Lightning concepts presented by ILD Technologies, LLC

1. LIGHTNING CONCEPTS

6. Strike photograph showing highly illuminated return stroke with an unsuccessful stepped leader and upward moving positive streamer .

9. Lightning Strike Ground Potential Gradient Chart 600 Ft . 60 Ft. STRIKE POINT Up to 100% of Strike Point Voltage Up to 25% of Strike Point Voltage Based upon dry soil conditions, low water table, grounding system impedance and high conductivity soil composition.

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13. Effects of Direct and Near Lightning Strikes On Facility Equipment

16. GPR and Low Side Surge Developed Ground Potential Rise (GPR) = 75,000 Volts seen as Low Side Surge propagating throughout the building via the single point ground, concrete foundation, rebar and other conductive pathways such as metal conduits, piping, etc. Lightning strike of 100,000,000 Volts at 300,000 Amperes of current into ground having inductance of .5x10-6H and rise time of 2x10-6S.

21. Head End MOV At normal voltage levels, the MOV provides no path to ground. When a voltage (at V) above rated clamping voltage of the MOV is observed, the device is designed to allow current flow from the head end directly to ground – provided that the ground represents a lower impedance than the load. But… MOV’s (as well as GDT’s) are non-polarized! This means they can pass current in either direction. If the voltage is sourced from the ground side of the device (as seen in GPR) and is above clamping voltage rating of the MOV, the device will allow current flow directly to both the head end and load side equipment (Low Side Surge.) Typical Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) Arrangement Illustrating Potential Path of Reverse Current During Low Side Surge Load V

23. The Problem With Grounding Systems …… . The facility grounding system is historically one of the least maintained major subsystems found in private, commercial, and governmental facilities. Consider the following exert from a 1997 report published by the Electromagnetic Test and Analysis Dept.of Sandia Laboratories: “ After investigation of over 95,000 induced facility lightning strikes, what we found out was that passive lightning protection systems were able to play only a limited role in safely directing current from a strike. As a result of poor system grounding, we routinely observed high electrical currents traveling through structural steel and foundation rebar, concrete, piping systems, vent work, and electrical cable networks.”

25. The Challenge …. To design innovative products that easily integrate into lightning protection systems for improvement of reliability against all forms of lightning damage and to overcome the shortcomings of commodity technology while providing the greatest value for the customer’s investment. Introducing… The ILD Technologies Solution

26. LP SURGE SUPPRESSION BONDING LOW IMPEDANCE EQUI-POTENTIAL GROUNDING An effective Lightning Protection System requires a comprehensive approach that includes Intelligent Systems integrated into well designed Surge Suppression, Bonding and Low Impedance Ground Systems. The ILD Technologies Lightning Protection System Pyramid Intelligent Systems

27. What Is Intelligent Lightning Protection? A system that continuously monitors the atmosphere in order to sense the development of a dangerous condition and / or impending lightning strikes before they actually cause damage, and to provide automatic placement of protected equipment into safe modes for the duration of the threat while maintaining full operation. Introducing the Rabun TM Model 1000 Equipment Protection System …..

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