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Organic Insect Pest
   Management
                Ayanava Majumdar
  Extension Entomologist & State SARE Coordinator
Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn Univ.
             Cell phone: 251-331-8416
           Email: bugdoctor@auburn.edu

   Rammohan Balusu & Henry Fadamiro
   AU Entomology & Plant Pathology Department




       Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013
Presentation Layout
•   Background information
•   Insect pest identification
•   Organic integrated pest management (IPM) basics
•   Trap crops
•   Mechanical insect control
•   Biological control
•   Organic insecticides
•   Extension resources

Please stop by the IPM exhibit for more publications,
IPM newsletter & trap crop seeds!
EBPM Training Events




Regional Extension Agent training in
    improved scouting practices        IPM training to farmers at farms in
                                                    Alabama
Organic Vegetable Pest Management Updates 2013
Why are INSECTS so successful?

• Small size
• Small food requirement
• Rapid and prolific reproduction
  – Parthenogenesis
• Grow by molting (control over
  growth rate)
• Life stages feed on different
  substrate
Why are INSECTS so successful?
Insect Pests of
   Tomatoes
What is it?
Potato aphid, Macrosiphum    Monitoring/scouting techniques:
euphorbiae                   Sample ten plants in several locations
                             Yellow sticky traps at edge of field
                             Like cool, dry weather
                             Watch for ants and lady beetles
Green peach aphid, Myzus     ET = 50% leaves with aphids
persicae
What is it?
                                       Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella
occidentalis                           Use sticky cards (yellow, blue)
                                       Bag and shake technique
                                       No action threshold
                                       Use resistant varieties (BHN
                                       444, 589, 640, Bella Rosa)


Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca




                                               Tomato spotted wilt destroys plants
What is it?
                               Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Flea beetles (many species)
                               Monitor level of defoliation
                               Sample small plants with sweep net
                               during morning hours
                               Observe activity of parasitoids, predators
                               (sweep net)
                               ET = 5-10% defoliation early season, 25-
                               30% defoliation mid-season
What is it?
Colorado potato          Monitoring/scouting techniques:
beetle, Leptinotarsa
decemlineata             Start looking on border rows
                         Scout intensely short crop (<6 inch)
                         ET = 5 beetles per 10 seedling or 10%
                         defoliation in short crop


 Larva of lady beetle
 (beneficial insect!)
What is it?
Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea   Monitoring/scouting techniques:
                                    Examine green fruit, stem
                                    terminals
                                    Scout for egg masses or larvae
                                    Use pheromone traps to detect
                                    first flight; ET = 5-10 moths per
                                    night when temp. is <85F
                                    ET is ½ if temp. is >85F




    Tobacco budworm, Heliothis
    virescens
What is it?
Southern green stink bug,    Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Nezara viridula
                             Use a sweep net
                             Use pheromone trap (expensive? cumbersome?)
                             Intensify scouting at fruit setting
                             ET = 0.25 bugs per 10 plants (green fruit stage)



Brown stink                 Lygus bug, Lygus
bug, Euschistus servus      lineolaris
Emerging Pest on Vegetables: Leaffooted Bugs




                                    Leptoglossus gonagra
        Leptoglossus phyllopus
                                 Heavy fruit drop in eggplants
                                 and tomatoes (LFBs)




Leptoglossus
zonatus
What is it?
                                     Monitoring/scouting techniques:
                                     Minor foliar pests (ET = 5 larvae
                                     per 10 plants)
Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni
                                     Easy to collect & identify – shake
                                     and collect
                                     Watch for sun scald on fruits, esp.
                                     20% defoliation
                                     Look for fecal pellets on leaves




            Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia
            includens
Spider mites




•   Major pest of open field & high tunnel crops
•   Extensive webbing on leaves/stems
•   Rapid buildup in hot dry weather
•   Difficult to control with approved pesticides
Integrated Pest
 Management
     (IPM)
What is IPM?
• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based
decision management system which leads to judicious use
of multiple pest control tactics.”
• Major losses occur due to:
   • Lack of early detection of insects
   • Insecticide resistance by misuse
   • Loss of natural control with insecticides
Decision making in IPM…
•   Insect detection & monitoring
•   Insect identification
•   Population pressure
•   Economic threshold
•   Natural enemy populations
•   Make treatment decision
Organic Food Production Act - 1990


       National Organic Program
                            (NOP)


    USDA Crop Pest Management
         Practice Standard
                   7CFR Section 205

Primary focus to prevent insect pests, weeds, & diseases.

              Ref.: OIA North America, Gainesville, FL
Pest Management Practice Standard
     (NOP, 7CFR Section 205.206)
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural
  practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)

• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices
  (row covers, lures/traps, repellents, insect
  netting, reflective mulch, hand-picking)

• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI
  approved insecticides)
Alabama Insect Survey Locations
                   Peanut farms

                   Vegetable farms




      2009                                2010
 (8,500 insects)                     (16,588 insects)
Prefer cucumber, squash, gourd.
Larvae overwinter in soil.
Females lay 150-200 eggs singly.
Moths are clear-winged with bright red abdomen.
Row covers & field sanitation are best management tactics.
Azadirachtin, diatomaceous earth…
LEVEL 1 IPM RESEARCH:
  TRAP CROPPING SYSTEMS
What is Trap Cropping?
Insects have differential host preference
Insects may feed and reproduce on preferred host
What is Trap Cropping?
Trap cropping is the planting of an attractive
host plant to lure insect pests away from main
crop.
Trap crop may or may not be harvestable.




                                        http://joyfusions.com/
Key Factors to Consider
Different insects attracted to different trap crops:
  If trap crop is not sufficiently attractive to the pest then
  it will not work
Timing:
  Important to have well established trap crop at right
  stage at the time of insect invasion

Scouting:
  Control the pests immediately in the trap crop
  Be ready to sacrifice your trap crop

Keep farm records
  Keep learning and use what you learn in next season
Trap cropping layout
 Perimeter TC:      Strip interplant TC:                                                Source – Sink
• Pest source       • Pest source unknown                                                approach:
  unknown           • Comparitively more                                              • Pest source known
• Pest of limited     mobile pests                                                    • Less insect movement
  mobility


   Trap crop
                                                                                                      Source



                                                 Main crop
                                                             Main crop
                                     Main crop
                         Main crop
                                                                                        Open field

   Main crop




                                                                         Open field
                                                                                         Main crop

                                                                                         Open field
Trap cropping layout
        Perimeter Trap Cropping (PTC)
Trap crop (Hubbard squash) • Trap crop = early planted
                             squash, apply insecticide on
                             borders
                           • Squash lured 66% cucumber
        Main crop
                             beetles and 90% squash bugs
       (watermelon,
        cantaloupe,        • Crop losses reduced by 18%
        cucumber)




                                    Boucher & Durgy (2004)
Trap cropping layout
      Strip interplant trap cropping
                                    Lygus bug management




Strawberry             Strawberry
 (34 rows)              (34 rows)




                                               Lygus bug
             Alfalfa
University of CA Research




Successes:
• >50% reduction of lygus bugs (vacuum + wasp
  parasite)
• 75% saving on tractor time with trap crop
                    Sean Swezey et al., 2007 (CA Agriculture)
Managing Yellow margined leaf beetle
 (YMLB) Population with Trap crop

  YMLB is a serious pest of cruciferous crops

    • Cabbage

    • Turnips

    • Mustard

    • Radish etc.

  Migrates into vegetable field in early October

  Damage: October – May
Damage
    Both adults and larvae feed on foliage by first making
     small holes; later serious defoliation




Defoliation of larvae on turnip   Mass attack of adults on napa cabbage
Organically-managed crucifer field in south
       Alabama damaged by YMLB




            Napa cabbage        Turnip
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop
                   Spring 2011

Trap crop: Turnip and Napa cabbage
Main crop: Cabbage
Location: E. V. Smith Research Center, Shorter, AL

                                                     Trap crop: planted 2
                                                     weeks in advance




                                           5 ft
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop
                Spring 2011



                                   Napa cabbage




                  Main crop
                                 Trap crop

                                    Turnip


                      35 ft
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop
                Spring 2011

                             6
 Mean ( SE) beetles/ plant

                                      Control
                             5
                                      Cabbage (main crop)
                             4
                                      Turnip (trap crop)
                             3

                             2

                             1

                             0
                                 April 15, 2011            April 25, 2011
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop
                Spring 2011
                             Napa cabbage




                                            Trap crop
         Main crop
Trap Crops in
Tomato Production System
Perimeter trap crop study
(Brewton, AL, 2011 & 2012)

                         Tomato main crop




     NK300 Sorghum trap crop
Perimeter trap crop study (Clanton, AL, 2012)
                  Sorghum      Main crop: Tomato
                  (NK300)
   Sunflower
   (Peredovik)
Perimeter trap crop study (Cullman, AL, 2012)




                 Main crop: Tomato
Trap crop study for leaffooted bugs
                             (Clanton, AL, 2012)
                     19                                               Manual removal in organic situation
                                                    18
                                                                      Insecticide treatment and/or
                                                                      manual removal in organic situation

                                     11                                                      DKB5400 (sorghum trap crop)
                                                                                             NK300 (sorghum trap crop)
                                                                                             Sunflower (trap crop)
                                                                                             Tomato (main crop)

          4                                                 4
                                                2                                 3
                                                            2           2
                                0               2                                 1
          0          0                              0       0           0         0
     Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Obs. 4 Obs. 5 Obs. 6 Obs. 7
         (21 July)   (4 Aug.)       (13 Aug.)   (5 Sep.)   (7 Sep.)   (20 Sep.)   (4 Oct.)

Numbers indicate leaffooted bugs (LFBs) on 20 heads of trap crops and 20 tomato plants for comparison
purposes. Trap crops planted on May 16. Main crop planted on June 1. Trap crop treated with Mustang
Max (zeta-cyper. @ 4 oz/A) on Sept. 5, 2012. Result = 78% LFB control in 5DAT. Tomato main crop is
attacked by LFBs after the trap crop is ineffective (in October).
Parasitoids like trap crop environment




Peristenus relictus          Trichopoda pennipes
(Hymenoptra: Braconidae)     (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Host: Tarnished plant bugs   Host: Southern green stink
                             bug, leaffooted bugs
Ref.: Swezey et al. (2007)
                             Ref.: Tillman (2006)
LEVEL 2 RESEARCH
Net house vegetable
    production
Nethouse Vegetable Production
             (A Preliminary Report on Successes and Challenges)




Photos: Mike
Powell, Polyprodu
ctos de Guatemala



       EXCELLENT PEST PREVENTION TACTIC!
First Net House in Alabama (2010)
                     Location: Baldwin County, AL
                     Dimensions: 150 ft X 48 ft X 17 ft
                     Entrance: Double door




 Fabric mesh 30-50 as insect barrier
 Mesh size depends on target insect & cost
Bell peppers were grown with success
               (Year 1 Research)

40% black shade cloth for cooling down the interior
Net House vs. Conventional Cropping System




                                  Armyworms                       Hornworm
                              Net house      Untreated   Net house        Untreated
    Net house, 2010                           Control                      Control
                                             (outside)                    (outside)
Insect numbers (40 plants)       7              32            0              17
% reduction                             78%                          100%
ANOVA                                 F = 16.845,                  F = 15.852,
                                     P = 0.0001**                 P = 0.0001**
Advantages of net house:
Less dependence on insecticides even in high pest pressures
Better use of hand-removal of low insect numbers
Long life of the fabric/structure
Insect Netting Applications

                              Insect netting on the
                              sides of a high tunnel




Use insect netting over the
entire high tunnel frame
What Are Natural Enemies?

Rely on naturally – occurring biological control is the
most important means of controlling insect pests in
organic farming.


Natural Enemies are beneficial insects that are enemies of
insects pests exist in nature
 Kill pests
 Decrease pest reproductive potential



                                                             51
Who kills Pests?
                                                                                              Predators: – Ladybugs, Spiders
Natural Enemies
                                                                                              • General feeders
                                                                                              • Eat several prey
                                                                                              • Larger and stronger than the prey
                                    Flicker.com




                                                                                              Parasitoids (=parasites): – Wasps, Flies

                                                                                              • Specialist feeders
                                                                                              • Kill only one host (pest)
                  http://www.harvesttotable.com/2012/06/parasitic-wasps-beneficial-insects/
                                                                                              • Smaller than the host

                                                                                              Pathogens: – Bacteria, Fungus & Viruses

                                                                                              • Micro-organisms that cause diseases in
                                                                                                insects
                               extension.entm.purdue.edu




                                                                                                                                    52
Predators
 Lady beetles               Green lacewing                      Hover flies      Robber flies                  Assassin bugs

                                                    ucanr.edu




                                                                                                Abulrfan

                                  © Rao Balusu   Larvae                          Bigeyed bugs                  Minute pirate bugs



    Larvae                                       Eggs
             © Rao Balusu
                                                                                            www.ipm.ncsu.edu      farmerfredrant.blogspot.com




Spinded soldier bug                                                     Spiders




                                                 Orb weavers                  Wolf spider           Crab spider
                                                                                                                                           53
Parasitoids
Trichogramma wasp                          Aphidius wasp           Tachinid flies




                                                                   http://bugguide.net/node/view/6647

                                                                   Trichopoda pennipes
 shareourgarden.blogspot.com




                                           www.ipm.ucdavis.edu




            Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc        Mummified aphids
                                                                                          www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu

                                            Wasp in action
                                                                                                                                  54
Conserving Natural Enemies
 Don’t reach for the pesticide spray
    Limit use of broad spectrum insecticides
    Use pesticides that are compatible with biological control
        Microbials : Bt
        Botanicals: Neem

 Provide foods that adults need
    Flowering plants:
       To attract natural enemies
       To provide shelter/shade                       www.scri.ac.ukt


       To produce pollen and nectar
       Grow mixture (diversity) of plants
       for continuous source of flowers


                                                                           55
                                                                         wildlifetrusts.org
Conserving Natural Enemies
 Provide foods that the immature stages need
    Allow low level of pest (prey)
    Cover crops:
       provide alternative prey




 Making a home for natural enemies
   Overwintering sites: insulate from the winter chill
     - undisturbed grassy area

    Mulches: Provide humidity, shelter for nocturnal
     predators - Spiders, ground beetles.
                                                          56
Information Resources
Native Plants to Enhance Beneficial Insects website

www.nativeplants.msu.edu

http://migarden.msu.edu/uploads/files/e2719.pdf

Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Commercial
Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida and Other
States, University of Florida, EDIS,
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN849

Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests, Cornell
Extension Pub., 48 pp. (1993)

ACORM workshop by Cliff sadof, Bob O’ Neil

Scouting for vineyard insect pests and natural enemies
by Rufus Isaacs

Recognizing and working with natural enemies of insect pest
by Whitney Cranshaw

An IPM scouting guide for natural enemies of vegetable pest in kentucky   57
LEVEL 3 RESEARCH
Organic Insecticides/Tank Mixes
Organic Approved Insecticides
Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural
oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal
soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), Chromobacterium
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
Evaluation of OMRI insecticides as stand-alone treatments and
               in rotation for managing YMLB


    Trade name             Active ingredient
    PyGanic®               Pyrethrum

    Aza-Direct®            Azadiractin

    Entrust®               Spinosad

    Novodor®               Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies
                           tenebrionis (Btt)

    MBI-203 (Grandevo)     Chromobacteria subtsugae

    Mycotrol O®            Beauveria bassiana strain GHA

    Tick-Ex                Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52

    NOFLY™                 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain FE
                           9901
Results
                                                   PyGanic®
                                                   Entrust®
                                      6            NOFLY™
                                                   MBI -203                                  a
Mean (± SE) damage rating per plant



                                      5            Entrust® alternated with NOFLY™
                                                   Entrust® alternated with PyGanic® a
                                                   Control                                   b
                                      4
                                                                              a
                                                                                     b
                                      3                                       b
                                                                    a

                                      2                                       c
                                                           a        b
                                                               ab       bc    d
                                      1                                              c
                                                               b        c
                                                                                             c
                                      0
                                          10/31   11/1    11/5      11/9     11/13   11/17   11/22
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides
for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
                   Crops
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides
for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
                   Crops
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides
for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
                   Crops



                                      c

     Marketable
                       b
         ab       a            a
Evaluation of “Soft” Insecticides for Control
                     of Caterpillar Pests of Crucifer

                            Non-Target Arthropods Sampled        pest
                                                                 homopteran
               30                                                non-homoptera

               25
Total Number




               20
               15
               10
                5
                0
                    Dipel       Xentari    Xentari +   Entrust     Untreated
                                             Dipel
                                          Treatment
Limitations of Organic Insecticides

Relatively short persistence
Requires frequent applications
Mostly contact activity
Requires complete coverage and correct
 timing
Not available in small quantities
Short shelf life
Expensive!!
Tomato fruit protection
                                       (Cullman, AL, 2012)
Crop: Tomato, planting date: July 9, insecticides applied using C02 sprayer at 40 GPA. Replications = 4.
Insecticide treatment dates: Sept. 6, 14, 21. Data indicates percent damaged fruits (10 fruits/plot).


   Treatments             AI                                  Sept. 24                     Oct. 4
                                                   Range of         Average      Range of        Average
                                                  damage (%)       damage (%)   damage (%)      damage (%)
   Xentari                Bt                          20-60              37.5      10-40            20.0
   Pyganic                Pyrethrum                   20-50              35.0      20-40            32.5
   Xentari + Pyganic      Tank-mix                    20-50              30.0      10-60            27.5
   Untreated check                                    90-100             95.0      40-80            55.0



       Tank mix of approved insecticides may improve control effectiveness.
       Research will continue on evaluating further tank mixes and trap crops.




    *OMRI-approved for organic vegetable production
Efficacy of SUFFOIL-X & JMS STYLEY-OIL for
                                 Two-spotted Spider Mite Control 2012

                              56                          Reduction in mites with JMS Stylet-Oil & Suffoil-
                                                          X is good but action could be slow!
                                                    45

                         35        34
                                                              32
                                                                                 27   Untreated check
                                        23               26
                                                                                      Suffoil-X (0.01%)
                                                                            18        JMS Stylet-Oil (3 qt)
    14                                         17
                                                                    11 12             Bifenthrin 5 oz/A




       27 Sept.               3 Oct.             12 Oct.               19 Oct.

Crop was tomatoes. Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL.
Numbers indicate spider mites on 40 tomato leaves.
Organic IPM Recommendations
• Aphids:
  – Okra trap crop
  – Reflective mulch
  – Release predators
  – Neem oil, soap, Grandevo?

• Thrips:
   – Grow resistant varieties
   – Reflective mulch
   – Remove infected plants
   – Spinosad, pyrethrin, Grandevo?
Organic IPM Recommendations
• Caterpillar complex:
   – Control weeds
   – Parasitoids & predators
   – Insect netting to prevent infestation
   – Bt (Xentari) + pyrethrin, Spod-X (beet armyworm)
   – Rotate with spinosad (if needed)

• Leaffooted bugs/stink bugs
  – Control weeds
  – Trap cropping (staggered, mixed crops, design)
  – Pyrethrin
EXTENSION RESOURCES
Alabama Vegetable Extension IPM Website




           www.aces.edu/go/87
Alabama SARE Website
Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!




    Advantages: Live updates, interact with
 researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
The IPM Communicator
   (A FREE electronic newsletter)




To signup: Email bugdoctor@auburn.edu
Or sign up today on the sheet provided!
YouTube Channel: ‘IPMNews’




                    Recorded Live in
                    Field!
Organic Vegetable Pest Management Updates 2013
Know the IPM
  Campaign Logo!




STOP BY THE IPM EXHIBIT TO PICKUP
 BOOKMARKS & TRAP CROP SEEDS!
Organic Insect Pest
   Management
              Presenters:
        Dr. Ayanava Majumdar
        Dr. Rammohan Balusu



         QUESTIONS?

  Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013

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Organic Vegetable Pest Management Updates 2013

  • 1. Organic Insect Pest Management Ayanava Majumdar Extension Entomologist & State SARE Coordinator Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn Univ. Cell phone: 251-331-8416 Email: bugdoctor@auburn.edu Rammohan Balusu & Henry Fadamiro AU Entomology & Plant Pathology Department Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013
  • 2. Presentation Layout • Background information • Insect pest identification • Organic integrated pest management (IPM) basics • Trap crops • Mechanical insect control • Biological control • Organic insecticides • Extension resources Please stop by the IPM exhibit for more publications, IPM newsletter & trap crop seeds!
  • 3. EBPM Training Events Regional Extension Agent training in improved scouting practices IPM training to farmers at farms in Alabama
  • 5. Why are INSECTS so successful? • Small size • Small food requirement • Rapid and prolific reproduction – Parthenogenesis • Grow by molting (control over growth rate) • Life stages feed on different substrate
  • 6. Why are INSECTS so successful?
  • 7. Insect Pests of Tomatoes
  • 8. What is it? Potato aphid, Macrosiphum Monitoring/scouting techniques: euphorbiae Sample ten plants in several locations Yellow sticky traps at edge of field Like cool, dry weather Watch for ants and lady beetles Green peach aphid, Myzus ET = 50% leaves with aphids persicae
  • 9. What is it? Monitoring/scouting techniques: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Use sticky cards (yellow, blue) Bag and shake technique No action threshold Use resistant varieties (BHN 444, 589, 640, Bella Rosa) Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Tomato spotted wilt destroys plants
  • 10. What is it? Monitoring/scouting techniques: Flea beetles (many species) Monitor level of defoliation Sample small plants with sweep net during morning hours Observe activity of parasitoids, predators (sweep net) ET = 5-10% defoliation early season, 25- 30% defoliation mid-season
  • 11. What is it? Colorado potato Monitoring/scouting techniques: beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Start looking on border rows Scout intensely short crop (<6 inch) ET = 5 beetles per 10 seedling or 10% defoliation in short crop Larva of lady beetle (beneficial insect!)
  • 12. What is it? Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea Monitoring/scouting techniques: Examine green fruit, stem terminals Scout for egg masses or larvae Use pheromone traps to detect first flight; ET = 5-10 moths per night when temp. is <85F ET is ½ if temp. is >85F Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens
  • 13. What is it? Southern green stink bug, Monitoring/scouting techniques: Nezara viridula Use a sweep net Use pheromone trap (expensive? cumbersome?) Intensify scouting at fruit setting ET = 0.25 bugs per 10 plants (green fruit stage) Brown stink Lygus bug, Lygus bug, Euschistus servus lineolaris
  • 14. Emerging Pest on Vegetables: Leaffooted Bugs Leptoglossus gonagra Leptoglossus phyllopus Heavy fruit drop in eggplants and tomatoes (LFBs) Leptoglossus zonatus
  • 15. What is it? Monitoring/scouting techniques: Minor foliar pests (ET = 5 larvae per 10 plants) Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Easy to collect & identify – shake and collect Watch for sun scald on fruits, esp. 20% defoliation Look for fecal pellets on leaves Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens
  • 16. Spider mites • Major pest of open field & high tunnel crops • Extensive webbing on leaves/stems • Rapid buildup in hot dry weather • Difficult to control with approved pesticides
  • 18. What is IPM? • “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.” • Major losses occur due to: • Lack of early detection of insects • Insecticide resistance by misuse • Loss of natural control with insecticides
  • 19. Decision making in IPM… • Insect detection & monitoring • Insect identification • Population pressure • Economic threshold • Natural enemy populations • Make treatment decision
  • 20. Organic Food Production Act - 1990 National Organic Program (NOP) USDA Crop Pest Management Practice Standard 7CFR Section 205 Primary focus to prevent insect pests, weeds, & diseases. Ref.: OIA North America, Gainesville, FL
  • 21. Pest Management Practice Standard (NOP, 7CFR Section 205.206) • Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops) • Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices (row covers, lures/traps, repellents, insect netting, reflective mulch, hand-picking) • Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI approved insecticides)
  • 22. Alabama Insect Survey Locations Peanut farms Vegetable farms 2009 2010 (8,500 insects) (16,588 insects)
  • 23. Prefer cucumber, squash, gourd. Larvae overwinter in soil. Females lay 150-200 eggs singly. Moths are clear-winged with bright red abdomen. Row covers & field sanitation are best management tactics. Azadirachtin, diatomaceous earth…
  • 24. LEVEL 1 IPM RESEARCH: TRAP CROPPING SYSTEMS
  • 25. What is Trap Cropping? Insects have differential host preference Insects may feed and reproduce on preferred host
  • 26. What is Trap Cropping? Trap cropping is the planting of an attractive host plant to lure insect pests away from main crop. Trap crop may or may not be harvestable. http://joyfusions.com/
  • 27. Key Factors to Consider Different insects attracted to different trap crops: If trap crop is not sufficiently attractive to the pest then it will not work Timing: Important to have well established trap crop at right stage at the time of insect invasion Scouting: Control the pests immediately in the trap crop Be ready to sacrifice your trap crop Keep farm records Keep learning and use what you learn in next season
  • 28. Trap cropping layout Perimeter TC: Strip interplant TC: Source – Sink • Pest source • Pest source unknown approach: unknown • Comparitively more • Pest source known • Pest of limited mobile pests • Less insect movement mobility Trap crop Source Main crop Main crop Main crop Main crop Open field Main crop Open field Main crop Open field
  • 29. Trap cropping layout Perimeter Trap Cropping (PTC) Trap crop (Hubbard squash) • Trap crop = early planted squash, apply insecticide on borders • Squash lured 66% cucumber Main crop beetles and 90% squash bugs (watermelon, cantaloupe, • Crop losses reduced by 18% cucumber) Boucher & Durgy (2004)
  • 30. Trap cropping layout Strip interplant trap cropping Lygus bug management Strawberry Strawberry (34 rows) (34 rows) Lygus bug Alfalfa
  • 31. University of CA Research Successes: • >50% reduction of lygus bugs (vacuum + wasp parasite) • 75% saving on tractor time with trap crop Sean Swezey et al., 2007 (CA Agriculture)
  • 32. Managing Yellow margined leaf beetle (YMLB) Population with Trap crop  YMLB is a serious pest of cruciferous crops • Cabbage • Turnips • Mustard • Radish etc.  Migrates into vegetable field in early October  Damage: October – May
  • 33. Damage  Both adults and larvae feed on foliage by first making small holes; later serious defoliation Defoliation of larvae on turnip Mass attack of adults on napa cabbage
  • 34. Organically-managed crucifer field in south Alabama damaged by YMLB Napa cabbage Turnip
  • 35. Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop Spring 2011 Trap crop: Turnip and Napa cabbage Main crop: Cabbage Location: E. V. Smith Research Center, Shorter, AL Trap crop: planted 2 weeks in advance 5 ft
  • 36. Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop Spring 2011 Napa cabbage Main crop Trap crop Turnip 35 ft
  • 37. Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop Spring 2011 6 Mean ( SE) beetles/ plant Control 5 Cabbage (main crop) 4 Turnip (trap crop) 3 2 1 0 April 15, 2011 April 25, 2011
  • 38. Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap crop Spring 2011 Napa cabbage Trap crop Main crop
  • 39. Trap Crops in Tomato Production System
  • 40. Perimeter trap crop study (Brewton, AL, 2011 & 2012) Tomato main crop NK300 Sorghum trap crop
  • 41. Perimeter trap crop study (Clanton, AL, 2012) Sorghum Main crop: Tomato (NK300) Sunflower (Peredovik)
  • 42. Perimeter trap crop study (Cullman, AL, 2012) Main crop: Tomato
  • 43. Trap crop study for leaffooted bugs (Clanton, AL, 2012) 19 Manual removal in organic situation 18 Insecticide treatment and/or manual removal in organic situation 11 DKB5400 (sorghum trap crop) NK300 (sorghum trap crop) Sunflower (trap crop) Tomato (main crop) 4 4 2 3 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Obs. 4 Obs. 5 Obs. 6 Obs. 7 (21 July) (4 Aug.) (13 Aug.) (5 Sep.) (7 Sep.) (20 Sep.) (4 Oct.) Numbers indicate leaffooted bugs (LFBs) on 20 heads of trap crops and 20 tomato plants for comparison purposes. Trap crops planted on May 16. Main crop planted on June 1. Trap crop treated with Mustang Max (zeta-cyper. @ 4 oz/A) on Sept. 5, 2012. Result = 78% LFB control in 5DAT. Tomato main crop is attacked by LFBs after the trap crop is ineffective (in October).
  • 44. Parasitoids like trap crop environment Peristenus relictus Trichopoda pennipes (Hymenoptra: Braconidae) (Diptera: Tachinidae) Host: Tarnished plant bugs Host: Southern green stink bug, leaffooted bugs Ref.: Swezey et al. (2007) Ref.: Tillman (2006)
  • 45. LEVEL 2 RESEARCH Net house vegetable production
  • 46. Nethouse Vegetable Production (A Preliminary Report on Successes and Challenges) Photos: Mike Powell, Polyprodu ctos de Guatemala EXCELLENT PEST PREVENTION TACTIC!
  • 47. First Net House in Alabama (2010) Location: Baldwin County, AL Dimensions: 150 ft X 48 ft X 17 ft Entrance: Double door Fabric mesh 30-50 as insect barrier Mesh size depends on target insect & cost
  • 48. Bell peppers were grown with success (Year 1 Research) 40% black shade cloth for cooling down the interior
  • 49. Net House vs. Conventional Cropping System Armyworms Hornworm Net house Untreated Net house Untreated Net house, 2010 Control Control (outside) (outside) Insect numbers (40 plants) 7 32 0 17 % reduction 78% 100% ANOVA F = 16.845, F = 15.852, P = 0.0001** P = 0.0001** Advantages of net house: Less dependence on insecticides even in high pest pressures Better use of hand-removal of low insect numbers Long life of the fabric/structure
  • 50. Insect Netting Applications Insect netting on the sides of a high tunnel Use insect netting over the entire high tunnel frame
  • 51. What Are Natural Enemies? Rely on naturally – occurring biological control is the most important means of controlling insect pests in organic farming. Natural Enemies are beneficial insects that are enemies of insects pests exist in nature  Kill pests  Decrease pest reproductive potential 51
  • 52. Who kills Pests? Predators: – Ladybugs, Spiders Natural Enemies • General feeders • Eat several prey • Larger and stronger than the prey Flicker.com Parasitoids (=parasites): – Wasps, Flies • Specialist feeders • Kill only one host (pest) http://www.harvesttotable.com/2012/06/parasitic-wasps-beneficial-insects/ • Smaller than the host Pathogens: – Bacteria, Fungus & Viruses • Micro-organisms that cause diseases in insects extension.entm.purdue.edu 52
  • 53. Predators Lady beetles Green lacewing Hover flies Robber flies Assassin bugs ucanr.edu Abulrfan © Rao Balusu Larvae Bigeyed bugs Minute pirate bugs Larvae Eggs © Rao Balusu www.ipm.ncsu.edu farmerfredrant.blogspot.com Spinded soldier bug Spiders Orb weavers Wolf spider Crab spider 53
  • 54. Parasitoids Trichogramma wasp Aphidius wasp Tachinid flies http://bugguide.net/node/view/6647 Trichopoda pennipes shareourgarden.blogspot.com www.ipm.ucdavis.edu Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc Mummified aphids www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu Wasp in action 54
  • 55. Conserving Natural Enemies  Don’t reach for the pesticide spray  Limit use of broad spectrum insecticides  Use pesticides that are compatible with biological control  Microbials : Bt  Botanicals: Neem  Provide foods that adults need  Flowering plants:  To attract natural enemies  To provide shelter/shade www.scri.ac.ukt  To produce pollen and nectar Grow mixture (diversity) of plants for continuous source of flowers 55 wildlifetrusts.org
  • 56. Conserving Natural Enemies  Provide foods that the immature stages need  Allow low level of pest (prey)  Cover crops:  provide alternative prey  Making a home for natural enemies  Overwintering sites: insulate from the winter chill - undisturbed grassy area  Mulches: Provide humidity, shelter for nocturnal predators - Spiders, ground beetles. 56
  • 57. Information Resources Native Plants to Enhance Beneficial Insects website www.nativeplants.msu.edu http://migarden.msu.edu/uploads/files/e2719.pdf Guidelines for Purchasing and Using Commercial Natural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida and Other States, University of Florida, EDIS, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN849 Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests, Cornell Extension Pub., 48 pp. (1993) ACORM workshop by Cliff sadof, Bob O’ Neil Scouting for vineyard insect pests and natural enemies by Rufus Isaacs Recognizing and working with natural enemies of insect pest by Whitney Cranshaw An IPM scouting guide for natural enemies of vegetable pest in kentucky 57
  • 58. LEVEL 3 RESEARCH Organic Insecticides/Tank Mixes
  • 60. Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA) Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), Chromobacterium Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
  • 61. Evaluation of OMRI insecticides as stand-alone treatments and in rotation for managing YMLB Trade name Active ingredient PyGanic® Pyrethrum Aza-Direct® Azadiractin Entrust® Spinosad Novodor® Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis (Btt) MBI-203 (Grandevo) Chromobacteria subtsugae Mycotrol O® Beauveria bassiana strain GHA Tick-Ex Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 NOFLY™ Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain FE 9901
  • 62. Results PyGanic® Entrust® 6 NOFLY™ MBI -203 a Mean (± SE) damage rating per plant 5 Entrust® alternated with NOFLY™ Entrust® alternated with PyGanic® a Control b 4 a b 3 b a 2 c a b ab bc d 1 c b c c 0 10/31 11/1 11/5 11/9 11/13 11/17 11/22
  • 63. An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole Crops
  • 64. An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole Crops
  • 65. An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole Crops c Marketable b ab a a
  • 66. Evaluation of “Soft” Insecticides for Control of Caterpillar Pests of Crucifer Non-Target Arthropods Sampled pest homopteran 30 non-homoptera 25 Total Number 20 15 10 5 0 Dipel Xentari Xentari + Entrust Untreated Dipel Treatment
  • 67. Limitations of Organic Insecticides Relatively short persistence Requires frequent applications Mostly contact activity Requires complete coverage and correct timing Not available in small quantities Short shelf life Expensive!!
  • 68. Tomato fruit protection (Cullman, AL, 2012) Crop: Tomato, planting date: July 9, insecticides applied using C02 sprayer at 40 GPA. Replications = 4. Insecticide treatment dates: Sept. 6, 14, 21. Data indicates percent damaged fruits (10 fruits/plot). Treatments AI Sept. 24 Oct. 4 Range of Average Range of Average damage (%) damage (%) damage (%) damage (%) Xentari Bt 20-60 37.5 10-40 20.0 Pyganic Pyrethrum 20-50 35.0 20-40 32.5 Xentari + Pyganic Tank-mix 20-50 30.0 10-60 27.5 Untreated check 90-100 95.0 40-80 55.0 Tank mix of approved insecticides may improve control effectiveness. Research will continue on evaluating further tank mixes and trap crops. *OMRI-approved for organic vegetable production
  • 69. Efficacy of SUFFOIL-X & JMS STYLEY-OIL for Two-spotted Spider Mite Control 2012 56 Reduction in mites with JMS Stylet-Oil & Suffoil- X is good but action could be slow! 45 35 34 32 27 Untreated check 23 26 Suffoil-X (0.01%) 18 JMS Stylet-Oil (3 qt) 14 17 11 12 Bifenthrin 5 oz/A 27 Sept. 3 Oct. 12 Oct. 19 Oct. Crop was tomatoes. Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Numbers indicate spider mites on 40 tomato leaves.
  • 70. Organic IPM Recommendations • Aphids: – Okra trap crop – Reflective mulch – Release predators – Neem oil, soap, Grandevo? • Thrips: – Grow resistant varieties – Reflective mulch – Remove infected plants – Spinosad, pyrethrin, Grandevo?
  • 71. Organic IPM Recommendations • Caterpillar complex: – Control weeds – Parasitoids & predators – Insect netting to prevent infestation – Bt (Xentari) + pyrethrin, Spod-X (beet armyworm) – Rotate with spinosad (if needed) • Leaffooted bugs/stink bugs – Control weeds – Trap cropping (staggered, mixed crops, design) – Pyrethrin
  • 73. Alabama Vegetable Extension IPM Website www.aces.edu/go/87
  • 75. Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook! Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
  • 76. The IPM Communicator (A FREE electronic newsletter) To signup: Email bugdoctor@auburn.edu Or sign up today on the sheet provided!
  • 77. YouTube Channel: ‘IPMNews’ Recorded Live in Field!
  • 79. Know the IPM Campaign Logo! STOP BY THE IPM EXHIBIT TO PICKUP BOOKMARKS & TRAP CROP SEEDS!
  • 80. Organic Insect Pest Management Presenters: Dr. Ayanava Majumdar Dr. Rammohan Balusu QUESTIONS? Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. The preferred hosts of the soybean looper are soybean, sweet potato, and peanut. Other hosts include cotton, tomato, crucifers, pea, tobacco, and cocklebur.
  2. Which trap crop you choose depends on the pests you trying trap.