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Welcome to
         CIB Task Group 66 Web Event:

"The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings Policy
               in India and Beyond"


                   THURSDAY; 28 JUNE 2012
               2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time

 CIB stands for
 International Council for Research and Innovation in Building
 and Construction
                         TG 66: Energy and the Built Environment
Beyond the building:
Energy efficient surrounding
is future of India

Presenter:
Mahua Mukherjee, PhD.
IIT Roorkee, India
Gayatri Mantra
                            That Saviŧ (Sun God)
                            who is to be followed
                            (adopted), we think-of
                            (meditate-on) His
                            energy (power), may
    -
-       -                   He inspire (guide) our
            pracho-đayāŧ.   minds (intellects).
Outline for today’s Discussion
• Energy & Emission

• Sustainability Dilemma of India

• Future Focus: Urban Outdoor Space for Energy
  Efficiency

• Global Scenario & Standards For Urban Outdoors

• Green Outdoor Initiatives

• Next-Gen Built Environment
Energy




1. IEA, World Energy Outlook
Emission




Average per capita CO2 emissions (tonnes/annum) of different countries and different Indian income classes;
          Source: [2] Hiding behind the poor - A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007
India’s Emission Pattern

The CO2 emission embodied in the consumption basket
of top 10% of the population in urban India is one-sixth
of the per capita emission generated in the US.

India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use were less than
five percent of the world total in 2007 (IEA 2009) but
this is likely to increase with economic development &
population rise.


10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
INDIA: Growth Pressure
•   Economy growing at ~8 % pa
•   Population of 1.22 billion+
•   Urban Housing deficit of 23 million
•   40 million rural Housing units deficit
•   Increased migration to urban areas
•   Climate refugees - Climate change induced
    post disaster reconstruction

3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India
CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the building
INDIA: Growth Drivers

•   Fast urbanization
•   Increased migration
•   Younger population
•   Population growth
•   Increased aspirations
Sustainability Dilemma


  Development or Preservation/ Conservation

  New development or Maintaining the Existing

  Adaptation or Mitigation


4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J. Robinson, Ecological
Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384
5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005
Development or Preservation/
   Conservation in INDIA

  •Rural areas
     •Deteriorated Connect with nature
  •Suburb areas
     •Neither urban facilities nor connect with nature
  •Urban areas
     •In/efficient Management of resources
2. Benefits of Maintaining the existing through
                RETROFITTING
  SOCIAL BENEFITS
  •Improved health, quality of life and comfort
  •Improved productivity
  •Improved social welfare and poverty alleviation

  ECONOMIC BENEFITS
  •Saving money
  •Creating jobs and career opportunities
  •Boosts local economy
  •Takes less time than building a new structure, so normal function is
  suspended for a lesser period of time

  ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
  •Reduction in local/regional air pollution
  •Non- release of embodied energy already in the building which could
  have been released if the building was demolished to build a new one
  6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living Cities Report, 2008
3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India
Addressing multiple risks due to climate change is a serious public
policy and adaptation management challenge for India.

On the face of climate change, adaptation and mitigation actions
for cities in India are critically required where the urban
population is likely to grow by around 500 million over the next 50
years.

The developed countries can afford to go for expensive adaptive
programmes as they continue with their resource intensive
industrialized economic activities.
7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A., Environment and
Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on
Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India
India would preferably opt for a mix of two strategies which the
local economy and people can sustainably afford.

Integrated policies like Coastal Zonal Management and mangrove
forest regeneration, sustainable livelihoods through revival of
marine ecosystems , construction of dykes and dams, solid waste
and water resource management, disaster mitigation and
management planning and implementation etc. are well-
established mitigation strategies.

Urban planning for changed scenario, green technology,
sustainable brackets, renewable solar energy generation to satisfy
increasing demand, etc. are few potential adaptation strategies.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on
Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
For Energy Efficiency


   Future Focus

Urban Outdoor Space


    Urban over Rural

   Beyond Buildings
Rural India
India’s Energy Consumption Pattern




9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
India’s Emission Pattern


 The urban top 10% accounts for emissions of 3416 kg of
 CO2 per year

 The rural bottom 10% class accounts for only 141 kg of
 CO2 per year.



10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
Future Focus
             Building or Surrounding Open Area

       Foremost among the challenges for Human
                                                 Habitat
  is maintaining human wellbeing by provisioning
      for clean air and healthy living environment


11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry,
RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
Inspirational Nature
     in INDIA
Future Focus
   Building or Surrounding Open Area

              Possible Way-out

To deal the challenge to maintain human
wellbeing by provisioning for clean air and
healthy living is through conservation and
restoration of urban outdoor green spaces
Surrounding Open Area
Beyond the buildings’ envelopes in urban area
can positively contributes to:
     •physical and psychological health
     •social cohesion
     •climate change mitigation
     •pollution abatement
     •biodiversity conservation
     •provisioning of the ecosystem goods and
     service to urban inhabitants
Retrofitting Impact on Urban Outdoor Space

                Ambient temperature & Humidity
                Cooling load
                Recovery from Pollution
                Albedo Control
                Water (fresh & waste) Resource Management
                Solid Waste Management
12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007
13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and
Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ; American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001
14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the
enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4).
Yokohama, Japan; 2009
CO-BENEFITS of
Retrofitted Urban Outdoor Spaces
in addition to Energy Efficiency are

 • URBAN POPULATIONS’ COMFORT

 • CONNECT WITH NATURE
Global Scenario & Standards for
        Urban outdoor
Global scenario -EU
Green space coverage in cities of EU vary markedly:
averaging 18.6 %
range from 1.9 (Reggio di Calabria, Italy) to
            46% (Ferrol, Spain)

 Availability of urban green spaces per capita varied by
two orders of magnitude, from 3-4 m2 per person in Cádiz,
Fuenlabrada and Almeria (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria
(Italy) to
> 300 m2 in Liège (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and
Valenciennes (France)
15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-
355, 2009
Global scenario -USA
   Urban tree cover in the United States ranges
   from 0.4% in Lancaster, California
   to 55% in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; containing
   approximately 3.8 billion trees with an average
   tree canopy cover of 27 percent of urban areas.
16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R.
Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.

17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution
116: 381-389, 2002.
Global scenario
Curitiba, Brazil, with a population of 1.7 million, has urban
green space 51.5m2/person from to 1 m2/person in 1970s.
Canberra, the national capital of Australia, at the beginning
of the 1900s, was largely treeless. Extensive tree plantings
began in 1911 and today, the urban forest on public lands
contains 400,000 trees belonging to some 200 species in
streets and parklands
Japan’s green space average is 6.1 - 8.5 m2/ person. The
core of Metropolitan Area of Tokyo has green spaces of less
than 20%, while surrounding area has 60-80% green spaces.
  18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M.,
  C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003
  19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry
  & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
Sustainable Standards
 In 20th century, experts in Germany, Japan and other
 countries proposed a standard of 40m² urban green
 space in high density zones & 140 m² suburb forest
 area per capita for reaching a balance between
 carbon dioxide and oxygen, to meet the ecological
 balance of human well-being.

 Currently, developed countries have tended to adopt
 a general standard of green space of 20 m² park area
 per capita.
20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J. ;Journal of Forestry Research
20(1): 79-82, 2009
Sustainable Standards
   International minimum standard suggested by World
   Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the
   publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture
   Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m2
   green open space per city dweller (Kuchelmeister 1998)

   There is yet another yardstick, which refers to London
   but has relevance to any city. Abercrombie (1943)
   prepared a plan in 1943-1944 suggesting that 1.62 ha
   (four acres) open space per 1000 population was a
   reasonable figure to adopt for London.
21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific
Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
Some Important Indian Cities with Per
       Capita Green Space

                                   Population                  Per Capita
                                    in Million   Forest and   Green Space
                                     (Census,    tree cover       (m²/
City               Area (Sq Km)       2001)       (Sq Km)     inhabitant)
Gandhinagar          2163.48          0.20         32.56        162.80
Chandigarh             114            0.90         49.00         54.45
Delhi                 1483           13.80        297.00         21.52
Bangalore              741            5.60         97.00         17.32
Jaipur                200.4           2.32         5.43          2.30

 (Source: Census of India, 2001)
Urban Outdoor Green
Three main components:
1. Patch (urban domestic gardens, public and private
   parks & gardens, water bodies, urban forest patches)
2. Corridor (roadside avenues, walkways and urban
   greenways etc.), and
3. Network structure (linking the patches and the
   corridors).

   “Urban trees are considered to be central part of green
                 infrastructure” Source: Google
22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning;
58: 269-280, 2002
23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002.
Urban Outdoor is changing!
THE SCOPE : Retrofitting Urban Outdoor Space for
                Energy Efficiency


                Building Level
           Neighbourhood Level
                  City Level
Urban Outdoor Components
Visible
•Urban fabric- Vegetations, Buildings’ Surfaces-Green wall/roof
•Large transformed surfaces- Parking lot, Road, Pavements, …
•Streetscape, Landscaping-swales, park with native plants,
Outdoor Lighting


Perceptible
• Policies on resource Management – Water(Fresh, Waste); Solid
Waste etc.
•Strategies for implementation- incentives, regulations etc.
How to Retrofit Surroundings Sustainably?

 1. Identifying components for retrofit
 2. Introduce measures for the Re/ CONNECT:

      Urban forestry, Water bodies, Cooler Roof,
      Greener Vertical surfaces, Green connectors

 3. Introducing more & more soft engineering
 4. Maintaining the existing development
Green roofs            Cool roof




Green Walls   Traditional Greener roof
Greener Parking
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
                IIT KANPUR, INDIA
CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the building
Urban forest
• the quality of life of city residents
• a place of social integration, recreation and relief from
  hectic life
• Economical, ecological and aesthetic benefits
    – Provide with an additional recreation and wildlife area.
    – trees and green space provide significant advantages in terms
      of psychological and physical well-being.
    – also provide free ecosystem services which are helpful in
      maintaining ecological integrity of expanding cities like carbon
      sequestration, watershed management, and biodiversity
      conservation.
 24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical
 information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and
 Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004.
Berlin City Eco-friendly measures




AIM: to ensure that a given proportion of a particular
site area is left undeveloped, or covered by vegetation
Singapore




AIM: to promote biodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that
 as a densely populated country with no hinterland, one would
 have to adopt a pragmatic approach towards conservation and
             develop unique solutions to challenges
Tokyo
 AIM: to regenerate
    its abundant
   greenery and
represents the basic
    concept and
  directions of the
  green measures
New York City Eco-friendly measures




 AIM: to mitigate the urban
 heat island effect with the
extensive usage of vegetation
Initiatives in India
Government Organisations:

•Building byelaws with development controls over open
spaces
•Investing in experimental studies to mitigate Urban Heat
Island Effects & other environmental impact
•Developing knowledge-base on appropriate construction
Materials
Initiatives in India
Local Governments:
•In Indore, an initiative to reuse natural channels for
drainage not only brought changes in water logging
scenario, also improved vulnerable slum dwellers’
condition.
•In Kolkata, East Kolkata waste land is an exemplary
conservation attempt for natural sewage treatment
•Cities like Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore are
implementing Rainwater harvesting system with
increasing awareness about permeability issue/ surface
transformation
Initiatives in India

•Corporate Houses:
  • SAP Labs- Bangalore, while renovating, commissioned
    Ornithologists instead of Landscape Architects to get
    back the birds within the campuses
  • TCS Bangalore promoted 'Urban Forestry’ among
    common citizens in June 2011
  • Retrofitting offices in Mumbai & Delhi with prior
    importance to surroundings
Next –Gen Built Environment
Resource Conservation Approach
Technical Efficiency
   Efficient & Rated MEP & IEQ
   Disaster Resiliency
   Lean Construction Management
Sustainable range
   Quality of living
Inclusiveness
   Shift from Gated community
Connect with the nature
   Scope to experience, appraise and develop bond with nature
   Provision of natural Habitat within site thru’ regulations
Next –Gen Built Environment

Look Beyond Buildings to sustainably


Manage Surroundings using cost-effective


Technologies to Protect future of urban India


and re-establishing connect with the nature
References
1.  World Energy Outlook 2009, 2010, 2011; International Energy Agency
2.   Hiding behind the poor; Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007
3.  Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India
4.  Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J.
    Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384
5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005
6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living
    Cities Report, 2008
7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A.,
    Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee,
    International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean ,
    London University, 2011
9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use
    Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank
    Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009),
    doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S.
    Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
References
12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K.,
    Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007
13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-
    Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ;
    American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001
14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building
    underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P.
    Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4).
    Yokohama, Japan; 2009
15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J.
    Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-355, 2009
16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G.
    McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban
    Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.
17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and
    Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002
18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green
    Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/
    Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003
19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G.
    and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
References
20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J.
    ;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009
21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region,
    Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working
    Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook,
    Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002
23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban
    Planning 60: 59-72, 2002
24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social
    integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban
    forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13,
    2004
25. Anurag Kandya* Chaaruchandra Korde, Smita Chugh, Lalit Mohan Bal, Sanjeev
    Singh and P. Sudhakar
Thank you!




     Email:
     mahua1965@gmail.com

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CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the building

  • 1. Welcome to CIB Task Group 66 Web Event: "The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings Policy in India and Beyond" THURSDAY; 28 JUNE 2012 2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time CIB stands for International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction TG 66: Energy and the Built Environment
  • 2. Beyond the building: Energy efficient surrounding is future of India Presenter: Mahua Mukherjee, PhD. IIT Roorkee, India
  • 3. Gayatri Mantra That Saviŧ (Sun God) who is to be followed (adopted), we think-of (meditate-on) His energy (power), may - - - He inspire (guide) our pracho-đayāŧ. minds (intellects).
  • 4. Outline for today’s Discussion • Energy & Emission • Sustainability Dilemma of India • Future Focus: Urban Outdoor Space for Energy Efficiency • Global Scenario & Standards For Urban Outdoors • Green Outdoor Initiatives • Next-Gen Built Environment
  • 5. Energy 1. IEA, World Energy Outlook
  • 6. Emission Average per capita CO2 emissions (tonnes/annum) of different countries and different Indian income classes; Source: [2] Hiding behind the poor - A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007
  • 7. India’s Emission Pattern The CO2 emission embodied in the consumption basket of top 10% of the population in urban India is one-sixth of the per capita emission generated in the US. India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use were less than five percent of the world total in 2007 (IEA 2009) but this is likely to increase with economic development & population rise. 10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
  • 8. INDIA: Growth Pressure • Economy growing at ~8 % pa • Population of 1.22 billion+ • Urban Housing deficit of 23 million • 40 million rural Housing units deficit • Increased migration to urban areas • Climate refugees - Climate change induced post disaster reconstruction 3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India
  • 10. INDIA: Growth Drivers • Fast urbanization • Increased migration • Younger population • Population growth • Increased aspirations
  • 11. Sustainability Dilemma Development or Preservation/ Conservation New development or Maintaining the Existing Adaptation or Mitigation 4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J. Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384 5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005
  • 12. Development or Preservation/ Conservation in INDIA •Rural areas •Deteriorated Connect with nature •Suburb areas •Neither urban facilities nor connect with nature •Urban areas •In/efficient Management of resources
  • 13. 2. Benefits of Maintaining the existing through RETROFITTING SOCIAL BENEFITS •Improved health, quality of life and comfort •Improved productivity •Improved social welfare and poverty alleviation ECONOMIC BENEFITS •Saving money •Creating jobs and career opportunities •Boosts local economy •Takes less time than building a new structure, so normal function is suspended for a lesser period of time ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS •Reduction in local/regional air pollution •Non- release of embodied energy already in the building which could have been released if the building was demolished to build a new one 6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living Cities Report, 2008
  • 14. 3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India Addressing multiple risks due to climate change is a serious public policy and adaptation management challenge for India. On the face of climate change, adaptation and mitigation actions for cities in India are critically required where the urban population is likely to grow by around 500 million over the next 50 years. The developed countries can afford to go for expensive adaptive programmes as they continue with their resource intensive industrialized economic activities. 7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A., Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008. 8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
  • 15. 3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India India would preferably opt for a mix of two strategies which the local economy and people can sustainably afford. Integrated policies like Coastal Zonal Management and mangrove forest regeneration, sustainable livelihoods through revival of marine ecosystems , construction of dykes and dams, solid waste and water resource management, disaster mitigation and management planning and implementation etc. are well- established mitigation strategies. Urban planning for changed scenario, green technology, sustainable brackets, renewable solar energy generation to satisfy increasing demand, etc. are few potential adaptation strategies. 8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
  • 16. For Energy Efficiency Future Focus Urban Outdoor Space Urban over Rural Beyond Buildings
  • 18. India’s Energy Consumption Pattern 9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
  • 19. India’s Emission Pattern The urban top 10% accounts for emissions of 3416 kg of CO2 per year The rural bottom 10% class accounts for only 141 kg of CO2 per year. 10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
  • 20. Future Focus Building or Surrounding Open Area Foremost among the challenges for Human Habitat is maintaining human wellbeing by provisioning for clean air and healthy living environment 11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
  • 22. Future Focus Building or Surrounding Open Area Possible Way-out To deal the challenge to maintain human wellbeing by provisioning for clean air and healthy living is through conservation and restoration of urban outdoor green spaces
  • 23. Surrounding Open Area Beyond the buildings’ envelopes in urban area can positively contributes to: •physical and psychological health •social cohesion •climate change mitigation •pollution abatement •biodiversity conservation •provisioning of the ecosystem goods and service to urban inhabitants
  • 24. Retrofitting Impact on Urban Outdoor Space Ambient temperature & Humidity Cooling load Recovery from Pollution Albedo Control Water (fresh & waste) Resource Management Solid Waste Management 12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007 13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ; American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001 14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4). Yokohama, Japan; 2009
  • 25. CO-BENEFITS of Retrofitted Urban Outdoor Spaces in addition to Energy Efficiency are • URBAN POPULATIONS’ COMFORT • CONNECT WITH NATURE
  • 26. Global Scenario & Standards for Urban outdoor
  • 27. Global scenario -EU Green space coverage in cities of EU vary markedly: averaging 18.6 % range from 1.9 (Reggio di Calabria, Italy) to 46% (Ferrol, Spain) Availability of urban green spaces per capita varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3-4 m2 per person in Cádiz, Fuenlabrada and Almeria (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to > 300 m2 in Liège (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France) 15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352- 355, 2009
  • 28. Global scenario -USA Urban tree cover in the United States ranges from 0.4% in Lancaster, California to 55% in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; containing approximately 3.8 billion trees with an average tree canopy cover of 27 percent of urban areas. 16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996. 17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002.
  • 29. Global scenario Curitiba, Brazil, with a population of 1.7 million, has urban green space 51.5m2/person from to 1 m2/person in 1970s. Canberra, the national capital of Australia, at the beginning of the 1900s, was largely treeless. Extensive tree plantings began in 1911 and today, the urban forest on public lands contains 400,000 trees belonging to some 200 species in streets and parklands Japan’s green space average is 6.1 - 8.5 m2/ person. The core of Metropolitan Area of Tokyo has green spaces of less than 20%, while surrounding area has 60-80% green spaces. 18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003 19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
  • 30. Sustainable Standards In 20th century, experts in Germany, Japan and other countries proposed a standard of 40m² urban green space in high density zones & 140 m² suburb forest area per capita for reaching a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen, to meet the ecological balance of human well-being. Currently, developed countries have tended to adopt a general standard of green space of 20 m² park area per capita. 20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J. ;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009
  • 31. Sustainable Standards International minimum standard suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m2 green open space per city dweller (Kuchelmeister 1998) There is yet another yardstick, which refers to London but has relevance to any city. Abercrombie (1943) prepared a plan in 1943-1944 suggesting that 1.62 ha (four acres) open space per 1000 population was a reasonable figure to adopt for London. 21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
  • 32. Some Important Indian Cities with Per Capita Green Space Population Per Capita in Million Forest and Green Space (Census, tree cover (m²/ City Area (Sq Km) 2001) (Sq Km) inhabitant) Gandhinagar 2163.48 0.20 32.56 162.80 Chandigarh 114 0.90 49.00 54.45 Delhi 1483 13.80 297.00 21.52 Bangalore 741 5.60 97.00 17.32 Jaipur 200.4 2.32 5.43 2.30 (Source: Census of India, 2001)
  • 33. Urban Outdoor Green Three main components: 1. Patch (urban domestic gardens, public and private parks & gardens, water bodies, urban forest patches) 2. Corridor (roadside avenues, walkways and urban greenways etc.), and 3. Network structure (linking the patches and the corridors). “Urban trees are considered to be central part of green infrastructure” Source: Google 22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002 23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002.
  • 34. Urban Outdoor is changing!
  • 35. THE SCOPE : Retrofitting Urban Outdoor Space for Energy Efficiency Building Level Neighbourhood Level City Level
  • 36. Urban Outdoor Components Visible •Urban fabric- Vegetations, Buildings’ Surfaces-Green wall/roof •Large transformed surfaces- Parking lot, Road, Pavements, … •Streetscape, Landscaping-swales, park with native plants, Outdoor Lighting Perceptible • Policies on resource Management – Water(Fresh, Waste); Solid Waste etc. •Strategies for implementation- incentives, regulations etc.
  • 37. How to Retrofit Surroundings Sustainably? 1. Identifying components for retrofit 2. Introduce measures for the Re/ CONNECT: Urban forestry, Water bodies, Cooler Roof, Greener Vertical surfaces, Green connectors 3. Introducing more & more soft engineering 4. Maintaining the existing development
  • 38. Green roofs Cool roof Green Walls Traditional Greener roof
  • 40. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering IIT KANPUR, INDIA
  • 42. Urban forest • the quality of life of city residents • a place of social integration, recreation and relief from hectic life • Economical, ecological and aesthetic benefits – Provide with an additional recreation and wildlife area. – trees and green space provide significant advantages in terms of psychological and physical well-being. – also provide free ecosystem services which are helpful in maintaining ecological integrity of expanding cities like carbon sequestration, watershed management, and biodiversity conservation. 24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004.
  • 43. Berlin City Eco-friendly measures AIM: to ensure that a given proportion of a particular site area is left undeveloped, or covered by vegetation
  • 44. Singapore AIM: to promote biodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that as a densely populated country with no hinterland, one would have to adopt a pragmatic approach towards conservation and develop unique solutions to challenges
  • 45. Tokyo AIM: to regenerate its abundant greenery and represents the basic concept and directions of the green measures
  • 46. New York City Eco-friendly measures AIM: to mitigate the urban heat island effect with the extensive usage of vegetation
  • 47. Initiatives in India Government Organisations: •Building byelaws with development controls over open spaces •Investing in experimental studies to mitigate Urban Heat Island Effects & other environmental impact •Developing knowledge-base on appropriate construction Materials
  • 48. Initiatives in India Local Governments: •In Indore, an initiative to reuse natural channels for drainage not only brought changes in water logging scenario, also improved vulnerable slum dwellers’ condition. •In Kolkata, East Kolkata waste land is an exemplary conservation attempt for natural sewage treatment •Cities like Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore are implementing Rainwater harvesting system with increasing awareness about permeability issue/ surface transformation
  • 49. Initiatives in India •Corporate Houses: • SAP Labs- Bangalore, while renovating, commissioned Ornithologists instead of Landscape Architects to get back the birds within the campuses • TCS Bangalore promoted 'Urban Forestry’ among common citizens in June 2011 • Retrofitting offices in Mumbai & Delhi with prior importance to surroundings
  • 50. Next –Gen Built Environment Resource Conservation Approach Technical Efficiency Efficient & Rated MEP & IEQ Disaster Resiliency Lean Construction Management Sustainable range Quality of living Inclusiveness Shift from Gated community Connect with the nature Scope to experience, appraise and develop bond with nature Provision of natural Habitat within site thru’ regulations
  • 51. Next –Gen Built Environment Look Beyond Buildings to sustainably Manage Surroundings using cost-effective Technologies to Protect future of urban India and re-establishing connect with the nature
  • 52. References 1. World Energy Outlook 2009, 2010, 2011; International Energy Agency 2. Hiding behind the poor; Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007 3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India 4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J. Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384 5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005 6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living Cities Report, 2008 7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A., Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008. 8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011 9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) 10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014 11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
  • 53. References 12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007 13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem- Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ; American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001 14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4). Yokohama, Japan; 2009 15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-355, 2009 16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996. 17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002 18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003 19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
  • 54. References 20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J. ;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009 21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998 22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002 23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002 24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004 25. Anurag Kandya* Chaaruchandra Korde, Smita Chugh, Lalit Mohan Bal, Sanjeev Singh and P. Sudhakar
  • 55. Thank you! Email: mahua1965@gmail.com