Livestock, climate change and health: International research, interventions and implications for Vietnam
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Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Fred Unger at a Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development–CGIAR Forum, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 November 2022.
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Livestock, climate change and health: International research, interventions and implications for Vietnam
- 1. Livestock, climate change and health: International research, interventions and implications for Vietnam Hung Nguyen-Viet, Co-leader, Animal and Human Health program Fred Unger, Regional Representative for East and Southeast Asia International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) with contributions from Jimmy Smith, Polly Ericksen and ILRI Sustainable Livestock Systems program Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development–CGIAR Forum Hanoi, Vietnam 28 November 2022
- 2. www.cgiar.org Livestock systems are central to a resilient, equitable and habitable future Global priorities for investing in climate resilient and low- emission livestock systems Bonilla et al. in prep. (building on LCSR prioritization) >1 billion people who depend on livestock for livelihoods and nutrition face multiple climate hazards. 14.5% of total annual GHG emissions are derived from livestock (enteric methane and deforestation) 74 countries identify livestock as mitigation priority in their Nationally Determined Contributions A fraction of climate investment is allocated to livestock systems research or development
- 3. 2 Demand for food will keep growing Projections based on IMPACT model, Dolapo Enahoro (ILRI) • Demand for milk, meat, eggs is increasing fastest in LMICs driven by population, rising incomes and urbanization • Not based on significant over-consumption in LMICs (attention: ‘double burden’) • 70% of livestock-derived foods consumed in LMICs are • Produced on small-scale farms • Sourced in informal markets 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Beef 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Pork 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Cereals 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Poultry 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Milk 0.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 Fruits & Vegetables Percentage changes in demand 2010 to 2030 Especially in LMICs
- 4. 3 • Improve livestock production efficiencies via Health Genetics Feeds • Identify genetic opportunities to breed low-methane livestock • Identify genetic opportunities to breed heat-tolerant livestock • Explore feed additives that reduce livestock methane emissions • Manage manure for lower GHG emissions • Determine the impacts of livestock diseases on GHG emissions CLIMATE: Livestock research solutions address GLOBAL CHALLENGES
- 5. 4 GHGs from different livestock systems need different solutions Dairy system characterization and emissions GHG emission intensity (kg CO 2 eq per kg FPCM) Productivity (kg FPCM per cow per year)
- 6. 5 • Milk yields decline when cows are under heat stress, and heat stress is rising under climate change • Evidence of genetic variations among bulls makes possible improved breeding programs that select ‘climate-tolerant’ animals that maintain good milk yields under heat stress while reducing their greenhouse gas intensity CLIMATE: Livestock research addresses the genetics of heat tolerance Ekine-Dzivenu C. et al., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104314
- 7. • Food • Globalization • Change Seven deadly drivers 1. Increased demand for animal protein 2. Unsustainable agricultural intensificaiton 3. Increased exploitation of wildlife 4. Land use change and extractive industry 5. Travel and transportation 6. Rapidly changing food systems 7. Climate change One Health as the solution De-risking drivers of pandemics United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
- 8. 7 NUTRITION & HEALTH: Livestock research solutions address GLOBAL CHALLENGES • Provide technical and policy solutions to improve access, availability and affordability of animal-source foods for those who need them most • ‘De-risk’ the traditional (informal) food markets of lower income countries to ensure that meat, milk, eggs and other fresh foods are safe from food-borne diseases
- 9. 8 NUTRITION & HEALTH: Livestock research addresses child stunting Vaccinating rural poultry flocks against Newcastle disease and supporting animal health technicians to deliver the vaccines: • enhances poultry productivity • enhances household well-being • significantly reduces stunting of both girls and boys Otiang, E. et al., 2022: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122389119 Photo of rural poultry household children
- 10. 9 Livestock based research initiatives at CGIAR 2022–24
- 11. www.cgiar.org Strengthening household capacities Reducing climate risk with digital services Leveraging landscapes Financing the transition Policy environment 80,000 households implement climate smart livestock technologies Adaptation pioneers, on-farm GHGe intervention testing, gender inclusion Land managers implement governance & restoration practices on 500,000 ha Participatory rangeland management, land use planning, tradeoff analysis Climate investors commit $25 million to finance the transition Technical assistance to define the opportunity and track progress 4 policies build on LCSR scientific evidence and outputs MRV and adaptation tracking protocols, global advocacy partnerships 320,000 livestock value chain actors access climate information Bundling CSI and CSA, drought risk finance, gender and youth inclusion Livestock, Climate and System Resilience (LCSR) will deliver outcomes using a range of innovations Outcomes Innovations Work packages
- 12. www.cgiar.org Sustainable Animal Productivity for Livelihoods, Nutrition and Gender inclusion (2022–24) Vietnam: Northern mountainous area (Son La) (Animal health, Breeding (AI), Feeding, Food Safety and Market access) Inception workshop and TOC meeting (2022) Various Baselines (early 2023)
- 13. www.cgiar.org CGIAR Initiative on One Health Aim: To protect human health by improving detection, prevention and control of zoonoses, foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries WP 1 Zoonoses WP 2 Food Safety New project ICT4HEALTH funded by Korea MAFRA
- 14. 13 Key messages Demand for food, especially livestock-derived food, is likely to sky-rocket, but that food will have to be produced using the same resource base while mitigating potential harms. Multiple and contrasting metrics are used for some key livestock-related development parameters—climate change, environment, nutrition, health. Let’s not allow our different perspectives to detract from the immense task at hand that we all agree with… sustainable healthy diets ….for every citizen.
- 15. Thank you!
- 16. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Original text: >1 billion people who depend on livestock for livelihoods and nutrition face multiple climate hazards. Livestock systems are responsible for about 14.5% of total annual GHG emissions due to enteric methane and deforestation – both subject to new pledges at COP26. Livestock are identified in 74 countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions. Livestock systems have received a fraction of climate investment – for research or development – compared to crops.
- Improving disease surveillance from a One Health perspective, development of tools for better management of diseases – this is an adaptation measure since they enable farmers to keep animals under adverse conditions. Biosecurity in the farm is a challenging issue in LMICs as it is linked to the investment, farmers don’t have the means to do so. Herd health and disease control measures in general will help. Hygiene practice is also important to change at the slaughterhouse, markets (in particular wet markets) and household Bushmeat consumption and wildlife farming: education and improving infrastructure and behavior changes Strengthening the capacity of One Health particularly for livestock sector: animal health workers, national level, surveillance…
- Photos: N. palmer (CIAT0 Old text: Strengthen household capacities Outcome: 350,000 households implement climate smart livestock technologies Innovations: Adaptation pioneers, on-farm GHGe intervention testing, gender inclusion Climate risk reduction with digital services Outcome: 500,000 livestock value chain actors access climate information Innovations: Bundling of CSI and CSA, Drought Risk Financing, gender and youth inclusion Build landscape approaches with partnerships for scaling Outcome: Land managers implement governance and restoration practices on 500,000 ha Innovations: Participatory rangeland management, landscape governance, tradeoff analysis Financing the transition Climate investors commit $50 million USD KPIs just for the livestock sector, evidence of returns on investments Improve the enabling policy environment and national capacities 5 policies build on LCSR evidence and outputs MRV and adaptation tracking protocols, advocacy for rangelands