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1. PERSONAL MOBILITY AND SELF-ORGANIZED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: A SOLUTION TO SURVIVE? Léa Wester–PhDStudentin GeographyCamille Michel –Master degreein GeographyFrédéric Audard–Lecturerin Geography

2. Personal mobility and self-organized transports
Introduction
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Abstract
Transportsystemsinmajorcitiesofsoutherncountriesusuallyevokeapparentlyarchaicserviceswithanarchicorganization.Thesestereotypesresultfromalackofunderstandingofthesesystems.Today, severalmetropolisesofsoutherncountrieshavetransportserviceswithoutanycentralizedmanagement.Alternativesolutionshaveappearedwhicharebasedonindividualinitiatives.
Owingtotheweakstandardoflivingindevelopingcountries,individualcarsownersarerare.Alotofmegapolisexceedsonemillionpeoplewithoutpublictransportationsystem.Furthermore,inmanycasesbicycleisnotused.However,despiteaconsiderabletechnologicaldelay,somemegacitiessucceedtoconstituteaneffectiveurbantransportnetwork,althoughitisinformal.
Weofferananalysisofthesesystemsinordertounderstandtheirspatial,socialandeconomicalstructures.Wefocusonspatialdynamicsandtemporalfluctuations,treatingspecificallythecaseofLima.WebasedonsurveydatasensedonthefieldwithpartnershipofIRDinthecourseof2012.
Thesystemofurbantransportationisbasedonshort‐termprofitabilityofthedifferentprovidersoperatinginamarket.Theeconomicalsectorconcernedisdefinedasartisanalandgovernedbyliberalprinciples.Forserviceoperators,profitmaximizationrestsonthecapacitytoadapttodirectdemand. Therefore,competitiveandcomplementarityrelationsdevelop.Itpushestheoperatorstoopennewroutestoreachunexploitedmarketswiththeaimofearnbetterwages.Thismodeofoperationallowsforanextendedcoverageoftheurbanarea.
However,theauto‐constructedsuburbsseemleftbehind.Wedefinedspatialdisparitiesintermsofqualityofservicetogaugetheefficiencyofsuchawayoffunctioning.Ourresultshighlightstrongsocio‐ spatialdisparities.Populationsatbothextremesoftheincomescalehavemorerestrictedaccesstourbantransportationcomparedtomiddlestrata.

3. UnderstandingEconomic and social issuesSpatial structureOffer ‐ Demand
Personal mobility and self-organized transports
Introduction
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Artisanal
transit systems

4. Personal mobility andSelf-organized transports
A default solution ?
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Population density in Lima
Economic centers in Lima

5. 5
Inacontextwherepublicauthoritiesgiveupwithtransitsystemmanagement,alternativewaysofmanagementappear:
Queue of buses lookingfor passengers
Lima 2012
Speed chase
Lima 2012
Bus stoppedatgreen light, waitingfor passengers
Lima 2012
PersonalmobilityandSelf-organizedtransports
A default solution ?

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Group :
a priori not determinable phenomenon
Individus :
Actions and interactions
Macro
Level
Micro
Level
Emergence
Limited information
Contraintsand needs
A self‐organizedsystem
Personal mobility and self-organized transports
Method

7. Personal mobility and self-organized transports
Method
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Group :
Transit system
Individus :
Provision of mobility solutions
Macro
Level
Micro
Level
Emergence
Limited information
Absence or inefficiency of public transports
Self‐organization : a management solution for collective transports

8. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports
A self-organizedstructure
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Operators
MunicipalidadMétropolitana
GTU
offerconcessions
grantconcessions
LinesConcessionnaries
pay
rent
VehiclesOwners
pay
rent
Control Agents
manage
control
Informants
pay
inform

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Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports
A self-organizedstructure
Minimal recurring expenses
Running rights+Vehicles rental =100 S./
Operators resources
Bus capacity : 15 passengers
Ticket price : 1 S./
Operators need to board more than 100 persons every day

10. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports
The demandpoint of view
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Poverty levels
POVERTY AND ACCESSIBILITY
AREAS SITUATED 500M FAR FROM
A BUS ITINERARY

11. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports
The demandpoint of view
POVERTYAND FREQUENCIES OF BUSES
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Personalmobilityand self-orgganizedtransports
To conclude
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Self‐organizedcollective transport system
An emergency solution
Offer
Marketlaw
Rentabilty
Demand
Dispartiesof service
Exclusion of the poorest
Spatial structure
Large service cover
Polarizationon the city center

13. Léa Wester, PhDstudentin Géography(Presenter)
Camille Michel, Master Degreein Geography
Frédéric Audard, Lecturerin Geography
Mail : lea.wester@laposte.net
Personalmobilityand self-organizedtransports
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Thankyoufor yourattention