Presented by IWMI's Tushaar Shar and Shilp Verma at a meeting on rethinking the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) irrigation programme held in Raipur, Chhattisgarh in India, on September 8, 2016

1. PMKSY: Implementation
Pathways and Options
Tushaar Shah
and Shilp Verma
|| 08-Sep-2016 || Raipur ||

2. About IWMI-Tata Program
• ITP has operated as an ‘irrigation-agriculture-
poverty’ think-tank for past 15 years
• ITP has closely studied important irrigation
interventions in various states.
• It has written about what has worked, where and
why in the irrigation playing field (and what has
not).
• PMKSY is a subject of intense ITP study

3. HAR KHET KO PANI?
LESSONS FROM IRRIGATION SUCCESS IN
GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH AFTER 2000
Tushaar Shah

4. Irrigation Miracle in Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh post 2001
• The battle cry of BJP 2014 electoral manifesto:
Har Hath Ko Kam, Har Khet Ko Pani
• BJP’s spectacular irrigation performance in
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh since 2001 (10%+
agricultural growth)
• PMKSY should emulate BJP irrigation strategies
that worked in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Har Khet Ko Pani:
BJP’s Commitment

5. PMKSY: A Break from the Past?
• Since Colonial times, irrigation policy has aimed at
creating irrigation potential by building major,
medium and minor irrigation projects.
• Even after Rs 700,000 crores in these, 6.8 crore out
of India’s 13.85 crore farms today are totally
rainfed.
• Har Khet Ko Pani means supplemental irrigation to
these 6.8 crore farm holdings in 3-5 years time-
frame?

6. Farmers are demanding
year-round, on-farm water control.
TYPE I TYPE II
IRRIGATION
SERVICE
5-6 IRRIGATIONS/YEAR IRRIGATION-ON-DEMAND, ALL YEAR-ROUND
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
RESERVOIR/TANK/
CANAL/CHANNELS/ GRAVITY
FLOW
WELLS/TUBEWELLS/ PUMPS/PIPES/MICRO-
IRRIGATION
COMMAND AREA UP TO TO 15 LAKH
HECTARES
1-20 HECTARES
WHO MANAGES GOVERNMENT/ WATER
USER ASSOCIATION
INDIVIDUAL FARMER/WATER SELLER/SMALL
GROUP
GOVERNMENT
POLICIES/
INTERVENTIONS
AIBP/MMM IRRIGATION
PROJECTS/PARTICIPATORY
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
MILLION WELLS SCHEME/ELECTRIFICATION
OF WELLS/MICRO-IRRIGATION PROMOTION/
SOLAR PUMP/GW RECHARGE

7. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Area(Millionha)
Net irrigated area of India
Canals Tanks Groundwater Other sources
Canals Type I
Tanks type I
Wells &tubewells type II
Since 1985, Irrigation type I is
stagnating; Irrigation Type II is
booming all over India

8. % of cultivated area irrigated
But Jharkhand,
Chhatigarh, Bihar,
Orissa, Assam
have ample
rainfall
Western
Rajasthan
and Kutch
have little
rainfall

9. Rapid increase in the index of net area irrigated in Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh under BJP governments post-2001;
unprecedented in India and the whole world.
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Figure 5.2 Indexof Net Area Irrigated from all Sources(2000-
01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
MadhyaPradesh
Gujarat
India
Maharashtra
AndhraPradesh
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Figure5.1 Indexof Canal Irrigated area
(2000-01=100)
Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India
Gujarat
MadhyaPradesh
AndhraPradesh
Maharashtra
India
BJP governments in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
recognized the criticality of Type II irrigation.

10. Madhya Pradesh: NSS survey results of % of cultivated
area under irrigation by different sources 2003 and 2013
1.13
28.13
5.09
34.35
6.48
16.56
0.96
24
3.78
34.73
8.2
46.71
21.12
63.36
3.52
88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Govt. canals wells and tubewells Other sources All sources
Figure 4 INCREASE IN % OF CULTIVATEDAREA UNDERIRRIGATION BY
DIFFERENT SOURCES IN MADHYA PRADESH:
COMPARINGNSSO ROUND 59 (2002-3) WITH NSSO ROUND 70 (2012-13)
Kharif 2003 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2003 Rabi 2013

11. Madhya Pradesh: Remote-sensing images of
increase in land-cover ‘greenness’ between
winter 2009 and winter 2014

12. Remote sensing assessment of changes in single,
double and triple cropping areas in Gujarat
between 2003-4 and 2010-11
11.09
5.53
1.38
12.51
8.96
2.17
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Monsoon Rabi Summer
Gujarat: RS estimates of increase in cropped area:
2003-4 to 2010-11
Area cropped 2003-04 ( million hectares)
Area cropped in 2010-11 (Million Hectares)

13. It is commonly believed that irrigation
increase in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
was due to new projects in Narmada basin;
but not true..

14. Madhya Pradesh: Canal Irrigation increase
was in all basins, not only Narmada
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Figure 3 Area reported to be irrigated by public canals in
different river basins of Madhya Pradesh: 2011-12 to 2013-14
Total 2011-12 Total 2012-13 Total 2013-14

15. Single
crop
Double
crop
Tripple
crop
Perenni
al crop
In Gujarat, area outside Sardar Sarovar Command
experienced more irrigation growth than command

16. Other Governments BJP in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Irrigation potential creation Benefit to farm households
Large projects, distant benefit Small investments, quick benefits
Major, Medium, Minor Irrigation schemes
Groundwater wells backed by aggressive
recharge programs
Free power, but no power Reliable energy for irrigation
Construction of new mega projects Management of existing projects
Build-neglect-rebuild maintenance of existing infrastructure
No attention to groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge in campaign mode
Lip service paid to new technologies but small
budget allocation
Smart promotion of new-age technologies like
micro-irrigation and solar irrigation pumps

17. Key Take-away’s
1. Quick results
2. Energy for irrigation
3. Decentralized groundwater recharge
4. Maintenance of infrastructure
5. Management of public projects
6. Convergence of water, agriculture, RD, WS&S
7. CM’s & CS’s role in vigorous monitoring and
coordination

18. Re-thinking PMKSY
Practical ways forward for India’s
“unirrigated half”

19. District Clusters…
Different geographies have different hydro-ecological and socio-economic
conditions…and would require different interventions…

20. India’s Unirrigated Half: Primary Target for PMKSY
Cluster # 1: Less than 30% irrigated holdings
Cluster # 2: Irrigation constrained by absence of electricity and high cost of diesel
Cluster # 3: Irrigation constrained by inadequate and unreliable power supply

21. Contours of Deprivation in Jharkhand
Irrigation, Agriculture, Livelihoods

22. Mean Annual Rainfall and Irrigation
High rainfall, low storage, very little irrigation…

23. Groundwater Development and Energy Use
Surplus Groundwater, low density of structures, very
little energy use in agriculture

24. Cropping Intensity and Agricultural Productivity
As a result, low cropping intensity and agricultural productivity,
both per hectare and per worker

25. Irrigation Status in Chhattisgarh
• Over 2006 – 2011, IPC increased by nearly 200,000
Ha. but IPU remained almost constant‡
– 2006 IPC: 16.81 lakh ha; IPU: 11.49 lakh ha
– 2011 IPC: 18.44 lakh ha; IPU: 11.51 lakh ha
• 11 out of 16 [2006-07] Chhattisgarh districts are a
part of India’s most irrigation-deprived geography
‡ http://www.cgwrd.in/organisation/activities/irrigation-potential.html

26. Chhattisgarh INDIA Top 20
Percentage Irrigated Area 26% 41% 86%
Percentage Canal Irrigated Area 18% 11% 14%
Percentage GW Irrigated Area 7% 28% 67%
Percentage Rainfed Holdings 64% 48% 12%
Cropping Intensity 1.21 1.37 1.84
Level of Groundwater Development 35% 61% 92%
GW Wells per 1000 Operational Holdings 89 146 203
GW Structures per 1000 Ha NSA 70 140 210
Energy Consumption in Agriculture (kWh-
equivalent)
97 504 1152
Agricultural Productivity (Rs/Ha) 15,570 27,584 74,201
Irrigation Deprivation in Chhattisgarh…

27. All Classes SC ST
Average Land Holding Size (Ha) 1.36 0.88 1.83
Percentage GCA under Irrigation (%) 27.43% 40.38% 10.81%
Irrigation Deprivation within Chhattisgarh…
Even within Chhattisgarh, Adivasi’s are the most
irrigation deprived social group…

28. PMKSY implementation in Chhattisgarh
Can it ensure ‘Har Khet Ko Pani’? How?

29. Potential for Sustainable GW Development

30. District-wise GW Development Opportunity
DISTRICT
Annual
GW
Available
(MCM)
Current
GW Use
in Agri.
(MCM)
Current
TOTAL
GW Use
(MCM)
Level of
GW
Devt.
Dom. +
Ind. GW
Demand
2025
(MCM)
Mean GW
Draft per
Well (m3)
Potential
New Wells
(70%
GWD)
BASTAR 1,218.98 88.90 127.08 10.4 47.61 13,236 51,270
DANTEWADA 1,279.20 27.52 44.78 3.5 22.19 24,834 33,361
JASHPUR 474.18 146.07 164.97 34.8 22.63 5,034 28,671
KANKER 854.81 163.99 180.40 21.1 21.04 18,370 21,607
KAWARDHA 342.81 208.72 227.20 66.3 21.84 36,312 -
KORBA 462.85 96.64 146.26 31.6 56.76 11,949 10,124
KORIYA 509.54 99.94 115.24 22.6 19.60 5,141 43,151
MAHASAMAND 598.13 242.28 282.37 47.2 50.66 23,858 3,590
RAIGARH 402.78 175.74 212.72 52.8 46.16 4,310 5,350
RAJNANDGAON 430.92 215.29 249.13 57.8 34.78 19,877 892
SARGUJA 1,637.02 381.44 433.79 26.5 75.09 5,976 106,607
CHHATTISGARH 8,211.22 1,846.54 2,183.94 26.6 418.38 304,622

31. Key Points
 ~300,000 wells can be created across 10 districts
without threatening GW sustainability
 Creation of even 20% of these wells will add 0.3 – 0.5
mha to the region’s gross irrigated area than at a cost
of only Rs. 300 crores
 assuming one [well + pump] costs ~Rs. 100,000
 Cost per Ha = Rs. 15,000 – 20,000
 Tank-groundwater conjunctive use can be made
possible by restoring available tank capacity

32. Horticulture
Vegetable
and Upland
crops
Well +
Pump
Cereal crop
stabilization
Up-lands
Low-lands
Mid-lands
Type II Irrigation Expansion

33. Solar Irrigation Pumps
Opportunities for Sustainable GW Development
• Rapidly declining PV prices mean that
solar pumps are going to re-define
India’s groundwater economy in the
coming years, irrespective of
government programs
• Solar pumps present an opportunity as
well as a potential challenge
• Alternate Solar Promotion Models
– BAU: High K-subsidy; Small pumps
– Bigger pumps; Solar ISPs
– Solar “crop” and “coops.”

34. Recommendations for PMKSY in Chhattisgarh
• Focus on “unirrigated holdings” in most-deprived districts and
give priority to “Adivasi” holdings
– ITP and Tata Trusts can help in finer level clustering
• Prioritize Type II over Type I irrigation for cost-effective
irrigation expansion
• Support farmers to acquire wells, pumps and water delivery
systems
• Support decentralized water harvesting and groundwater
recharge activities at watershed level
• First ensure access to Type II irrigation, then invest in drip
irrigation and other improved irrigation technologies

35. RaCE Irrigation Expansion Program
• Leverage MGNREGA for constructing private wells
• Leverage solar-PV opportunities for meeting rural energy needs
and sustainably developing groundwater
– Solar ISPs for catalysing equitable irrigation service markets
– Solarized Public Tubewells and Lis
– Solar Power as Remunerable Crop (SPaRC)
• Support irrigation distribution infrastructure for catalysing
equitable irrigation service enterprises
• Invest in multiple avenues for decentralized water harvesting and
groundwater recharge
• Maximize conjunctive use in canal and tank commands
Irrigation Source,
Water Control
Pumping/ Energy
Needs
Distribution
Systems
Recharge,
Watershed,
Micro Irrigation

36. THANK YOU…
http://iwmi-tata.blogspot.com