Water accounting plus (WA+): A tool for basin-wide water accounting using remote sensing data
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By Poolad Karimi at the "Water in the Anthropocene: Challenges for Science and Governance. Indicators, Thresholds and Uncertainties of the Global Water System" conference in Bonn, Germany May 2013
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Water accounting plus (WA+): A tool for basin-wide water accounting using remote sensing data
- 1. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Water Accounting Plus (WA+): A tool for basin-wide water accounting using remote sensing data Poolad Karimi May 2013, Bonn
- 2. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Water Accounting • Policy makers: – Accountability of water managers • Water managers: – Quick overview of current status of all water issues • Water planners: – Impact of changes (climate, land cover) – Effectiveness of adaptation • Donors – Impact assessment • Water users: – Overall picture
- 3. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Water Accounting Methods • SEEAW – United Nations Statistics Division: System of Environmental- Economic Accounting for Water • AWAS – Australian Water Accounting Standard • WAFNE - UNEP’s Water Footprint, Neutrality, and Efficiency project • ABS Water accounts (Australian Bureau of Statistics)
- 4. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Existing issues • Too complex • Results of some of these frameworks are far too complex to be used as supporting tool for decision making. • Lacking input • Input requirements are often not available or are based on long- term expensive monitoring activities. • Only abstracted water • In many areas only a small fraction of the entire water resources and water use is actually abstracted. • Location specific • Most frameworks are location specific rather than universal applicable. • No intervention options • Most frameworks present results without a differentiation between managed, manageable and non-manageable water flows.
- 5. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world IWMI WA
- 6. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world IWMI WA IWMI Research Report - 49 IWMI SWIM Paper - 1 Molden, D. 1997. Accounting for water use and productivity. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute. Molden, D.; Sakthivadivel, R.; Habib, Z. 2001. Basin-level use and productivity of water: Examples from South Asia.Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI.
- 7. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world IWMI WA limitations Main limitations: • Some definitions are generic at basin scale; e.g. Process depletion • Does not differentiate which water sources go to each use (e.g. How much ET comes from rain versus irrigation) • Link between land use and water use is not addressed
- 8. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Water Accounting + • Separation among managed, manageable, and non-manageable flows • Separation of consumed water (ET) to transpiration, evaporation and interception • Relate depletion to land use classes • Redefine available water resources • Amenable to remote sensing analysis
- 9. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world WA+ Land classifications Land type classifications in WA+ Land type Land use Non-manageable Conserved land use National parks, tropical rainforest, wetlands, lakes, etc Manageable Utilized land use Forests, Savannas, deserts, mountains, etc Managed Modified land use Rainfed crops, Plantation trees, rainfed pastures, etc Managed water use Irrigated crops, industrial and domestic uses
- 10. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Main Required data - Precipitation - Landuse Landcover map - ET map - Biomass production - Storage change Accounting sheets 4 sheets: - Resource base sheet - Evapotranspiration sheet - Productivity sheet - Withdrawals sheet WA+
- 11. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Resource base sheet Indicators Definition Exploitable water fraction Explitable water divded by the net inflow Storage change fraction Fresh water storage change divided by exploitable water Available water fraction Available water divided by exploitable water Basin closure fraction Utilized flow divided by available water Reserved flow fraction Reserved outflows divided by the total outflow
- 12. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Indicators Definition T fraction Total T divided by the total ET Beneficial fraction Beneficial E and T divided by the total ET Managed fraction Managed ET divided by the total ET Agri. ET fraction Agricultural ET divided by the total ET Irri. ET fraction Irrigated agricultural ET divided by the agricultural ET Evapotranspiration sheet
- 13. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Indicators Definition Land productivity crops Crop biomass times harvest index divided by cropped area Land productivity pastures Pastures biomass times harvest index divided by pasture area Water productivity crops rainfed Rainfed crops biomass times harvest index divided by rainfed crops ET Water productivity crops irrigated Irrigated crops biomass times harvest index divided by Irrigated crops ET Food Irri. Dependency Irrigated food production divided by total food production Productivity sheet
- 14. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Indicators Definition GW withdrawal fraction Groundwater withdrawals divided by total withdrawals Classical irrigation efficiency Incremental ET of agriculture divided by withdrawals for agriculture Recoverable fraction Return flow divided by total withdrawals Withdrawals sheet
- 15. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Nile Basin
- 16. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Input RS data
- 17. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Resource base sheet Nile Basin 2007 All components are in km3
- 18. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Evapotranspiration sheet Nile Basin 2007 All components are in km3
- 19. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Productivity sheet Nile Basin 2007
- 20. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Indus Basin
- 21. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Input RS data
- 22. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Resource base sheet Indus Basin 2007 All components are in km3
- 23. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Evapotranspiration sheet Indus Basin 2007 All components are in km3
- 24. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Productivity sheet Indus Basin 2007
- 25. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Withdrawals sheet Indus Basin 2007 All components are in km3
- 26. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Indicators Nile Indus Unit Resource base sheet Exploitable water fraction 0.04 0.34 - Storage change fraction 0.03 -0.23 - Available water fraction 0.91 0.93 - Basin closure fraction 0.72 0.95 - Reserved flow fraction 0.25 0.58 - Evapotranspiration sheet T fraction 0.59 0.46 - Beneficial fraction 0.66 0.50 - Managed fraction 0.13 0.61 - Agri. ET fraction 0.13 0.59 - Irri. ET fraction 0.21 0.85 - Productivity sheet Land productivity crops 3850 5020 kg/ha/yr Land productivity pastures 5900 177.4 kg/ha/yr Water productivity crops rainfed 0.4 0.35 kg/m3 Water productivity crops irrigated 0.57 0.77 kg/m3 Food Irri. Dependency 0.27 0.90 - Withdrawals sheet GW withdrawal fraction - 0.40 -
- 27. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Scenario Action Real water saving WA+ indicators (km3/yr) A Mixed actions Reduce E rainfed land by 5 % Reduce E irrigated land by 15 % Reduce irrigated area by 0 % Biomass production increase 5 % Harvest index increase 5% Reduce utilizable flow by 50% 12.6 Storage change fr.: -0.17 Reserved flow fr.: 0.73 T fr.: 0.48 Beneficial fr.: 0.53 Land productivity irri: 8,560 Land productivity rainfed: 1,030 Water productivity irri: 0.90 GW withdrawal fr.: 0.41 B Reduce E Reduce E rainfed land by 15 % Reduce E irrigated land by 35 % Reduce irrigated area by 0 % Biomass production increase 5 % Harvest index increase 10% Reduce utilizable flow by 75% 37.8 Storage change fr.: -0.02 Reserved flow fr.: 0.85 T fr.: 0.50 Beneficial fr.: 0.55 Land productivity irri: 9,300 Land productivity rainfed: 1,130 Water productivityirri:1.09 GW withdrawal fr.: 0.32 C Modify area Reduce E rainfed land by 5 % Reduce E irrigated land by 15 % Reduce irrigated area by 15 % Biomass production increase 5 % Harvest index increase 10% Reduce non-utilizable flow by 75% 39.4 Storage change fr.: -0.01 Reserved flow fr.: 0.85 T fr.: 0.45 Beneficial fr.: 0.50 Land productivity irri: 9,300 Land productivity rainfed: 1,130 Water productivity yirri: 0.93 GW withdrawal fr.: 0.30 Impact of example future scenario’s on WA+ indicators for Indus Basin
- 28. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Impact of scenario B on WA+ resource base sheet for the Indus (km3) All components are in km3
- 29. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world Thanks References: Karimi, P., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., & Molden, D. (2012). Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – a water accounting procedure for complex river basins based on satellite measurements, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9, 12879-12919, doi:10.5194/hessd-9-12879-2012. Karimi, P., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Molden, D., and Cheema, M. J. M. (2012). Basin-wide water accounting using remote sensing data: the case of transboundary Indus Basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 9, 12921-12958, doi:10.5194/hessd-9-12921-2012. Karimi, P., Molden, D., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Cai, X. 2012. Water accounting to assess use and productivity of water: evolution of a concept and new frontiers. In Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and Decision- Making, edited by J. M. Godfrey and K. Chalmers, pp. 76–88, Edward Elgar Publishing. UK. Contact: p.karimi@cgiar.org
Editor's Notes
- Based on water balance, it was developed from the perspective of irrigation within a river basin framework, but can be applied across sectors. Three main scales are– the basin, service level, and field scale. provides information to 1- Identify opportunities for saving water and increasing water productivity2- Conceptualize and test interventions in the context of multiple uses of water3- Develop effective strategies for allocating water among different users4- Assess the scope for the development of additional water resources
- 1- Some definitions that are quite specific at irrigation service level seem to be generic at basin scale, while others do not provide adequate information. For instance, process consumption at irrigation service scale represent only crops evapotranspiration while at basin scale it includes irrigated and rainfed crops, municipal and industries, fisheries, forestry, dedicated wetlands and all other intended uses. Therefore, parts of the information that are important in a basin context are not covered in the framework, such as separating figures for water consumption by rainfed crops and irrigated crops. 3- the link between land use and water use is not addressed, which leads to missing some important information in regard with water use and availability. For example rainfall on many land uses classes is not available for water resources planning. Instead the rainfall surplus (P-ET) is potentially utilizable.
- The ET of “conserved land use” relates to the ET of national parks, wetland, tropical rainforest etc. These natural ecosystems should not be modified without having very strong incentives and arguments. The land use category “utilized land use” relates to a low to moderate resource utilization, such as savannah, woodland and mixed pastures. The returns from ‘utilized land use” is often limited to livestock, wildlife and fuelwoods, and the anthropogenic influence is limited. “Modified land use” relates to the replacement of the original vegetation for increased utilization of land resources. Examples are rainfed plantation forests, rainfed crops and rainfed pasture. Water diversions and abstractions do not take place in “modified land use”, but the ET process differ from the original ET patterns, and stream flow is altered. The category “managed water use” represent landscape elements that receive withdrawals from the blue water system by constructed infrastructure. This relates to water withdrawals for irrigation, aquaculture, domestic use and industries, among others. These flows are often discussed when securing the domestic water supply and meeting the millennium development goals. Obviously, this is only a fraction of the total water use picture.
- Impact of alternative future scenario’s on WA+ indicators aiming at zero-overexploitation (storage change fraction) and increase food security (land productivity)