CIB TASK GROUP 66 WEB EVENT
"THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICY IN INDIA AND BEYOND"
THURSDAY 28 JUNE 2012
2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time
AGENDA
- Introduction, by Jean Carassus, CIB TG66 Coordinator, Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris Institute of Technology, mandated by Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (France).
- The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings’ Policy in India- by Priyanka Kochar, Programme Manager, Sustainable Habitats Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
- Beyond the Building: Energy Efficient Surrounding is Future of India, by Dr Mahua Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
- Conclusion by Peter Wouters, CIB Marketing and Communication Chair, Director at Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI, Belgium),
BACKGROUND FOR THIS EVENT
CIB Task Group 66 is setting up several meetings to capitalize high level information on "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS POLICIES IN 5 CONTINENTS".
The first event was an International Seminar organized in Brussels. It was dedicated to the European policy (four presentations), the action of three international organizations (UNEP-SBCI, IEA, WBCSD) and the policies of four countries: Brazil, China, South Africa and the USA.
The second event was an Internet Session dedicated to Europe, with five presentations from Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands and Poland.
The third event was an Internet Session dedicated to North America, with five presentations from Canada, Mexico and the USA.
The fourth event was an Internet Session dedicated to South America, with five presentations from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.
To listen to registered conferences and see presentations from those events, visit
http://cib.sympraxis.eu
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
CIB TG66 India Webinar 20120628 Mahua Mukherjee Beyond the building
1. Welcome to
CIB Task Group 66 Web Event:
"The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings Policy
in India and Beyond"
THURSDAY; 28 JUNE 2012
2 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time
CIB stands for
International Council for Research and Innovation in Building
and Construction
TG 66: Energy and the Built Environment
2. Beyond the building:
Energy efficient surrounding
is future of India
Presenter:
Mahua Mukherjee, PhD.
IIT Roorkee, India
3. Gayatri Mantra
That Saviŧ (Sun God)
who is to be followed
(adopted), we think-of
(meditate-on) His
energy (power), may
-
- - He inspire (guide) our
pracho-đayāŧ. minds (intellects).
4. Outline for today’s Discussion
• Energy & Emission
• Sustainability Dilemma of India
• Future Focus: Urban Outdoor Space for Energy
Efficiency
• Global Scenario & Standards For Urban Outdoors
• Green Outdoor Initiatives
• Next-Gen Built Environment
6. Emission
Average per capita CO2 emissions (tonnes/annum) of different countries and different Indian income classes;
Source: [2] Hiding behind the poor - A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007
7. India’s Emission Pattern
The CO2 emission embodied in the consumption basket
of top 10% of the population in urban India is one-sixth
of the per capita emission generated in the US.
India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use were less than
five percent of the world total in 2007 (IEA 2009) but
this is likely to increase with economic development &
population rise.
10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
8. INDIA: Growth Pressure
• Economy growing at ~8 % pa
• Population of 1.22 billion+
• Urban Housing deficit of 23 million
• 40 million rural Housing units deficit
• Increased migration to urban areas
• Climate refugees - Climate change induced
post disaster reconstruction
3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India
10. INDIA: Growth Drivers
• Fast urbanization
• Increased migration
• Younger population
• Population growth
• Increased aspirations
11. Sustainability Dilemma
Development or Preservation/ Conservation
New development or Maintaining the Existing
Adaptation or Mitigation
4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J. Robinson, Ecological
Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384
5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005
12. Development or Preservation/
Conservation in INDIA
•Rural areas
•Deteriorated Connect with nature
•Suburb areas
•Neither urban facilities nor connect with nature
•Urban areas
•In/efficient Management of resources
13. 2. Benefits of Maintaining the existing through
RETROFITTING
SOCIAL BENEFITS
•Improved health, quality of life and comfort
•Improved productivity
•Improved social welfare and poverty alleviation
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
•Saving money
•Creating jobs and career opportunities
•Boosts local economy
•Takes less time than building a new structure, so normal function is
suspended for a lesser period of time
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
•Reduction in local/regional air pollution
•Non- release of embodied energy already in the building which could
have been released if the building was demolished to build a new one
6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living Cities Report, 2008
14. 3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India
Addressing multiple risks due to climate change is a serious public
policy and adaptation management challenge for India.
On the face of climate change, adaptation and mitigation actions
for cities in India are critically required where the urban
population is likely to grow by around 500 million over the next 50
years.
The developed countries can afford to go for expensive adaptive
programmes as they continue with their resource intensive
industrialized economic activities.
7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A., Environment and
Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on
Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
15. 3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India
India would preferably opt for a mix of two strategies which the
local economy and people can sustainably afford.
Integrated policies like Coastal Zonal Management and mangrove
forest regeneration, sustainable livelihoods through revival of
marine ecosystems , construction of dykes and dams, solid waste
and water resource management, disaster mitigation and
management planning and implementation etc. are well-
established mitigation strategies.
Urban planning for changed scenario, green technology,
sustainable brackets, renewable solar energy generation to satisfy
increasing demand, etc. are few potential adaptation strategies.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on
Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011
16. For Energy Efficiency
Future Focus
Urban Outdoor Space
Urban over Rural
Beyond Buildings
18. India’s Energy Consumption Pattern
9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
19. India’s Emission Pattern
The urban top 10% accounts for emissions of 3416 kg of
CO2 per year
The rural bottom 10% class accounts for only 141 kg of
CO2 per year.
10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
20. Future Focus
Building or Surrounding Open Area
Foremost among the challenges for Human
Habitat
is maintaining human wellbeing by provisioning
for clean air and healthy living environment
11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry,
RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
22. Future Focus
Building or Surrounding Open Area
Possible Way-out
To deal the challenge to maintain human
wellbeing by provisioning for clean air and
healthy living is through conservation and
restoration of urban outdoor green spaces
23. Surrounding Open Area
Beyond the buildings’ envelopes in urban area
can positively contributes to:
•physical and psychological health
•social cohesion
•climate change mitigation
•pollution abatement
•biodiversity conservation
•provisioning of the ecosystem goods and
service to urban inhabitants
24. Retrofitting Impact on Urban Outdoor Space
Ambient temperature & Humidity
Cooling load
Recovery from Pollution
Albedo Control
Water (fresh & waste) Resource Management
Solid Waste Management
12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007
13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and
Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ; American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001
14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the
enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4).
Yokohama, Japan; 2009
25. CO-BENEFITS of
Retrofitted Urban Outdoor Spaces
in addition to Energy Efficiency are
• URBAN POPULATIONS’ COMFORT
• CONNECT WITH NATURE
27. Global scenario -EU
Green space coverage in cities of EU vary markedly:
averaging 18.6 %
range from 1.9 (Reggio di Calabria, Italy) to
46% (Ferrol, Spain)
Availability of urban green spaces per capita varied by
two orders of magnitude, from 3-4 m2 per person in Cádiz,
Fuenlabrada and Almeria (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria
(Italy) to
> 300 m2 in Liège (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and
Valenciennes (France)
15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-
355, 2009
28. Global scenario -USA
Urban tree cover in the United States ranges
from 0.4% in Lancaster, California
to 55% in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; containing
approximately 3.8 billion trees with an average
tree canopy cover of 27 percent of urban areas.
16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R.
Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.
17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution
116: 381-389, 2002.
29. Global scenario
Curitiba, Brazil, with a population of 1.7 million, has urban
green space 51.5m2/person from to 1 m2/person in 1970s.
Canberra, the national capital of Australia, at the beginning
of the 1900s, was largely treeless. Extensive tree plantings
began in 1911 and today, the urban forest on public lands
contains 400,000 trees belonging to some 200 species in
streets and parklands
Japan’s green space average is 6.1 - 8.5 m2/ person. The
core of Metropolitan Area of Tokyo has green spaces of less
than 20%, while surrounding area has 60-80% green spaces.
18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M.,
C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003
19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry
& Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
30. Sustainable Standards
In 20th century, experts in Germany, Japan and other
countries proposed a standard of 40m² urban green
space in high density zones & 140 m² suburb forest
area per capita for reaching a balance between
carbon dioxide and oxygen, to meet the ecological
balance of human well-being.
Currently, developed countries have tended to adopt
a general standard of green space of 20 m² park area
per capita.
20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J. ;Journal of Forestry Research
20(1): 79-82, 2009
31. Sustainable Standards
International minimum standard suggested by World
Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the
publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m2
green open space per city dweller (Kuchelmeister 1998)
There is yet another yardstick, which refers to London
but has relevance to any city. Abercrombie (1943)
prepared a plan in 1943-1944 suggesting that 1.62 ha
(four acres) open space per 1000 population was a
reasonable figure to adopt for London.
21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific
Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
32. Some Important Indian Cities with Per
Capita Green Space
Population Per Capita
in Million Forest and Green Space
(Census, tree cover (m²/
City Area (Sq Km) 2001) (Sq Km) inhabitant)
Gandhinagar 2163.48 0.20 32.56 162.80
Chandigarh 114 0.90 49.00 54.45
Delhi 1483 13.80 297.00 21.52
Bangalore 741 5.60 97.00 17.32
Jaipur 200.4 2.32 5.43 2.30
(Source: Census of India, 2001)
33. Urban Outdoor Green
Three main components:
1. Patch (urban domestic gardens, public and private
parks & gardens, water bodies, urban forest patches)
2. Corridor (roadside avenues, walkways and urban
greenways etc.), and
3. Network structure (linking the patches and the
corridors).
“Urban trees are considered to be central part of green
infrastructure” Source: Google
22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning;
58: 269-280, 2002
23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002.
35. THE SCOPE : Retrofitting Urban Outdoor Space for
Energy Efficiency
Building Level
Neighbourhood Level
City Level
36. Urban Outdoor Components
Visible
•Urban fabric- Vegetations, Buildings’ Surfaces-Green wall/roof
•Large transformed surfaces- Parking lot, Road, Pavements, …
•Streetscape, Landscaping-swales, park with native plants,
Outdoor Lighting
Perceptible
• Policies on resource Management – Water(Fresh, Waste); Solid
Waste etc.
•Strategies for implementation- incentives, regulations etc.
37. How to Retrofit Surroundings Sustainably?
1. Identifying components for retrofit
2. Introduce measures for the Re/ CONNECT:
Urban forestry, Water bodies, Cooler Roof,
Greener Vertical surfaces, Green connectors
3. Introducing more & more soft engineering
4. Maintaining the existing development
38. Green roofs Cool roof
Green Walls Traditional Greener roof
42. Urban forest
• the quality of life of city residents
• a place of social integration, recreation and relief from
hectic life
• Economical, ecological and aesthetic benefits
– Provide with an additional recreation and wildlife area.
– trees and green space provide significant advantages in terms
of psychological and physical well-being.
– also provide free ecosystem services which are helpful in
maintaining ecological integrity of expanding cities like carbon
sequestration, watershed management, and biodiversity
conservation.
24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical
information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and
Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004.
43. Berlin City Eco-friendly measures
AIM: to ensure that a given proportion of a particular
site area is left undeveloped, or covered by vegetation
44. Singapore
AIM: to promote biodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that
as a densely populated country with no hinterland, one would
have to adopt a pragmatic approach towards conservation and
develop unique solutions to challenges
45. Tokyo
AIM: to regenerate
its abundant
greenery and
represents the basic
concept and
directions of the
green measures
46. New York City Eco-friendly measures
AIM: to mitigate the urban
heat island effect with the
extensive usage of vegetation
47. Initiatives in India
Government Organisations:
•Building byelaws with development controls over open
spaces
•Investing in experimental studies to mitigate Urban Heat
Island Effects & other environmental impact
•Developing knowledge-base on appropriate construction
Materials
48. Initiatives in India
Local Governments:
•In Indore, an initiative to reuse natural channels for
drainage not only brought changes in water logging
scenario, also improved vulnerable slum dwellers’
condition.
•In Kolkata, East Kolkata waste land is an exemplary
conservation attempt for natural sewage treatment
•Cities like Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore are
implementing Rainwater harvesting system with
increasing awareness about permeability issue/ surface
transformation
49. Initiatives in India
•Corporate Houses:
• SAP Labs- Bangalore, while renovating, commissioned
Ornithologists instead of Landscape Architects to get
back the birds within the campuses
• TCS Bangalore promoted 'Urban Forestry’ among
common citizens in June 2011
• Retrofitting offices in Mumbai & Delhi with prior
importance to surroundings
50. Next –Gen Built Environment
Resource Conservation Approach
Technical Efficiency
Efficient & Rated MEP & IEQ
Disaster Resiliency
Lean Construction Management
Sustainable range
Quality of living
Inclusiveness
Shift from Gated community
Connect with the nature
Scope to experience, appraise and develop bond with nature
Provision of natural Habitat within site thru’ regulations
51. Next –Gen Built Environment
Look Beyond Buildings to sustainably
Manage Surroundings using cost-effective
Technologies to Protect future of urban India
and re-establishing connect with the nature
52. References
1. World Energy Outlook 2009, 2010, 2011; International Energy Agency
2. Hiding behind the poor; Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007
3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India
4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J.
Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 384
5. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005
6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living
Cities Report, 2008
7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A.,
Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008.
8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee,
International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean ,
London University, 2011
9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use
Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank
Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)
10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009),
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014
11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S.
Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010
53. References
12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K.,
Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007
13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-
Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ;
American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001
14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building
underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P.
Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4).
Yokohama, Japan; 2009
15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J.
Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-355, 2009
16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G.
McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban
Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.
17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and
Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002
18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green
Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/
Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003
19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G.
and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003
54. References
20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J.
;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009
21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region,
Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working
Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook,
Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002
23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban
Planning 60: 59-72, 2002
24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social
integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban
forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13,
2004
25. Anurag Kandya* Chaaruchandra Korde, Smita Chugh, Lalit Mohan Bal, Sanjeev
Singh and P. Sudhakar