national, and local concepts related to this study.
Flood management in Japan from rivers to basins, the river commission of the
Ministry of Construction in Japan recommended a basin response to floods in its December
2000 Interim Report to the Minister of Construction. This is practically an official
declaration of the policy accepting inundation inhabited areas. By this policy shift, it is
anticipated that more basin response measures and non-structural measures against floods
will be promoted to complement structural measures such as continuous levees and dams.
Such a policy is not new in the world but is a significant governmental move in
Japan, a densely populated, highly developed, and highly flood hazardous country.
Although living with floods is a universal coping strategy, the implementation of measures
should be different from region to region reflecting the region's nature and socio-economic
conditions. This paper reviews the flood-fighting history of Japan and her statutory
evolution against floods and shows the process by which the ever-increasing flood damage
potential and the recent increase of flood damages necessitated the official move-in flood
control management from rivers to basins (Takeuchi, 2009).

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Gap analysis of the flood management system in Metro Manila, Philippines: A case
study of the aftermath of typhoon Ondoy floods caused by heavy rains have repeatedly
inundated critical areas in Metro Manila, which prompted the Philippine government to
establish a flood management system consisting of both structural and non-structural
measures. However, most of the operational flood mitigation infrastructure was proven
inadequate during the onslaught of typhoon Ondoy.
The aftermath of this disaster paints a bleak scenario for the highly urbanized Metro
Manila as the effects of climate change increase the likelihood of storms having the same,
or even higher, intensities as Ondoy. The flood control structures were assessed based on
the results of field inspection and observations during and after the storm. The study
concludes by stressing the need for distributed and enhanced flood mitigation programs,
planned and constructed flood control structures, and the establishment of effective flood
forecasting and early warning systems. The existing flood management programs should
be reviewed and revised in accordance with a new safety level for flood prevention and
control. (Gilbuena, et al 2013).
DPSIR, qualities, and shortcomings concurring to a systemic investigation of the
relations between normal frameworks and human frameworks, driving strengths such as
social and financial needs will lead to exercises that apply weights on the environment and,
as a result, the state of the environment will be subjected to alter. For occurrence, surge
heightened will affect assets accessibility and biodiversity. At last, those results will lead
to Impacts on biological systems and social orders which will inspire a societal reaction

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that bolsters back on the driving powers, weights, states, or impacts specifically through
adjustment or healing activities.
To better understand the impacts of flooding the authorities can plan for adapting
measures to cope with future scenarios Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR)
framework allows policymakers to evaluate strategies for improving flood resilience in
cities and urban areas. This framework proved an effective approach to assessing and
improving urban flood resilience, with some limitations. This framework has difficulties
in capturing all the important relationships in cities, especially with regard to feedback.
There is therefore a need to develop improved techniques for understanding components
and their relationships. Risk assessment is possible even at the mega-city scale, new
techniques will support advances in this field. Finally, a chain of models engenders
uncertainties. (Hammond, et al 2018)
The assessment in the context of sustainable development is a holistic approach for
assessing the impacts and trade-offs related to various land and water management options.
It is a procedure in which a knowledge-based approach should be derived to develop a
basis for decision making. A Diver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework
has been adopted to carry out the assessment. It is illustrated in the case of Gorganrood
Basin (located in the northeast of Iran) for the issue of flood to describe the relationship
between the origin and consequences of flooding and also to understand the dynamics
underpinning the problem. The analysis of the state of flood by DPSIR shows that the
responses in Gorganrood Basin have led to inadequate problem-solving results not even

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effective to reduce system sensitivity to flood in the long term. In the context of DPSIR
some reasonable responses may be regarded as decreasing the rates of urbanization,
deforestation, land consolidation, and immigration; watershed management programs, and
river dredging (Zare, et al 2014).
Flood risk assessment for Davao Oriental in the Philippines utilizing geographic
data system based, multi-criteria investigation and the greatest entropy model evaluates of
flood-prone regions and flood hazard due to pluvial flooding for Davao Oriental on
Mindanao Island in the Philippines were done by the insightful chain of importance
measure (AHP) and most extreme entropy (Maxent) models utilizing different standards
like slant, rise, soil type, precipitation, waste thickness, distance to the fundamental
channel, and populace thickness. (Cabrera and Lee, 2020).

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains and describes the research design, research participants,
research locale, data collection, data analysis, and ethical considerations.
Research Design
This research employed a quantitative method using descriptive surveys.
Descriptive research aimed to accurately and systematically describe a population,
situation, or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when, and how questions. This can
use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in San Francisco, formerly Población, a barangay in the
city of Panabo, in the province of Davao del Norte. San Francisco is situated at
approximately 7.3265, 125.6793, on the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates
is estimated at 15.0 meters or 49.2 feet above mean sea level. In Figure 2 is the map
showing the area of Barangay San Francisco.

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Figure 2. Map of the Study Area
Population and sample
In the 2020 census, Barangay San Francisco has a total population of 12,400. This
represented 6.90% of the total population of Panabo. The total household population is
4,800. To compute the sample size, Slovin’s formula will be used with an allowable error
of 10% and the researchers come up with a total of 99 respondents including the barangay
officials and purok presidents. Respondents of this study will be selected through a simple
random sampling technique. Also, KII will be utilized to validate data and gather relevant
information from barangay and purok officials

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Slovin’s Formula:
𝑛 =
𝑁
1+𝑁𝑒2
Where:
n is the number of the samples
N is the number of total populations
E is the numbers of errors
Given:
N = 12,400 total population
e = 10% 0.1 margin of error
n = ?
𝑛 =
12,400
1 + 12,400 (0.1)2
𝑛 =
12,400
1 + 12,400 (0.01)2
𝑛 =
12,400
1 + 124
𝑛 =
12,400
125
𝑛 = 99.2
𝑛 = 99 Number of the respondent

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Research instrument
The research instrument that was used in gathering the data was a survey questionnaire
made by the researchers. The content of the questionnaire are; Part I is the socio-
demographic profile of the respondents, Part II is the questions in the Likert scale with the
rate of (5).
Data collection
Entry protocol and the courtesy call are done prior to the conduct of the study. The
researchers gave a letter to the Barangay Captain to conduct the study. Once the approval,
the researchers started to conduct orientation about their study to the chosen participants.
With the help of the barangay officials, the researchers will personally ask permission from
the participants and ask them to sign the consent form for formality. A consent form was
filled up by the participants emphasizing the confidentiality of their responses. In the given
consent form the participants were informed of all the terms and conditions during the
conducting of the study. After the consent was filled up by the participants the researchers
conducted the household interviews with the selected respondents. Also, participants for
key informant interviews (KII) will be notified of the conduct of the interview.
Data Analysis
The data gathered in this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Descriptive statistics is a brief descriptive coefficients which summarize certain data set. It
can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of a population (Hayes,

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2021). In this study, the researcher analyzed the data and generated the mean for different
indicators. All data gathered were organized, collated, and tabulated. it was submitted to
the statistician for the data analysis. the data were presented through percentages, tables,
and graphs.
Ethical Consideration
The ethical considerations were properly observed by the researchers in the whole
duration of the conduct of the study. The researchers applied the key principles of ethical
issues such as permission to conduct interviews, informed consent, and respect for
participants. The participants are well-informed on the research to be conducted and the
consent was readable and easy to understand. As the interview conducted, the setting of
the interview was quiet and comfortable as the participant shared his/her experiences and
ideas related to the study. Each of the participants were interviewed one by one in order
to focus on their answers. In this study we will ensure the safety of each respondent, the
researchers did not force them to answer the questionnaire if they refuse to answer it, the
researchers gives respect any decisions they want, also the researchers ensures that all of
the respondent’s information remains confidential.

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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researchers presented, analyzed, and interpreted all the data
gathered. Presentation of data was done through graphs and tables with their corresponding
textual discussions. It comprises the driving forces of flood, pressures, state of
environment, impact and response of urban flooding in Barangay San Francisco. The
quantitative data gathered by the survey questionnaire is given in the form of tables, graphs,
and narratives.
Socio-Demographic Profile of the respondents
Gender. Figure 3 shows the Gender of all the respondents, the data shows that
there are 72 females and 27 male respondents. The data also shows that there are many

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females who volunteered themselves to be interviewed by the researchers because they are
not shy compared to male respondents.
Figure 3. Respondent’s Gender
Age. Figure 4 shows the Age of our respondents. We interviewed any person in the
family regarding its age as long as they can answer the survey questionnaire and represent
their family. There are 16 respondents that are 15 – 20 years old, 16 respondents for 21-30
years old, 17 respondents for 31 – 40 years old, there are 34 respondents for 41 – 50 years
old, and 16 respondents for 51 years above. For a total of 99 respondents.

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The researchers came up with the majority of the respondents from age 41 to 50
because they are the most qualified to answer the questions, by their experiences as they
lived much longer in the place.
Figure 4. Age of respondents
Educational attainment. Figure 5 shows in the graph mostly the educational
attainment of the respondent in Barangay San Francisco. There are only 4 respondents for
Elementary level, 14 respondents for Elementary Graduate, 20 respondents for HS level,
49 respondents for HS graduate, and 12 respondents for College Graduate. Most of the
respondents ages 41 - 50 have their educational attainment of HS Grad, that's why Hs grad
is the majority in this figure since age 41 - 50 is the majority from the figure above.

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Figure 5. Educational Attainment of the respondents
A number of years living in the place. Figure 6 shows how long the respondents
are living in Barangay San Francisco. There are three respondents who live there for 1 year
and below, 17 respondents for 1 – 5 years, 11 respondents for 6 – 10 years, 23 respondents
for 11 – 20 years, 26 respondents for 21 – 30 years and 19 respondents for more than 31
years.

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Figure 6. Respondent’s number of years of living in the place
Members of the household. Figure 7 shows the total number of family members.
In the households, there are 31 respondents who say that there are 1 – 3 family members
in their households, 42 respondents for 4-6 people in their household, 24 for 6 – 10 people,
and 2 for 11 – 15 people.
Figure 7. Respondent’s Members in the househol

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Income . Figure 8 shows the expected monthly income of the respondents, there
are 8 respondents stating that their monthly income ranges to 10,000 above, 48 for
6,000 – 10,000, and 24 respondents for 1,000 – 5,000. 19 of the respondents
declined to tell their monthly income for the reason that they want it to be
confidential.
Figure 8. Respondent’s Family Monthly income
Type of dwelling unit. Figure 9, shows the types of dwelling units (houses) of the
respondents in Barangay San Francisco. There are 20 respondents for Bungalow, 8
respondents for 2-storey, 46 respondents for Nipa hut, 2 for shanty, and 23 for others.

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Figure 9. Respondent’s Type of dwelling unit
Urban Flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City using DPSIR Framework
The overall result of the Assessment of urban flooding scenario in Barangay San
Francisco, Panabo City Davao del Norte, using the DPSIRs framework revealed that the
mean score was 3.6690 with the standard deviation of 0.42386. it is thus described as high.
As an overall summary, the urban flooding scenario in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo
city interpreted that the people’s satisfaction is high.
Driving forces of flood
Through the evaluation of the people in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City, that
flood is happening every rainy season achieved with the highest mean of 4.5051, according

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to Abon et al. (2015) The Philippines experiences an average of 3–4 significant floods
every year, caused by typhoons, monsoon events, or thunderstorms. In the years 2012 and
2013, two extreme rainfall events occurred leaving more than 1000 mm of rainfall in a
period of less than four days in Metro Manila and nearby towns. This caused damages and
more than a hundred fatalities. These events were associated with the southwest monsoon
(locally known as Habagat) and enhanced by a concurrent passage of a typhoon. Despite
the relatively abundant experience of the country with torrential rains, the damages
continue to beset the country.the seasonality of floods are happening every year in the
month of june up to november, According to the Philippine weather climate and PAG-ASA
the Philippines have a tropical maritime climate, meaning the weather is generally hot and
quite humid. The region really only experiences three seasons, a hot dry summer between
March and May known as tag-init, a wet season between June and November known as
tag-ulan and a coller dry season between December and February known as tag-lamig. The
Philippines weather patterns are created by the prevailing winds of the southwest monsoon
known as the habagat from May to October and the northeast monsoon known as the
amihan from November to early May.
On the other hand, flood intervention is least priority achieved a mean of (4.2121),
followed by the improper solid waste management achieved a mean of (4.0707), according
to Ejaz et al. (2010) an efficient municipal solid waste management system may create
serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water
contamination, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.Also the human activities
considered also as driving forces that contributes to urban flooding according to Lyu et al.

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(2018) The reasons for the flooding hazards include the following two factors: hazardous
weather conditions and degradation of the hydrological environment due to anthropogenic
activities. This review work investigated the weather conditions based on recorded data,
which showed that both 1998 and 2016 were in El Nino periods.
Human activities include the degradation of rivers and lakes. The remaining issues
such as the increase in population, land-use changes, and construction of establishments
were the next driving forces of the flood, while other indicators such as an increase in
population, land-use changes, and construction of establishments will not be considered as
a major driving force of floods according to Chen et al. (2015) In the past decades, China
has observed rapid urbanization, the nation's urban population reached 50% in 2000, and
is still in steady increase. Rapid urbanization in China has an adverse impact on urban
hydrological processes, particularly in increasing the urban flood risks and causing serious
urban flooding losses. Urban flooding also increases health risks such as causing epidemic
disease to break out, polluting drinking water and damaging the living environment.
To sum up, the flood every rainy season, improper solid waste management, having
the least priority on flood intervention, are the major driving force of urban flooding in
Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City. The increase of population achieved a standard
deviation of (1.04575), which is the highest among all indicators but having the lowest
mean will be considered as a minor driving force of floods. The level of Assessment of
Urban Flooding Scenario in terms of driving forces of flood got an overall mean of 4.2121
with a standard deviation of 0.06900 equivalent to the description of high this means that
people’s satisfaction is high. According to the study of Liu et al. (2017) highlighted flash

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floods are a natural disaster in China that can result in casualties and property losses. The
environmental background condition elevation, slope, precipitation, and human activities
factors, as well as changes in these factors, are investigated in Sichuan Province via a
driving force analysis.
Table 1. Identified Indicators of Driving forces of the Urban Flooding Scenario
No. Item Statements Mean Standard
Deviation
1 A Flood is happening every rainy season 4.5051 0.87334
2 Human activities contribute to urban flooding 4.0606 0.85498
3 Flood intervention is the least priority 4.2121 0.96121
4 Improper solid waste management 4.0707 0.92860
Driving Forces of Flood 4.2121 0.06900
Pressures
The major Pressures that lead to flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo
City are clogged canals that resulted in floods to the community with the mean of 4.1717
standard deviation of 0.79591 with the people's satisfaction’s very high. A canal on
Williams road has become an eyesore, Though there is a ban on plastic, open drainage and
underground drainage canals continue to be clogged due to the indiscriminate dumping of
plastic. There is not a single canal that is free of plastic. Dhaka city suffers urban flooding
in every monsoon because of heavy rainfall, poor drainage system both natural and human
made, and excessive impervious surfaces. according to Ashrafee et al. (2020). As the area

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develops the heat level increases dramatically, the contribution of urbanization to
heatwave was quantitatively evaluated at the national scale based on a method of
dynamically classifying urban and rural stations. The results based on different heatwave
measures showed that heatwaves in China became increasingly frequent, intense and
longer.
Pollution affects climate changes with a mean of 4.0505 and a standard deviation
of 0.88250 with the people's satisfaction very high. Urbanization increased the unexpected
flood, according to Suriya et al., (2012) due to rapid urbanization adversely affecting the
hydrological processes in a catchment, leading to a deteriorating water environment Wu et
al. (2020) . The increase in impervious areas disrupts the natural water balance. Reduced
infiltration increases runoff and leads to higher flood peaks and volumes even for short
duration low intensity rainfall. In general, these indicators got a high value of mean from
the evaluation.
As can be seen in table.2 the mean value of the indicators range from 3.5657 -
4.1717 which have a description of high. This result is consistent with the survey because
road widening, throwing garbage anywhere, can damage and block the flow of water that
can result into overflowing. The environmental pressures from overusing the resources as
well as deforestation, improper solid waste management, were also the major pressures of
flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo City.
The level of Assessment of Urban Flooding Scenario in terms of Pressures got an
overall mean of 4.0808 with a standard deviation of 0.06900 equivalent to the description

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of high this means that people’s satisfaction is high. According to the study of Asfaw,
(2016) inundation of properties and dry land of densely built-up environments when the
urban drainage and sewage system capacity cannot handle the stormwater from extreme
rainfall and inadequacy or design problems of drainage system is the basic cause for urban
flooding. It is exacerbated by the large impervious surface of urban areas, the pavement of
streets and roads decreases infiltration and increases the flow speed that makes the flood
more dangerous.
Table 2. Identified Indicators of Pressures of Urban Flooding Scenario
Deviation
1 Pollution affects the climate change 4.0505 0.88495
2 As the area develops the heat level increase
drastically
4.0909 0.82178
3 Clogged canals are one of the reasons of flooding 4.1717 0.79591
4 Road widening can damage canals which can cause
flooding.
4.0101 0.85111
Pressure 4.0808 0.06900
State of the environment
The states were strongly affected by pressures are flooding occurs when there is
heavy rain with a mean of 4.5051, according to Yawen et al. (2019) Low-lying coastal
cities are vulnerable to flooding under the combined impact of storm tide and heavy
rainfall. While storm tide or heavy rainfall alone is able to directly cause widespread
flooding in coastal areas, often heavy rainfall and storm tide happen concurrently, and the

35
severity of flooding is greatly exacerbated. The flooding is due to inundation from the
river that lasts an hour to subside and it reaches the floor level of some houses and
disease’s outbreaks after floods are common in the Philippines according to (Al-shere et
al. 2012). Leptospirosis is highly endemic to the Philippines. Outbreaks usually occur
during the typhoon season (July–October). On September 26, 2009, a typhoon caused
serious flooding in Metro Manila. Starting in the first week of October, the number of
patients with suspected signs and symptoms of leptospirosis increased sharply. Until mid-
November, 2, 2009. 299 patients, including 178 who died in 15 hospitals in Metro Manila
were reported to the Department of Health.Also the flood deposits a lot of wastes, floods
sweep fertile soil, are one of the state of environment in terms of flooding. according to
Chalise et al. (2019) Intense rainfall and conventional tillage practices coupled with poor
soil structure and steep slopes are the main drivers of soil erosion. Soil erosion leads to
losses in soil and crop productivity, pollution of land and water resources, and a loss of
farm income. Damaged appliances, and other equipment are low among other indicators
but still considered high in terms of the state of the environment of floods. According to
AM. Patankar, (2017) the floods have imposed a significant burden on poor households.
Poor and nonpoor households have suffered damages to the structure of their
houses, household assets, appliances, and vehicles. flooding is due to inundation from river
4.1616, flood lasts an hour to subside 4.1212 and it reaches the floor level of some houses
with the mean of 4.0707. The state of the environment of the flood is due to the inundation
of land due to river overflow, which is caused by heavy rain or torrents of water from other
areas in higher places. Indonesia has very high rainfall, which ranges from 2,000-3,000

36
mm/year, and thus flooding easily occurs during the rainy season, which lasts from October
to January. There are 600 large rivers spread throughout Indonesia that are in poor
condition and not well managed, which then cause floods. Flooding can inundate lands that
are usually dry, such as agricultural lands, settlements, and city centers. Flooding can also
occur due to a volume of water or discharge that flows in a river or through a drainage
channel that exceeds its drainage capacity.
Water overflow is usually not a problem if it does not cause losses, deaths, or
injuries, and does not remain in settlements for a long time or cause other problems in daily
life. But on the contrary, if water is high enough, and occurs in a long time of course this
can complicate human activity. In the last ten years, the area and frequency of floods have
expanded and losses have increased Qomariyatus, et al. (2020). The level of assessment
of urban flooding scenarios in terms of the state of the environment got an overall mean of
4.2147 with a standard deviation of 0.19717 equivalent to the description of high this
means that people’s satisfaction is high.
Table 3. Identified Indicators of State of environment of Urban Flooding Scenario
Deviation
1 Flooding is due to water inundation from river 4.1616 0.92259
2 Flooding occurs when there is heavy rain 4.5051 0.74743
3 Flooding reaches the floor level in some houses 4.0707 0.91754
4 Flooding lasts for hours to subside 4.1212 0.86038
State of Environment 4.2147 0.19717

37
Impacts
When the state of the environment changes due to urban flooding, floods impact on
both individuals and communities, and have social, economic, and environmental
consequences. The consequences of floods, both negative and positive, vary greatly
depending on the location and extent of flooding, and the vulnerability and value of the
natural and constructed environments they affect. And one the impacts of floods in
barangay san francisco, all have negative effects. Firstly, flood affects their daily living
with the mean value of 4.2222 is the highest among all indicators with the description very
high and interpretation of people’s satisfaction very high. Flooding affects their daily living
and because of more flooding, more financial loss. According to EMDAT the global
financial losses in 2011 alone due to floods and storms totalled US$ 121.6 billion. The
overall economic losses due to floods in 2013 were approximated at $140 billion, which
was lower than the $196 billion suffered worldwide in 2012. Nevertheless, it is expected
that disaster losses will remain to increase and even surpass the financial development in
some regions with anticipated worldwide financial losses to strike US$ 500 billion. Even
relatively shorter periods of disruption can cost companies devastating production
reductions and leaving them so susceptible and undermining the long-term competitiveness
and sustainability, when the companies leave they have never ever returned hence costing
to the communities, cities and even countries devastating economical losses.
The two (2) indicators got a higher score in mean value in terms of impacts of flood
in Barangay San Francisco. floods lead to water pollution and potable water shortage, flood
affects land surface and resulted to soil fertility and erosion, and affects small businesses

38
are the other impacts of floods. according to (Monir Zaman, 2012) the impact of floods
during 2010 December to 2011 January on small business at Rockhampton, A survey of
100 small businesses was undertaken to determine the impact of the recent flood for this
study and the valid response rate was 55%. The results show that the impact of flood on
small businesses is directly related to the location of businesses, weekly turnover, and small
business with lower number of employees caused more flood impact on the businesses.
And most of the small business owners’ shelters were inundated and their belongings were
washed away by the flood waters.
The flood affects peoples’ psychological aspect has a mean value of 3.5758 with
the standard deviation of 0.89318. natural disasters such as flooding are consequences,
individuals may experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
depression and anxiety. And they (trauma and symptoms associated with PTSD), Hopkins
Symptom Checklist (anxiety and depression), the have factors relating to the flood was
administered to households in flood-affected areas. Four hundred and forty-four completed
questionnaires were returned. 27.9% of participants met criteria for symptoms associated
with PTSD, 24.5% for anxiety and 35.1% for depression. Females had higher mean scores
on PTSD, anxiety and depression than males. Most frequently reported coping strategies
were rational, detached and avoidant, with the least frequent being emotional coping.
Having to vacate home following the flood, previous experience of flooding and poor
health was associated with greater psychological distress considered as a negative impact
of floods. (Victoria et al. 2010).

39
Another impact of floods are flood can damage infrastructures. This is clearly
demonstrated by inadequate level of preparedness experienced before, during, and after
events of floods. This article discusses the effects of floods on infrastructure users in
Kenya based on a primary study carried out in 27 counties out of 47 counties in Kenya.
The research findings show that events of floods in Kenya disrupt provision of
infrastructure services by damaging road networks, energy facilities, buildings, and
social facilities (Humphrey, 2021). The level of assessment of urban flooding scenarios in
terms of impacts got the overall mean of 3.9419 with a standard deviation of 0.22919
equivalent to the description of high.
Table 4. .Identified Indicators of Impacts of Urban Flooding Scenario
Deviation
1 Flooding affects your daily living 4.2222 0.99545
2 More flooding, more financial loss 4.0303 0.66170
3 Flood can affect small businesses 3.7172 0.78299
4 Flood leads water pollution 3.7980 0.72815
Impacts 3.9419 0.22919
Responses of Households, Community, and LGU
The responses of floods in Barangay San Francisco, might have negative and
positive responses. The overall results in terms of responses of floods got a mean value of
2.7922 equivalent to the description of moderate; this means that the people's satisfaction
is undecided. The first response from households is that people elevate their houses to get

40
protected from floods obtained the mean value of 3.8283 they did this as a response in
order for them to get protected from floods. The response is mostly from those areas in the
barangay that are prone to flooding. According to Daniel Caughill, (2021) protect your
home from flood damage, assess the risk of flooding in your house specifically. You can
carry out a range of preparations and renovations, such as installing a flood control system
and applying sealants to any cracks in your home's foundation.
Moreover, barangays should channel 5% of their funds for their disaster risk
reduction and management programs and 30% of this fund can be used as a quick response
fund while the 70% of it can be used for mitigation and prevention, preparedness and
rehabilitation programs. The conduct of fire and earthquake drills can also equip people
with the knowledge on what to do during disasters. Lomotan, (2014). The community has
a drainage system that can mitigate urban flooding is also one of the best responses to
mitigate flooding. An integrated drainage–inundation model, combining a drainage flow
model is used to evaluate the flood management approaches with damage loss estimation.
The proposed approaches include increasing drainage capacity, using fishponds as
retention ponds, constructing pumping stations, and building flood diversion culverts.
Hsiang-Kuan et al. (2013).
The community and LGU planting trees and placing barriers to getting protected
from floods, according to (Kentucky transportation center research report 2012) the use
and effectiveness of temporary flood barriers to mitigate the impacts of floodwaters on
Kentucky’s roadways. TFBs are structured, usually filled with sand, which is constructed
along the edges of roadways and thus serves as a buffer against rising waters, so, they can

41
protect the structural soundness of roads (McCormack, et al; 2012). These indicators got a
very low mean value equivalent to very low satisfaction from people. The level of
Assessment of Urban Flooding Scenario in terms of responses of households, community
and LGU got the overall mean of 3.3712 with a standard deviation of 0.33547 equivalent
to the description of moderate this means that people’s satisfaction is undecided.
Table 5. Identified Indicators of Responses of Households, Community, and LGU
to Urban Flooding Scenario
Deviation
1 People elevate their houses to get protected from
flood
3.8283 0.79591
2 The LGU implements solid waste management 3.4141 1.28579
3 The community has a drainage systems that can
mitigate urban flooding
3.1515 1.14610
4 The LGU has a proper land zoning in the barangay
level
3.0909 0.96986
Responses of Households, Community, and
LGU
3.3712 0.33547

42
DPSIR Framework of urban flooding scenario in Barangay San, Francisco, Panabo
City, Davao del Norte
Pressures
 Pollution
 Heat level
increase
 Clogged canals
 Road widening
State
 Water inundation
 Heavy rain
 Floor level in
reaches some
houses
 Flooding lasts for
hours to subside
Driving Force
 Seasonality
 Human activities
 Increasing
population
 Flood intervention
is least priority
 Improper solid
waste
management
Impact
 Affects your daily living
 Financial loss
 Affect small businesses
 Water pollution
Responses of households,
Community & LGU
 Proper house elevation of houses
 Creation of proper drainage
systems
 Implementation of proper land
zoning in the barangay level
 Implementation of solid waste
management

43
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents this summary of the study as well as the conclusion gathered
from the analysis of the data. The conclusion and recommendation is based on the objective
of the study.
Summary
Results show that the effects of urban flooding in Barangay San Francisco, Panabo
City, Davao del Norte are assessed based on experiences and opinions of the people living
in Barangay San Francisco, Seniors, Adults, teenagers, employees working near the area,
and students as follows;
The driving forces of floods in Barangay San Francisco were flood intervention is
a least priority, the improper solid waste management, constructions of establishments,
land use changes, increasing population human activities and seasonality of floods. and the
pressures of floods are clogged canals, road widenings, heat level increases, pollution,
urbanization, improper waste management and deforestation. while the state of the
environment in terms of floods are affects daily living, financial loss, affects small
businesses and psychological aspects, damage infrastructures, potable water shortage,
water pollution and it affects land surfaces and soil fertility. The impacts of floods are water
inundation, heavy rain, flood level reaches some houses, damages appliances and other

44
household equipment. flooding lasts for hours to subside, sweeps fertile soil, brings a lot
of wastes and diseases outbreaks after floods. The responses of community lgu and
households are elevates their houses, flood awareness and early warning system, drainage
systems, bayanihan after floods, land zoning barangay, solid waste management, tree
planting activities and social and psychosocial services to the flood affected families.
Results revealed that the overall mean of the level of assessment of the Urban
Flooding Scenario of Brgy. San Francisco, Panabo City, Davao Del Norte obtained an
equivalent descriptive of high means that the people’s satisfaction is high. In the level of
assessment in terms of Driving force, pressures, state of the environment, and impacts
obtained a descriptive level of high and the people’s satisfaction is also high. except for the
Responses of households, community, and the LGU, which has a descriptive equivalent of
moderate and is interpreted as People’s satisfaction is undecided.
Conclusion
The researcher concluded that the San Francisco experienced urban flood is due to this
following reason in the driving force flood always happened every rainy season as the area
is flood prone which high risk of flood every wet season, the barangay experienced flood
even if it is not a typhoon. Increasing population area some residents settle in the nearside
of the river which is at a very high risk during flood. Improper solid waste management
without proper waste management, some garbage straight to canals and making it clogged.

45
Pressure clogged canals, it blocked the waterways and resulted in overflowing and flooding
the area, urbanization as times by the barangay developed and increasing the establishment
in which some waterways are blocked in the area. Improper waste management without
management of waste the garbage thrown in the river or at any place and it contributes to
flood. State, water overflowing in the river, with at least hours to subside. Impacts, it
affects daily living , more flooding, more financial loss and affects people's psychological
aspects. Response, elevate their houses lgu provides flood awareness and early warning
system, the community and lgu conducts tree planting activities.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion of this study the researchers recommended
the following; The LGU should strengthen the flood intervention programs in their
community, the LGU should conduct more training and seminars, and strengthen their
political will. Implement proper waste segregation and put trash bins in different places in
the community, to avoid people throwing their garbage anywhere. conduct general cleaning
in all canals once a month to avoid clogging and place barriers around the flood-prone area
to at least minimize the effects of flooding. Give training to the local community leaders
so that they can better deal with the dangers and problems of floods in their community.
The LGU should give more attention to the needs of the affected families by giving them
social and psychosocial basic services. The community should practice cooperation
through the Bayanihan system to help each other recover from the damages of floods.
Lastly, the LGU should have an early warning system in their community to easily

46
disseminate the warning information to the people to keep them informed before any
disaster happens.

47
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Cabrera, J S. Lee H. (2020). Flood risk assessment for davao oriental using geographic
information system based multi-criteria analysis and the maximum entropy model.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jfr3.12607
Felino, P Jr. (2020). Global best practices for flood protection.
https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/11/26/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/global-best-
practices-for-flood-protection/801448
Hammond, M. Chen, A. Batica J. Butler, D. Djordjević , S. Gourbesville, P.(2018)
- A new flood risk assessment framework for evaluating the effectiveness of policies to
improve urban flood resilience.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1508598?journalCode=nu
rw20
Hashemi, M.S, Zare, F, Bagheri, A, Moridi, A(2014). Flood Assessment in the Context of
Sustainable Development using the DPSIR Framework. International Journal of
Environmental Protection and
Policy.(http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijepp)
Hayes, A. (2021). Descriptive Statistics. Retrieved on December 23, 2021 from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp#:~:text=Descri
ptive%20statistics%20are%20brief%20descriptive,measures%20of%20variabilit
y%20(spread).
Liu Y, et al. (2017)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319340061_Driving_Force_Analysis_of_the_T
emporal_and_Spatial_Distribution_of_Flash_Floods_in_Sichuan_Province
Pujita S et al. (2019)
The Impact of Increased Urbanization on Urban Flooding: A Case Study of Madhyapur
Thimi Municipality
Rentschler, J.E and Salhab, M. (2020). 1.47 billion people face flood risk worldwide: for
over a third, it could be devastating. Retrieved on December 1, 2021 from
https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/147-billion-people-face-flood-risk-
worldwide-over-third-it-could-be-devastating

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Takeuchi, K. (2009). Flood Management in Japan—From Rivers to Basins.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060208686974?journalCode
=rwin20
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2021). Philippines:
Floods and Landslides - Jul 202. Retrieved December 1, 2021 from
https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2021-000091-phl.
Zare, F. Moridi, A. Bagheri, M. Hashemi, S (2014).Flood Assessment in the Context of
Sustainable Development using the DPSIR Framework.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306223811_Flood_Assessment_in_the_Context
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