Jeremy Bird on Achieving Water Security through Interconnected SDG Solutions
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1) The document discusses the interconnectivity between various sustainable development goals (SDGs) such as economic growth, healthy societies, and environmental protection. 2) It provides several examples of how water management strategies, such as solar irrigation, can help achieve multiple SDGs by improving food security, livelihoods, climate adaptation and mitigation. 3) The document emphasizes that sustainable development requires understanding the complex relationships and trade-offs between different sectors such as water, energy, food, and ecosystems.
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Jeremy Bird on Achieving Water Security through Interconnected SDG Solutions
- 1. Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute (IWMI) WATER – interconnectivity across the SDGs
- 2. Rockstrŏm et al, SRC 2016 SDGs – economic growth depends upon healthy societies and environment
- 3. De Zoysa, 2016 Web of interconnectivity and complexity… need for focus
- 4. Solar irrigation Disaster risk reduction Dams Gender sensitive interventions Examples of policy connectivity: + / - across the SDGs
- 5. Safe Semi-critical Critical Over exploited Saline ‘Free’ electricity encouraged groundwater overuse Groundwater supported food security, but at a cost
- 6. Solar irrigation – multiple benefits, but depends on the business model Risk of over-pumping Business model in which “surplus” solar power sold to electricity grid. • Farmers have an incentive for water productivity • Reduced groundwater abstraction • Climate adaptation benefit – diversified income • Climate mitigation benefit – emission reduction SPICE (Solar Power Irrigators’ Cooperative Enterprise) Model Photo: IWMI
- 7. A water-secure world www.iwmi.org Before energy sale began After energy sale began Solar Power Sales Incentive for reducing water use Water for irrigation
- 8. Stress coffee – save water Key outcome “Nestlé will implement the recommended best practices within its Farmer Connect network of 12’000 farmers and will work with other key local stakeholders for wider dissemination and scale up.” http://www.nestle.com/csv/case-studies/AllCaseStudies/coffee-water- vietnam Analysis from farm records: • water stress at key growth stage helps reach 3-4 tons/ha • optimal irrigation scheduling is required to break the 4 tons/ha barrier. • can reduce groundwater withdrawals without effect on coffee yield
- 9. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI Implications for food security, livelihoods, and resource governance GROUNDWATER IN LAO PDR: 1 Improved understanding of hydrogeological systems at the local, intermediate (district & provincial) and national scales Clarity on the way groundwater is perceived, used and managed under different contexts Clearer definition of the actual costs and benefits of groundwater irrigation New tools to assess how to sustainably develop the resource and avoid negative environmental impacts Strengthened human and institutional capacity of stakeholders 2 3 4 5 Project Achievements in 5 key areas http://gw-laos.iwmi.org/
- 10. SOUTH ASIA DROUGHT MONITOR SYSTEM (SA-DMS) 2015 field observations in Jalna, Maharashtra Disaster risk reduction – need for ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ solutions
- 11. Sustainable Solutions for People and Societies Managing variability and risk: index-based crop insurance 2016 PMFBY Crop Insurance Scheme in Bihar: > 285,000 farmers benefit by stabilizing farm income c. 2.5m ha insured covering crop loss or damage due to natural calamities
- 12. Photo:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:TomvanCakenberghe/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMIPhoto:DavidBrazier/IWMI GOALS: 1. Develop a strong proof of concept: technical, economic & institutional 2. Facilitate opportunities for scaling up in the most prospective regions Currently Wet Season UTFI Wet Season UTFI Dry Season Urban: protecting livelihoods & assets Rural: better access to groundwater & increased agricultural production and livelihoods improvement BENEFITS: http:http://utfi.iwmi.org/ Storing water underground - an alternative approach to mitigating flood impacts and improving livelihoods UTFI: Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation
- 13. Natural basin Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Intensively utilized basin Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Multifunctional “green” basin Provisioning services Regulatory services Cultural services Supporting services Dams: achieving a balance between built infrastructure and natural capital
- 14. ECOSYSTEMS WATER ENERGY FOOD ENERGYFORWATER FOOD&LANDFORWATER ECOSYSTEMS • Extensive hydropower development in the basin • Agriculture is the primary livelihood of most people living in the basin • Limited irrigation means that agriculture is sensitive to climate• Hydropower is a major driver of change • No large-scale wastewater treatment • Increase access to improved drinking water • Limited access to electricity in Cambodia and Lao PDR • Predominately subsistence agriculture • Agricultural intensification impacting runoff, sediment and water quality • Increasing frequency of droughts and floods driven by climate change • Mining activities will increase regional energy demand and require transportation infrastructure• Dams likely to lead to declines in fisheries productivity • Mining activities will lead to downstream erosion and loss of fertile soils Partners: IUCN and ICEM Guided by: Technical Advisory Group with national and regional representation from all 3 countries. Nexus trade-offs in the 3S Basin
- 15. Sustainability wins – reduce soil erosion and generate income: Multi-scale assessment of cropping practices on streamflow and soil erosion in Laos Context: new market opportunities drive rapid land-use changes and unsustainable soil losses on hillslopes Results: Identified crop species and management practices with high potential for water and soil conservation Uptake: through farmer field schools and cross-village visits Outcome: Farmers introduced understorey species in commercial tree plantations to preserve soils and generate economic benefits
- 16. Feminization of agriculture - male migration (urban and overseas) and an ageing population Women often lack access to finance, inputs, extension services and information Power dynamics constrains optimal solutions Need to rethink program delivery to reflect gender differentiated roles, perspectives, social and cultural practices, etc. Gender targeted investments needed to achieve the SDGs
- 17. Livestock Men Upland Rice control limited (material, relational and subjective costs) Fishing control increased (material benefit) Livestock control decreased (material cost) Women Riverbank gardens control decrease (material cost) Weaving control increased (material, subjective benefits) Education increased participation (relational and subjective benefits) Costs and benefits need to be assessed in material, relational and subjective terms. Provides insights into why some household members accept and others reject livelihood options offered by hydropower development. When evaluating the impact of proposed livelihood options, it is necessary to disaggregate the costs and benefits to women and men, as well as ethnic groups, separately. Success of livelihood options depends on gender targeted design
- 18. Mapping Diverse Perspectives Photo: Liza Debevec / IWMI Incorporating gendered perspectives on landscapes into physically–based models via participatory 3-D mapping
- 19. Implications for Laos? Encouraging social diversity Nutrient sensitive agriculture Water productivity Promoting biodiversity Safeguarding environmental benefits Managing Waste Balancing local / national benefits Managing variability Access to water
Editor's Notes
- Those on the left are generally benefits. Those on the right can be negatively impacted. For example over-pumping of groundwater for solar irrigation; loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity for dams and risks of poorly structured compensation mechanisms
- 1. “Surplus” solar power generated in solar pumps can be sold to a government/third party buyer similar to any cash crop, though this crop is free from weather risk and pest attacks. 2. Enabling surplus power sale impacts the economic behavior of the farmer by attaching an “opportunity cost” to pumping groundwater. 3. IWMI executed a research pilot at Dhundi village to test the idea 4.Six farmers formed a cooperative to sell surplus power to the local power utility at Rs 4.63 ( 7 cents) per unit, a tariff “dictated” by the utility. This was the lowest solar tariff in the country at that time. IWMI was arguing for a tariff of Rs 6 and therefore topped the tariff given by the utility with Rs 1.25 as Water Conservation Bonus and Rs 1.25 as Green Energy Bonus. As per IWMI, a tariff of around Rs 6 represents the cumulative saving to the society and not just the energy value of the power sale.
- SPICE offers some solution to otherwise very complex and intricate issues 1. Deadwight of electricity subsidies; US $ 30 billion/year? Replacing every GWh electricity used by solar energy reduces subsidy burden by US $ 85000/year. If all elec. tubewells in South Asia were replaced by solar pumps, US $15 billion/year would be saved Currently six farmers have given up their entitlement of subsidized farm power connection for 25 years. This saved initial investment by MGVCL of US $ 10,000 and future subsidy of US $ 58,500, which local utility would have had incurred if they were to supply electricity to them. 2. Poor quality and nightly power supply to agriculture Solar energy is more reliable than grid power, it satisfies strongly felt need and demand for grid independence Not just farmers but the neighbours of the solar farmers are very satisfied since they get reliable day time irrigation. 3. Perverse incentives driving groundwater depletion in western India Guaranteed buy-back of surplus solar power at an attractive price of US $ 0.09/kWh creates powerful incentive to sell solar power to the grid rather than using it for pumping.
- Research Highlights from: “Enhancing the Resilience and Productivity of Rainfed Dominated Systems in Lao PDR through Sustainable Groundwater Use” (2012 to 2016) * This is one of the largest research activities carried out about GW in Laos and which recently came to an end. * Even in a SW-rich country such as Laos, we still need GW – the Beer Lao and Tiger Head bottled water we take for granted daily would not be the same without it * There is a clear trend for increasing importance being given to GW for a number of strategic reasons, and this is being reflected by much higher levels of development of GW infrastructure across rural and urban areas. * What we don’t know are the limits to development and how can GW best serve to boost food security and tap opportunities for farmers to enter stronger markets through crop diversification? * This project worked with national partners from government and the university, along with regional partners from Thai and Japan. The team covered a wide range of disciplines – geology, hydrology, engineering, environmental science, economics, social science – and worked at the national scale but with a stronger focus on the ground in Vientiane and Champasak Provinces. * There were 4 major components: 1) Resource assessments and modelling, 2) Opportunities and constraints in GW use, 3) Agricultural GW use technologies, 4) Capacity Building and Training * And as this slides tries to point out, there have been some achievements from the project in a number of areas. Perhaps most significantly, there has been demonstrated boost in human and institutional capacity and the findings from the project have been used to improve water resources policies including the National Groundwater Action Plan prepared by MONRE.
- IWMI To launch index based flood insurance to help insurance companies assess the extent of crop damage due to floods and clear the claims to farmers faster http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iwmi-to-soon-launch-index-based-flood-insurance-product-116120901094_1.html Results from 2016 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Crops Insurance Scheme in Bihar to support insurer: More than 285,000 farmers benefitted from the crop insurance scheme by stabilizing farm income Approx. 2.5 million hectares of farm land being insured which covers crop loss or damage caused due to natural calamities
- * Floods and droughts are of growing concern at the global scale * What we’ve been doing in recent years in to explore different types of approaches for bridging between the times and places faced with too much and those with too little water This one here, which we’ve coined ‘UTFI’ is applicable at the basin scale and essentially works like a large savings account depositing excess water in aquifers and drawing upon it when or where needed. This addresses floods and droughts with one intervention. * Conditions conducive for UTFI seem to be present across all major continents in areas home to around half the world’s population. * Since 2015 we’ve been trialling UTFI in the Ganges Basin in India - as the photo shows – to develop a strong proof of concept, business case and implementation manuals. The results look promising and already there have been interest from state and central government to implement this in other areas. * This idea began with some work IWMI was involved with a few years back in the Chao Phraya so its relevant to bring this approach to your attention.
- Aim of the study: The purpose of this project is to improve the quality of planning and investment in the 3S region By adopting a Nexus approach to evaluating past studies and information, the study team and TAG members will generate an in-depth understanding of the state of the basin and the inter-linkages (conflicts and synergies) between water-related sectors (agriculture, fisheries, hydropower and mining) including drivers of change and the social implications. This understanding will enable the study team/TAG to appreciate the context in which investment and water resource planning and management decisions are being made and, in light of this, to make recommendations on integrated management of water, food, energy and the environment that contribute to sustainability and improved resilience to climate change. The assessment will demonstrate the value of a Nexus approach and underpins the dialogue and capacity building initiatives undertaken in the rest of the project.
- SDG gender and equity ……women and ethnic minority smallholders in the uplands, the resilience of their livelihoods is frequently constrained by the lack of productive resources or assets, social, cultural and language barriers, and limited opportunities to participate in decision-making at multiple levels
- In changing or replacing livelihoods in the context of hydropower development, it is important to disaggregate the costs and benefits to women and men, as well as ethnic groups separately. These costs and benefits need to be assessed not only in material, but in relational and subjective terms as well. Based on a social well-being conceptual framework, and a qualitative livelihoods trajectory tool this can be done. In the resettlement site, men and women had to adapt to a new area and lifestyle where traditional livelihood activities have been significantly changed and the new livelihood options had different implications to men and women. For example; Upland rice - men’s control limited by new land use patterns (material, relational and subjective costs) Fishing – men’s control has increased (material benefits) Riverbank gardening – women’s control has decreased (material costs) NTFP – women’s control has decreased (material costs) Weaving – women’s control has increased (material and subjective benefits) Livestock – women’s control unchanged; men’s control over cattle decreased (material costs) Education – men’s control unchanged but women have increased participation in decisions (relational and subjective benefits) This provides insights into why some household members may accept and others reject livelihood options offered by hydropower development.