4. Diagnosis – what the GINA said
“a history of respiratory symptoms such as
wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness
and cough that vary over time and in intensity,
AND
variable expiratory airflow limitation.”
7. D/D
Infection Recurrent viral
respiratory
tract infections
Mainly cough, runny congested nose for
<10 days; wheeze usually mild; no
symptoms between infections
Tuberculosis fever unresponsive to normal antibiotics; poor
response to bronchodilators or inhaled
corticosteroids
Mechanical Foreign body
aspiration
CXR
Gastroesophage
al reflux
pH probe
Congenital Tracheomalacia, Congenital heart disease, Bronchopulmonary
dysplasia…
8. ----children 5 years and younger
• Recurrent wheezing occurs in a large proportion of
children <=5 years, typically with viral URI.
• more likely if…
• Wheezing or coughing that occurs with exercise,
laughing or crying in the absence of an apparent
respiratory infection
• A history of other allergic disease (eczema or allergic
rhinitis) or asthma in first-degree relatives
• Clinical improvement during 2–3 months of controller
treatment, and worsening after cessation.
9. Where to start?
• wheezing episodes are frequent or severe
SABA + A trial of controller therapy
• <4 years : pressurized metered dose inhaler and
spacer, with face mask
• 4–5 year-old : mouthpiece
13. Written action plan--
• The patient’s usual asthma medications
• When and how to increase medications, and start OCS
• How to access medical care if symptoms fail to respond
14. Written action plan--
• The patient’s usual asthma medications
• When and how to increase medications, and start OCS
• How to access medical care if symptoms fail to respond
Maintain dose
-Reliever
-Controller
Increase dose
-Reliever
-Controller
Start OCS
1–2
mg/kg/day
MAX 40mg
ER48H
FEV1 < 60%
急速惡化
15. As a doctor– 呼吸困難 意識不清
1.同時access與treatment
SABA + O2 supplement
RR + HR + SaO2 + (FEV1)
2. 一邊在心中D/D
heart failure, pulmonary embolism
inhaled foreign body
3. 安排後送or 會診
4. Keep SaO2>94, 嚴重時追加
oral steroid
inh ipratropium
16. Pay attention to --
• A history of near-fatal asthma requiring intubation and ventilation
• Hospitalization or emergency care for asthma in last 12 months
• Not currently using ICS, or poor adherence with ICS
• Currently using or recently stopped using OCS (this indicates the
severity of recent events)
• Over-use of SABAs, especially more than 1 canister/month
• Lack of a written asthma action plan
• History of psychiatric disease or psychosocial problems
• Confirmed food allergy in a patient with asthma
曾經很嚴重 最近很嚴重;
非常不配合 配合過頭了; 食物過敏