SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Download to read offline
Belongingness and Loneliness:
Psychological and Philosophical
Perspectives
Dr Luna Dolezal - Trinity College Dublin
Dr Joanna Power - Queen’s University Belfast
Ms Sile Carney - Trinity College Dublin
Background
Social determinants of health are of growing interest to
researchers (1,2)
Increasingly, social determinants are an acknowledged public
health concern:
Loneliness identified by the Institute of Public Health (3)
Social exclusion identified as a risk factor north & south
of the border (4)
Social activity engagement predictive of cognitive function in Irish older adults (5)
Figure 1. Results from a meta-analysis performed by Holt-Lunstad (6), clearly indicating the
impact of social relationships on mortality risk relative to other well-known risk factors.
Background
Complex social concepts are often introduced to
health research without a consensus on their
meaning
E.g. social processes often considered to have
a homogenous effect on health, but may in
fact impact health in different ways (7) .
Consensus and shared understanding is vital to
the measurement of social phenomena and their
concomitant treatment & interventions in order to
optimise health outcomes
By Foto: Bernd Schwabe in Hannover - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28848857
Social Concepts Lacking Clarity
Loneliness has many different published definitions:
A Personality Trait (8)
Perceived Social Isolation (9,10)
Psychological Process (11)
Evolutionary adaptive response (12)
A Genotype (13)
Claude Monet [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Meaning of Loneliness
Loneliness has many different meanings to
older adults themselves (14): qualitative findings
of the COASTAL study showed that older
adults equated loneliness with:
Security
Boredom
Living arrangements
Lack of religiosity
Why is Conceptual Clarity Important?
Loneliness has been linked to many deleterious outcomes including:
Dementia (15)
Depressive symptoms (16)
Poor sleep (17)
Early mortality (18)
Even after controlling for biological risk factors
Why is Conceptual Clarity Important?
Loneliness has historically been very difficult to intervene
upon (19)
Most interventions focus on social connectedness or support, which
are not the same as loneliness
Conceptually clarifying loneliness will help public health
researchers to identify potential points of intervention
for ageing populations
One way to clarify loneliness may be to consider states
which are opposite to it - which may include
belongingness
By Warriorismyname (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Belongingness
Baumeister and Leary: “the belongingness hypothesis is that human
beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a
minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal
relationships”. (p. 497; 20)
Belonging, understood broadly as the desire for social bonds and
connections to others, has a long history of inquiry in many
disciplines. It is clear that a sense of belonging is linked to personal
well-being, physical health, feelings of safety and security, along with
familial, social and political inclusion.
Failures of belonging are linked to negative health outcomes and it has
been recently taken up as a factor when considering the social
determinants of health.
Belonging as a multi-faceted, complex
experience and concept
1. ‘Belonging to the world’ (see: 21,22) or primary belonging – an experience of feeling embedded
and at ease in the world without the experience of alienation or unreality.
2. Interpersonal belonging – an experience of having the capacity for ease and connection in
personal face-to-face relationships.
3. Social belonging – an experience of group or social membership and the experience of
participation in a ‘we’, whether material or virtual.
4. Historical belonging – an experience of belonging to a shared tradition, ancestry or history.
5. Political belonging – an experience of identity and inclusion through membership to a nation state
or other ‘imagined community’ (Anderson, 2006).
6. Environmental belonging (see: 23, 24) – a sense of feeling ‘at home’ or ‘at ease’ within a particular
place or geographical location, landscape or setting.
Lack of Belongingness & Associated
Health Outcomes
—HIV medication adherence, overall functioning & quality of life in
individuals living with HIV (25)
—Severity of depression among individuals with history of
depression (26)
—Suicidal ideation among older adults (27)
—Reasons to live among older adults (28)
—Mental health among transgender individuals (29)
Conceptual Clarity of Belongingness
While ‘belonging is the focus of much research, few authors actually discuss
at length what they mean by the concept’ (May, 2013, p. 78; 30). —
Regularly conflated with group membership, identity, citizenship, kinship,
cultural integration, emotional attachment, social integration,
connectedness... (31)
In health literature, belongingness is conflated with: community membership,
connectedness, social capital, and social support, along with social
integration, social cohesion and group identification (32).
Our Proposed Research
Collaborative exploration of the concepts of belongingness and loneliness
using:
Qualitative Data Collection - The Phenomenological interview
Participants of diverse backgrounds
Building on our previous research (14) which attempted to clarify the concept
of loneliness.
Expected Outcomes
A phenomenology of belongingness
Further understanding of the experience of the various aspects of belonging
(e.g., community, place, temporal, political, etc.).
Transdisciplinary understanding of the role of belongingness in health and
well-being and how belonging might be a conceptual category that could be of
use diagnostically and to practitioners when thinking about patient
experience.
Implications for Public Health
Researchers & Policy Makers
By crystallising our understanding of belongingness, our research will also
inform public health on the value of intervening when belongingness is not felt
Our proposed research will enable us to develop a scale of belongingness and
as such quantify its role in determining health outcomes
Public health researchers in all spheres should consider the conceptual clarity
of the phenomena they measure & intervene upon, particularly in the social
domain, due to the known problems of definition here
Thank you!
Acknowledgements: Participants in the COASTAL (Characterising Older Adults’
Use of Services to Alleviate Loneliness) study, and its funders: The Irish Research
Council via their New Foundations Scheme and Dr Dolezal’s ELEVATE
Fellowship, & Trinity Long Room Hub.
References
1. Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman T. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine. 2000;51:843-57.
2. Wilkinson RG, Marmot MG. Social determinants of health: the solid facts: World Health Organization; 2003.
3. Harvey B, Walsh C. Loneliness and ageing: Ireland, North and South. Dublin: Institute of Public Health in Ireland, 2016.
4. O'Shea E, Walsh K, Scharf T. Social exclusion and ageing in diverse rural communities: Findings from a cross-border study in Ireland and Northern Ireland: Irish Centre for Social Gerontology; 2012.
5. McHugh Power JE, Tang J, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA, Kee F. Mediators of the relationship between social activities and cognitive function among older Irish adults: results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. Aging &
Mental Health. 2016(online first).
6. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.
7. Cohen S. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1988;7(3):269-
97.
8. Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study. Behavior Genetics. 2005;35(6):745-52.
9. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009;13(10):447-54.
10. Duck S, Pond K, Leatham G. Loneliness and the Evaluation of Relational Events. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1994;11(2):253-76.
11. Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Boomsma DI. Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition and Emotion. 2014;28(1):3-21.
12. Gao J, Davis LK, Hart AB, Sanchez-Roige S, Han L, Cacioppo JT, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study of Loneliness Demonstrates a Role for Common Variation. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016.
13. Power J, Hannigan C, Carney S, Lawlor BA. Exploring the meaning of loneliness among socially isolated older adults in rural Ireland: A qualitative Investigation. In Preparation.
14. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64:234-40.
15. Kurina LM, Knutson KL, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT, Lauderdale DS, Ober C. Loneliness is associated with sleep fragmentation in a communal society. Sleep. 2011;34(11):1519-26.
16. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris TB, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2015;10:227-37.
17. Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing and society. 2005;25(01):41-67.
18. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin. 1995;117(3):497.
19. Ratcliffe M. Feelings of being. UK: Oxford University Press; 2008.
20. Ratcliffe M. Belonging to the world through the feeling body. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 2009;16(2):205-11.
21. Miller LM. Being and belonging: University of Tasmania; 2006.
22. Miller L. Belonging to country—a philosophical anthropology. Journal of Australian Studies. 2003;27(76):215-23.
23. Webel AR, Sattar A, Schreiner N, Phillips JC. Social resources, health promotion behavior, and quality of life in adults living with HIV. Applied Nursing Research. 2016;30:204-9.
24. Choenarom C, Williams RA, Hagerty BM. The role of sense of belonging and social support on stress and depression in individuals with depression. Archives of psychiatric nursing. 2005;19(1):18-29.
25. Cheavens JS, Cukrowicz KC, Hansen R, Mitchell SM. Incorporating Resilience Factors Into the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: The Role of Hope and Self‐Forgiveness in an Older Adult Sample. Journal of clinical
psychology. 2016;72(1):58-69.
26. Kissane M, McLaren S. Sense of belonging as a predictor of reasons for living in older adults. Death Studies. 2006;30(3):243-58.
27. Barr SM, Budge SL, Adelson JL. Transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Journal of counseling psychology. 2016;63(1):87.
28. Hale CJ, Hannum JW, Espelage DL. Social support and physical health: The importance of belonging. Journal of American College Health. 2005;53(1):276-84.
29. May V. Connecting self to society: belonging in a changing world: Palgrave macmillan; 2013.
30. Antonisch M. Searching for belonging - An analytical framework. Geography Compass. 2010;4(6):644-59.
31. Carpiano RM, Hystad PW. “Sense of community belonging” in health surveys: What social capital is it measuring? Health & place. 2011;17(2):606-17.

More Related Content

What's hot

Ang aral ni Confucuis
Ang aral ni ConfucuisAng aral ni Confucuis
Ang aral ni ConfucuisGrace Mamerto
 
Ethical teachings in confucianism
Ethical teachings in confucianismEthical teachings in confucianism
Ethical teachings in confucianismdanbanilan
 
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, ApostolicThe Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, ApostolicDr. Poornima DSouza
 
The four last things
The four last thingsThe four last things
The four last thingsevans sena
 
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: Confucianism
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: ConfucianismAP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: Confucianism
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: ConfucianismJuan Miguel Palero
 
Identity and Culture
Identity and CultureIdentity and Culture
Identity and CulturePsyful Bappi
 
yarin is the best!
yarin is the best!yarin is the best!
yarin is the best!Yarin Aquino
 
Religions of the world
Religions of the worldReligions of the world
Religions of the worlddenz990
 
paglaganap ng imperyong islam
paglaganap ng imperyong islampaglaganap ng imperyong islam
paglaganap ng imperyong islamAngelyn Lingatong
 
3.Church History
3.Church History3.Church History
3.Church Historyguesta041f5
 
Kontribusyon ng sumer
Kontribusyon ng sumerKontribusyon ng sumer
Kontribusyon ng sumerMillete
 
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02Jerald Ualat
 

What's hot (20)

Ang aral ni Confucuis
Ang aral ni ConfucuisAng aral ni Confucuis
Ang aral ni Confucuis
 
Ethical teachings in confucianism
Ethical teachings in confucianismEthical teachings in confucianism
Ethical teachings in confucianism
 
World major religion
World major religionWorld major religion
World major religion
 
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, ApostolicThe Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic
The Four Marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic
 
General Introduction to Culture
General Introduction to CultureGeneral Introduction to Culture
General Introduction to Culture
 
The four last things
The four last thingsThe four last things
The four last things
 
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONINTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: Confucianism
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: ConfucianismAP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: Confucianism
AP 7 Lesson no. 14-M: Confucianism
 
Religion
ReligionReligion
Religion
 
Identity and Culture
Identity and CultureIdentity and Culture
Identity and Culture
 
yarin is the best!
yarin is the best!yarin is the best!
yarin is the best!
 
Religions of the world
Religions of the worldReligions of the world
Religions of the world
 
Global culture
Global cultureGlobal culture
Global culture
 
Zoroastrianismo
ZoroastrianismoZoroastrianismo
Zoroastrianismo
 
paglaganap ng imperyong islam
paglaganap ng imperyong islampaglaganap ng imperyong islam
paglaganap ng imperyong islam
 
Heograpiyang pantao
Heograpiyang pantaoHeograpiyang pantao
Heograpiyang pantao
 
3.Church History
3.Church History3.Church History
3.Church History
 
Islam, Judaism and Christianity
Islam, Judaism and  ChristianityIslam, Judaism and  Christianity
Islam, Judaism and Christianity
 
Kontribusyon ng sumer
Kontribusyon ng sumerKontribusyon ng sumer
Kontribusyon ng sumer
 
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02
Anoangkasaysayan 130608041639-phpapp02
 

Viewers also liked

Kelompok mo
Kelompok moKelompok mo
Kelompok moaini_26
 
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)Basic education sector reform agenda (1)
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)Aqc Weng
 
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)guevarra_2000
 
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social Isolation
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social IsolationA Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social Isolation
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social IsolationPaul Taylor
 
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...Chris Martin
 
Loneliness
LonelinessLoneliness
LonelinessXenia Y
 
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino CharacterStrengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino CharacterSan Pedro College
 
Filipino culture and values
Filipino culture and valuesFilipino culture and values
Filipino culture and valuesdancinglady023
 
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)Ysa Garcera
 

Viewers also liked (10)

Kelompok mo
Kelompok moKelompok mo
Kelompok mo
 
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)Basic education sector reform agenda (1)
Basic education sector reform agenda (1)
 
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)
Basic education sector reform agenda ( besra)
 
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social Isolation
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social IsolationA Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social Isolation
A Fresh Look at Loneliness and Social Isolation
 
Besra report powerpoint
Besra report   powerpointBesra report   powerpoint
Besra report powerpoint
 
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...
Loneliness: Sociological and Psychological Causes, and a Proposed Classificat...
 
Loneliness
LonelinessLoneliness
Loneliness
 
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino CharacterStrengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
 
Filipino culture and values
Filipino culture and valuesFilipino culture and values
Filipino culture and values
 
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)
Filipino cultural values-sociology (PPT)
 

Similar to Síle Carney - Belongingness and loneliness: psychological and philosophical perspectives

The efficacy of elderly caring among nurses
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesThe efficacy of elderly caring among nurses
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesGlance Ruiz
 
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersDIDD
 
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of Disabled
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of DisabledPeer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of Disabled
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of DisabledAbigail Burmeister
 
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...Innovations2Solutions
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfBrian712019
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfBrian712019
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfBrian712019
 
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdf
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdfBrown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdf
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdftytrete
 
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health Care
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health CareEspousal of social capital in Oral Health Care
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health CareRuby Med Plus
 
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptx
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptxCBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptx
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptxBonnieDuran1
 
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docx
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxFrom diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docx
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxshericehewat
 
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]guest499423
 
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshow
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshowSocial and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshow
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshowPSCSWales
 
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docx
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docxARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docx
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docxrossskuddershamus
 
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdf
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfAgeism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdf
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfFULYAENAYAVCI
 
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docx
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docxAnnotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docx
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docxjustine1simpson78276
 
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxMARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
 

Similar to Síle Carney - Belongingness and loneliness: psychological and philosophical perspectives (20)

The efficacy of elderly caring among nurses
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesThe efficacy of elderly caring among nurses
The efficacy of elderly caring among nurses
 
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...
 
Social isolation
Social isolationSocial isolation
Social isolation
 
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of Disabled
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of DisabledPeer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of Disabled
Peer Acceptance and the Emotional Well-Being of Disabled
 
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
 
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdfHealth Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
Health Complete Advanced Clinical Disc.pdf
 
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdf
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdfBrown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdf
Brown-Giving-PsychSci-2003.pdf
 
rcis51_02.pdf
rcis51_02.pdfrcis51_02.pdf
rcis51_02.pdf
 
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health Care
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health CareEspousal of social capital in Oral Health Care
Espousal of social capital in Oral Health Care
 
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptx
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptxCBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptx
CBPR CLASS # 1 Spr 2023 F.pptx
 
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docx
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxFrom diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docx
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docx
 
HBSS 5110 Group Presentation
HBSS 5110 Group PresentationHBSS 5110 Group Presentation
HBSS 5110 Group Presentation
 
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]
Severe Mental Illness (Topor Etal2006)[2]
 
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshow
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshowSocial and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshow
Social and Political Causes of Poor Mental Health slideshow
 
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docx
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docxARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docx
ARTICLE REVIEW10Why do people discriminate a.docx
 
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdf
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfAgeism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdf
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdf
 
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docx
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docxAnnotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docx
Annotated Bibliography1. What is your chosen prompt for the lite.docx
 
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxMARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docx
 

More from Institute of Public Health in Ireland

Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...
Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...
Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...Institute of Public Health in Ireland
 
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...Institute of Public Health in Ireland
 
Anne Gallagher - Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae Hospital
Anne Gallagher -  Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae HospitalAnne Gallagher -  Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae Hospital
Anne Gallagher - Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae HospitalInstitute of Public Health in Ireland
 
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern Ireland
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern IrelandProf. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern Ireland
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern IrelandInstitute of Public Health in Ireland
 

More from Institute of Public Health in Ireland (20)

Thomas T Prohaska
Thomas T ProhaskaThomas T Prohaska
Thomas T Prohaska
 
Theo van Tilberg
Theo van TilbergTheo van Tilberg
Theo van Tilberg
 
Christina Victor
Christina VictorChristina Victor
Christina Victor
 
James Lubben
James LubbenJames Lubben
James Lubben
 
Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...
Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...
Lessons from MESAS: Monitoring and Evaluating Scotland's Alcohol Strategy (ME...
 
Prof. Shane O'Mara - Trinity College Dublin
Prof. Shane O'Mara - Trinity College DublinProf. Shane O'Mara - Trinity College Dublin
Prof. Shane O'Mara - Trinity College Dublin
 
Vanda Cummins, Health Service Executive
Vanda Cummins, Health Service ExecutiveVanda Cummins, Health Service Executive
Vanda Cummins, Health Service Executive
 
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...
Maurice Dillon Health Service Executive & Julie Broderick, Trinity College Du...
 
Dr. Chris Leggett - Royal College of General Practitioners
Dr. Chris Leggett - Royal College of General PractitionersDr. Chris Leggett - Royal College of General Practitioners
Dr. Chris Leggett - Royal College of General Practitioners
 
Anne Gallagher - Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae Hospital
Anne Gallagher -  Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae HospitalAnne Gallagher -  Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae Hospital
Anne Gallagher - Cardiac Rehabilitation Team, Mater Misericordiae Hospital
 
Dr Andrew O'Regan
Dr Andrew O'ReganDr Andrew O'Regan
Dr Andrew O'Regan
 
Alan Donnelly
Alan DonnellyAlan Donnelly
Alan Donnelly
 
Seamus Nugent
Seamus NugentSeamus Nugent
Seamus Nugent
 
Michael Mc Corry
Michael Mc CorryMichael Mc Corry
Michael Mc Corry
 
Andrew Boyd
Andrew BoydAndrew Boyd
Andrew Boyd
 
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern Ireland
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern IrelandProf. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern Ireland
Prof. Kevin Balanda - Lifetime costs of childhood obesity in Northern Ireland
 
Dr. Mimi Tatlow-Golden - food marketing to children
Dr. Mimi Tatlow-Golden - food marketing to childrenDr. Mimi Tatlow-Golden - food marketing to children
Dr. Mimi Tatlow-Golden - food marketing to children
 
Dr. Liz Redmond & Mr. Gary Maxwell - Department of Health
Dr. Liz Redmond & Mr. Gary Maxwell - Department of HealthDr. Liz Redmond & Mr. Gary Maxwell - Department of Health
Dr. Liz Redmond & Mr. Gary Maxwell - Department of Health
 
Rita Sexton - Department of Education & Skills
Rita Sexton - Department of Education & SkillsRita Sexton - Department of Education & Skills
Rita Sexton - Department of Education & Skills
 
Paul Butler – Director, Mayo Education Centre
Paul Butler – Director, Mayo Education CentrePaul Butler – Director, Mayo Education Centre
Paul Butler – Director, Mayo Education Centre
 

Recently uploaded

Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetTirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetCall Girls Service
 
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅gragmanisha42
 
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅gragmanisha42
 
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...indiancallgirl4rent
 
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meetnagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetCall Girls Service
 
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★indiancallgirl4rent
 
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...chandigarhentertainm
 
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.ktanvi103
 
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...Gfnyt.com
 
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF ...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF  ...❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF  ...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF ...Gfnyt.com
 
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthan
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur RajasthanJaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthan
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthanindiancallgirl4rent
 
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetCall Girls Service
 
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapur
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in AnantapurCall Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapur
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapurgragmanisha42
 
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591adityaroy0215
 
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErnakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetCall Girls Chandigarh
 
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in Chandigarh
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in ChandigarhChandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in Chandigarh
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in ChandigarhSheetaleventcompany
 
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510Vipesco
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetTirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Tirupati Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Call Girl Gorakhpur * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
 
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
Russian Call Girls Kota * 8250192130 Service starts from just ₹9999 ✅
 
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...
(Sonam Bajaj) Call Girl in Jaipur- 09257276172 Escorts Service 50% Off with C...
 
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meetnagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
nagpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Thane Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★
Enjoyment ★ 8854095900 Indian Call Girls In Dehradun 🍆🍌 By Dehradun Call Girl ★
 
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...
❤️Call girls in Jalandhar ☎️9876848877☎️ Call Girl service in Jalandhar☎️ Jal...
 
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.
Call Now ☎ 9999965857 !! Call Girls in Hauz Khas Escort Service Delhi N.C.R.
 
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girl Agency ❤️♀️@ Manjeet Russian Call Girls Service in Jai...
 
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF ...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF  ...❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF  ...
❤️♀️@ Jaipur Call Girls ❤️♀️@ Jaispreet Call Girl Services in Jaipur QRYPCF ...
 
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...
Call Girl In Zirakpur ❤️♀️@ 9988299661 Zirakpur Call Girls Near Me ❤️♀️@ Sexy...
 
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthan
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur RajasthanJaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthan
Jaipur Call Girls 9257276172 Call Girl in Jaipur Rajasthan
 
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapur
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in AnantapurCall Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapur
Call Girls Service Anantapur 📲 6297143586 Book Now VIP Call Girls in Anantapur
 
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591
VIP Call Girl Sector 88 Gurgaon Delhi Just Call Me 9899900591
 
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Hyderabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErnakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in Chandigarh
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in ChandigarhChandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in Chandigarh
Chandigarh Escorts, 😋9988299661 😋50% off at Escort Service in Chandigarh
 
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510
Krishnagiri call girls Tamil aunty 7877702510
 

Síle Carney - Belongingness and loneliness: psychological and philosophical perspectives

  • 1. Belongingness and Loneliness: Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives Dr Luna Dolezal - Trinity College Dublin Dr Joanna Power - Queen’s University Belfast Ms Sile Carney - Trinity College Dublin
  • 2. Background Social determinants of health are of growing interest to researchers (1,2) Increasingly, social determinants are an acknowledged public health concern: Loneliness identified by the Institute of Public Health (3) Social exclusion identified as a risk factor north & south of the border (4) Social activity engagement predictive of cognitive function in Irish older adults (5)
  • 3. Figure 1. Results from a meta-analysis performed by Holt-Lunstad (6), clearly indicating the impact of social relationships on mortality risk relative to other well-known risk factors.
  • 4. Background Complex social concepts are often introduced to health research without a consensus on their meaning E.g. social processes often considered to have a homogenous effect on health, but may in fact impact health in different ways (7) . Consensus and shared understanding is vital to the measurement of social phenomena and their concomitant treatment & interventions in order to optimise health outcomes By Foto: Bernd Schwabe in Hannover - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28848857
  • 5. Social Concepts Lacking Clarity Loneliness has many different published definitions: A Personality Trait (8) Perceived Social Isolation (9,10) Psychological Process (11) Evolutionary adaptive response (12) A Genotype (13) Claude Monet [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
  • 6. The Meaning of Loneliness Loneliness has many different meanings to older adults themselves (14): qualitative findings of the COASTAL study showed that older adults equated loneliness with: Security Boredom Living arrangements Lack of religiosity
  • 7. Why is Conceptual Clarity Important? Loneliness has been linked to many deleterious outcomes including: Dementia (15) Depressive symptoms (16) Poor sleep (17) Early mortality (18) Even after controlling for biological risk factors
  • 8. Why is Conceptual Clarity Important? Loneliness has historically been very difficult to intervene upon (19) Most interventions focus on social connectedness or support, which are not the same as loneliness Conceptually clarifying loneliness will help public health researchers to identify potential points of intervention for ageing populations One way to clarify loneliness may be to consider states which are opposite to it - which may include belongingness By Warriorismyname (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
  • 9. Belongingness Baumeister and Leary: “the belongingness hypothesis is that human beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships”. (p. 497; 20) Belonging, understood broadly as the desire for social bonds and connections to others, has a long history of inquiry in many disciplines. It is clear that a sense of belonging is linked to personal well-being, physical health, feelings of safety and security, along with familial, social and political inclusion. Failures of belonging are linked to negative health outcomes and it has been recently taken up as a factor when considering the social determinants of health.
  • 10. Belonging as a multi-faceted, complex experience and concept 1. ‘Belonging to the world’ (see: 21,22) or primary belonging – an experience of feeling embedded and at ease in the world without the experience of alienation or unreality. 2. Interpersonal belonging – an experience of having the capacity for ease and connection in personal face-to-face relationships. 3. Social belonging – an experience of group or social membership and the experience of participation in a ‘we’, whether material or virtual. 4. Historical belonging – an experience of belonging to a shared tradition, ancestry or history. 5. Political belonging – an experience of identity and inclusion through membership to a nation state or other ‘imagined community’ (Anderson, 2006). 6. Environmental belonging (see: 23, 24) – a sense of feeling ‘at home’ or ‘at ease’ within a particular place or geographical location, landscape or setting.
  • 11. Lack of Belongingness & Associated Health Outcomes —HIV medication adherence, overall functioning & quality of life in individuals living with HIV (25) —Severity of depression among individuals with history of depression (26) —Suicidal ideation among older adults (27) —Reasons to live among older adults (28) —Mental health among transgender individuals (29)
  • 12. Conceptual Clarity of Belongingness While ‘belonging is the focus of much research, few authors actually discuss at length what they mean by the concept’ (May, 2013, p. 78; 30). — Regularly conflated with group membership, identity, citizenship, kinship, cultural integration, emotional attachment, social integration, connectedness... (31) In health literature, belongingness is conflated with: community membership, connectedness, social capital, and social support, along with social integration, social cohesion and group identification (32).
  • 13. Our Proposed Research Collaborative exploration of the concepts of belongingness and loneliness using: Qualitative Data Collection - The Phenomenological interview Participants of diverse backgrounds Building on our previous research (14) which attempted to clarify the concept of loneliness.
  • 14. Expected Outcomes A phenomenology of belongingness Further understanding of the experience of the various aspects of belonging (e.g., community, place, temporal, political, etc.). Transdisciplinary understanding of the role of belongingness in health and well-being and how belonging might be a conceptual category that could be of use diagnostically and to practitioners when thinking about patient experience.
  • 15. Implications for Public Health Researchers & Policy Makers By crystallising our understanding of belongingness, our research will also inform public health on the value of intervening when belongingness is not felt Our proposed research will enable us to develop a scale of belongingness and as such quantify its role in determining health outcomes Public health researchers in all spheres should consider the conceptual clarity of the phenomena they measure & intervene upon, particularly in the social domain, due to the known problems of definition here
  • 16. Thank you! Acknowledgements: Participants in the COASTAL (Characterising Older Adults’ Use of Services to Alleviate Loneliness) study, and its funders: The Irish Research Council via their New Foundations Scheme and Dr Dolezal’s ELEVATE Fellowship, & Trinity Long Room Hub.
  • 17. References 1. Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman T. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine. 2000;51:843-57. 2. Wilkinson RG, Marmot MG. Social determinants of health: the solid facts: World Health Organization; 2003. 3. Harvey B, Walsh C. Loneliness and ageing: Ireland, North and South. Dublin: Institute of Public Health in Ireland, 2016. 4. O'Shea E, Walsh K, Scharf T. Social exclusion and ageing in diverse rural communities: Findings from a cross-border study in Ireland and Northern Ireland: Irish Centre for Social Gerontology; 2012. 5. McHugh Power JE, Tang J, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA, Kee F. Mediators of the relationship between social activities and cognitive function among older Irish adults: results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. Aging & Mental Health. 2016(online first). 6. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316. 7. Cohen S. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1988;7(3):269- 97. 8. Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Genetic and environmental contributions to loneliness in adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study. Behavior Genetics. 2005;35(6):745-52. 9. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009;13(10):447-54. 10. Duck S, Pond K, Leatham G. Loneliness and the Evaluation of Relational Events. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1994;11(2):253-76. 11. Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Boomsma DI. Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition and Emotion. 2014;28(1):3-21. 12. Gao J, Davis LK, Hart AB, Sanchez-Roige S, Han L, Cacioppo JT, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study of Loneliness Demonstrates a Role for Common Variation. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016. 13. Power J, Hannigan C, Carney S, Lawlor BA. Exploring the meaning of loneliness among socially isolated older adults in rural Ireland: A qualitative Investigation. In Preparation. 14. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64:234-40. 15. Kurina LM, Knutson KL, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT, Lauderdale DS, Ober C. Loneliness is associated with sleep fragmentation in a communal society. Sleep. 2011;34(11):1519-26. 16. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris TB, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2015;10:227-37. 17. Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing and society. 2005;25(01):41-67. 18. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin. 1995;117(3):497. 19. Ratcliffe M. Feelings of being. UK: Oxford University Press; 2008. 20. Ratcliffe M. Belonging to the world through the feeling body. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 2009;16(2):205-11. 21. Miller LM. Being and belonging: University of Tasmania; 2006. 22. Miller L. Belonging to country—a philosophical anthropology. Journal of Australian Studies. 2003;27(76):215-23. 23. Webel AR, Sattar A, Schreiner N, Phillips JC. Social resources, health promotion behavior, and quality of life in adults living with HIV. Applied Nursing Research. 2016;30:204-9. 24. Choenarom C, Williams RA, Hagerty BM. The role of sense of belonging and social support on stress and depression in individuals with depression. Archives of psychiatric nursing. 2005;19(1):18-29. 25. Cheavens JS, Cukrowicz KC, Hansen R, Mitchell SM. Incorporating Resilience Factors Into the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: The Role of Hope and Self‐Forgiveness in an Older Adult Sample. Journal of clinical psychology. 2016;72(1):58-69. 26. Kissane M, McLaren S. Sense of belonging as a predictor of reasons for living in older adults. Death Studies. 2006;30(3):243-58. 27. Barr SM, Budge SL, Adelson JL. Transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Journal of counseling psychology. 2016;63(1):87. 28. Hale CJ, Hannum JW, Espelage DL. Social support and physical health: The importance of belonging. Journal of American College Health. 2005;53(1):276-84. 29. May V. Connecting self to society: belonging in a changing world: Palgrave macmillan; 2013. 30. Antonisch M. Searching for belonging - An analytical framework. Geography Compass. 2010;4(6):644-59. 31. Carpiano RM, Hystad PW. “Sense of community belonging” in health surveys: What social capital is it measuring? Health & place. 2011;17(2):606-17.