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Developing a nutrition
training roadmap for
administrators in India
Rationale, previous experiences, anticipated
outcomes
Why a nutrition training roadmap for
administrators?
• The nutrition technical community as well as policy
makers/program designers are increasingly aligned
around some core issues related to nutrition in
India
• India’s programs typically focus on capacity building
for frontline providers and immediate supervisors
• System commitment and capacity are the missing
middle  state, district, sub-district
• But who are the administrators and others in the
“system”? What do they need to know about nutrition?
How does the nutrition community help support this
improvement in system commitment and capacity?
What are some core areas of
alignment?
• Multiple forms of malnutrition with multiple consequences
• The importance of the first 1000 days for many forms of malnutrition
(but also windows outside this, such as adolescence)
• The recognition that immediate and underlying determinants both
matter
• Interventions are both nutrition-specific (ICDS, health system) and
nutrition sensitive (poverty reduction, sanitation, food security,
gender, etc.)
• Even interventions in policy and program frameworks are not reaching
everyone – improving coverage, quality and uptake are critical (C2IQ)
• The food system needs to be better aligned with nutrition (and not
just hunger)
• Healthy diets matter for all forms of malnutrition
• Unhealthy foods need to be tackled, both in public programs and in private
sector
• Data use is key to improving programs
What have we done on training
administrators?
• Adapted the global Transforming Nutrition: Ideas,
Policies and Outcomes course (developed with
Lawrence Haddad, hosted every July at IDS, UK for
five days)
• Developed a 2 day course in India, focused on
district administrators
• August 2018 [LBSNAA/NGC, IFPRI, EPoD]
• February 2019 [LBSNAA/NGC, MWCD, NITI Aayog,
IFPRI, IDInsight, EPoD, PCI etc.]
• To integrate ideas about nutrition from cause to
consequence to intervention to building commitment --
and back again!
• To help marshal the latest evidence better to accelerate
intervention coverage, malnutrition reduction
• To learn from each other, together
• To inspire and energize ourselves in the fight against
malnutrition
What do we aim to do in the
short courses?
Day Sessio
n
Topic Day Sessi
on
Topic
Monda
y 6th
Aug
1 Intro + Objectives Tuesda
y7th
Aug
6 Module 3: Nutrition Sensitive
Programmes – Food Security,
Poverty/Social Protection, Gender,
WASH
2 Module 1: Nature of the Problem
and its Distribution and Causes:
Why Nutrition is a Perfect
Systems Issue
7 Module 3: Building Support for
Nutrition
Building an enabling environment
for nutrition-
Leadership, Politics & Policy
Accountability
Financing
Capacity
Evidence
lunch
3 Module 2: What Works (Nutrition
Specific Interventions) lunch
3 Bringing it together: Nutrition stories
of success in India
4 Bringing it together: Nutrition stories
of success in India
4 Taking it forward; Identifying the
critical and specific actions at the
district-level
What does the course look like?
Examples of content and
approaches used
8
Immediate causes of malnutrition
(especially for children)
Food
Breastfeeding
Complementary feeding
Limiting non-nutritive foods
Care
All activities that assure that family food,
health and other resources reach the child
Attention to the child, care arrangements
Responsive feeding
Psychosocial stimulation
Health
Maternal health and well-being
Preventive and curative health care
Assurance of a healthy and clean environment
Underlying causes of poor nutrition for
children
Food-related
resources
• Household food
security
• Household food
diversity
• Healthy/unhealthy
food environment
Care-related
resources
• Support available
to parents
• Time
• Stress
• Workload
Health-related
resources
• Access to and
availability of
health care
• Access to clean
environments
Poverty, social exclusion and lack of agency and opportunity
are underpinnings of these causes
Causes of the causes!
Using the framework to link interventions to determinants
11
Birthspacing-pregnancycare
AntenatalCare
Immunization
Home Based
Newborn Care
Feeding counseling: breast feeding and complementary feeding
Birth
Institutional
Deliveries
6 weeks
Facility Based
Newborn
Care
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses
Home-based Young Child Care
(Nutrition and health counseling, early
stimulation
6
months
1
year
2
years
Swachh: Safe water, hand washing, toilet use, safe disposal of feces
Supplementary nutrition: mother >>> baby
Growth monitoring; stimulation and care of the malnourished child
HEALTH*ICDS*
Not to
scale
Pregnancy
Pre-
pregna
ncy
*predominant
role
Care for severe acute malnutrition
Program packages of
Interventions for first 1000 days:
for health, nutrition and development
12
BetiBachao,betipadhao
Adolescentcare
Iron-folic acid; Vitamin A; Deworming
All
Enablers: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Pradhan Mantri Maatru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),
Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojana (JSSY), Rashtriya Bal Suraksha Karyakram (RBSK)
Using data to show how coverage interventions
variable: by life-stage, by intervention, by the delivery
platform …
13
93.3
51
77.7
30.2
83
18
75.4
40.1
52.6
35.1
43.8
81
83.3
36.7
65.1
27.1
47.8
35.137.1
62.6
59.3
26.5
32.2
79.1
50.5
20.2
51.7
42.744.6
28.55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PREGNANCY DELIVERY & POSTNATAL EARLY CHILDHOOD
Health
ICDS
Health
ICDS
Health
ICDS
….and among states and…
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DemandforFPsatisfied
Iodizedsalt
≥4ANCvisits
Consumed100+IFAduring…
Neonataltetanusprotection
Dewormingduringpregnancy
Weighingduringpregnancy
Breastfeedingcounselingduring…
Supplementaryfood-pregnancy
Healthandnutritioneducation-…
Healthcheckup-pregnancy
Institutionaldelivery
Skilledbirthattendant
JSY
Postnatalcareformothers
Postnatalcareforbabies
Supplementaryfood-lactation
Healthandnutritioneducation-…
Healthcheckup-lactation
Fullimmunization
ReceivedvitaminAinthelast6…
PediatricIFA
Dewormingforchildren
Careseekingforpneumonia
ORSduringdiarrhea
Zincduringdiarrhea
Supplementaryfood-children
Healthcheckup-children
Weighing-children
Cousellingonchildgrowth
Prepregnancy Pregnancy Delivery and early postnatal Early childhood
%
Source: National Family Health Survey -4
Proportion of mothers receiving any ANC
…among the districts
15
Proportion of mothers receiving 4 or more ANC
Source: National Family Health Survey -4
Take a look
at your
district for
ANC
490 districts ≥75%
women received
any ANC
156 districts ≥75%
women received 4
or more ANC
Data, diagnostic work and dialogue are a key
feature of the pedagogical approaches in these
short courses
• Basic approach includes the sharing of concepts and
then some diagnostic work that is grounded in data
that is geographically and topically relevant
• Multiple forms of malnutrition  examine what
malnutrition looks like in your district
• Immediate determinants  see what the data says about
these in your district
• Underlying determinants  see what the data says about
these in your district
• Reach of interventions in ICDS and health  see how your
district is doing on intervention coverage
Diagnostic exercises: Do a little
diagnosis for your district!
• What does the burden
of malnutrition look like
in your district? What
forms does it take?
• What do major risk
factors/causes for
malnutrition look like in
the district?
• Start off a causal map
of the components and
their interactions – on
paper
Purnima Menon_Opening session 8 aug2019
Intervention coverage: exercises to prioritize
areas to work on
• 5 mins (individual exercise)
• Take a look at your state
coverage note and focus
on the district dashboard
• Which interventions are
consistently high?
• Which ones are low for all
districts?
• 5 mins - table buzz – what are you
finding
• As you think forward to your district
action plans – think of how you will
achieve C2IQ
• Coverage
• Consistency
• Intensity
• Quality
Using administrative data to diagnose program challenges
Led by IDInsight
Data case studies, including the use of administrative data mapped to theory of change
Diagnostic work on what data revealed about issues to address
Strategy clinics: One-on-one sessions to help
review district diagnostics, provided tailored
inputs to individual district administrators
Course participant
reflections
Insights from previous workshops
(6th-7th August 2018)
(13th-15th February 2019)
Immediate post-workshop feedback was largely
positive with various suggestions for improvement
• OVERALL:
• On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of day 1
as 3 or more. 13 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5.
• Session: Nature of the Problem and its Distribution and Causes: Why
Nutrition is a Perfect Systems Issue
• On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the
session as 3 or more. 10 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5.
• Session: Tackling the Immediate Drivers of Malnutrition (Nutrition-Specific
Interventions)
• On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the
session as 3 or more. 14 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5.
• Session: Scaling up interventions: district-by-district: What will it take?
• On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the
session as 3 or more. 15 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5.
Follow-up interviews on course take-
aways (6 months later)
• Every district is different (District Profiles)
• First 1000 days should be considered “Window of Opportunity”
• Significance of diagnosing the immediate & underlying determinants of
malnutrition in a region
• Early registration of pregnancy is important
• Data can be extremely insightful for problem diagnosis (Antenatal Care example)
• Ensuring effective convergence during the 1000-day window
Putting
Theory to
Action…
• “I used the story of the
undernourished child story in creating
awareness of among the AWWs and
LSs”
• “I have started to organize
convergence meetings between the
WCD & Health department officials in
my district”
• “I have started including data in our
meetings with senior officials. I have
used NFHS data for certain indicators
pertaining to my district”
• I used Vajan Tyohar data to assess the
status of malnutrition in my district. I
identified the block with the highest
levels of malnutrition and organized
medical check-ups there”
Participant Recommendations
Sensitization of all actors (AWWs, LS, CDPOs) in a similar manner
More targeted trainings with homogenous cohorts
More technical knowledge of malnutrition (“We know about the broad causes of stunting but not
about its impact on brain development.”)
Sharpening data analysis skills (“To be able to draw maximum insights from minimum reports”)
Sharing district nutrition profiles with district level staff
Communication skills for more effective interaction with communities
Group work & case studies encourage valuable dialogue between participants
Back to why WE are here today
• It is not enough to be harmonized within the
technical community and national policy
community
• It is not enough to invest in capacity building of
frontline providers
• It is critical we invest in system commitment and
capacity in the middle
• Content knowledge
• Role-related knowledge
• Role-relevant skills
Who is here today?
People with experience and expertise in diverse
areas and many already engaging with many people
in the “system middle”:
• Technical
• Policy
• Program implementation/support to
implementation
• Data and data use
• Capacity building
What do we hope to achieve
together?
• Identify who’s in the missing middle
• Think about what they need to know about
nutrition and for their roles
• Think about what skills they may need
• Brainstorm how we might start to close gaps
• Initiate a collective of people and organizations
building system-level capacity
Results of the pre-
workshop survey
Participant affiliation (n=17)
All the respondents engage with the
administrators (n=17)
Level of engagement: >60% respondents engage with administrators
at national, state and district level.
Nature of engagement: >80% respondents provide technical inputs to
the administrators at national and state level; ≥65% respondents
provide capacity building to the state and district level administrators.
Knowledge or skill gaps identified: All the respondents
mentioned gap in use of data for program decisions
among the administrators
Knowledge about determinants
of malnutrition
Use of data for strategy
development
Knowledge about existing nutrition
programs/interventions

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Purnima Menon_Opening session 8 aug2019

  • 1. Developing a nutrition training roadmap for administrators in India Rationale, previous experiences, anticipated outcomes
  • 2. Why a nutrition training roadmap for administrators? • The nutrition technical community as well as policy makers/program designers are increasingly aligned around some core issues related to nutrition in India • India’s programs typically focus on capacity building for frontline providers and immediate supervisors • System commitment and capacity are the missing middle  state, district, sub-district • But who are the administrators and others in the “system”? What do they need to know about nutrition? How does the nutrition community help support this improvement in system commitment and capacity?
  • 3. What are some core areas of alignment? • Multiple forms of malnutrition with multiple consequences • The importance of the first 1000 days for many forms of malnutrition (but also windows outside this, such as adolescence) • The recognition that immediate and underlying determinants both matter • Interventions are both nutrition-specific (ICDS, health system) and nutrition sensitive (poverty reduction, sanitation, food security, gender, etc.) • Even interventions in policy and program frameworks are not reaching everyone – improving coverage, quality and uptake are critical (C2IQ) • The food system needs to be better aligned with nutrition (and not just hunger) • Healthy diets matter for all forms of malnutrition • Unhealthy foods need to be tackled, both in public programs and in private sector • Data use is key to improving programs
  • 4. What have we done on training administrators? • Adapted the global Transforming Nutrition: Ideas, Policies and Outcomes course (developed with Lawrence Haddad, hosted every July at IDS, UK for five days) • Developed a 2 day course in India, focused on district administrators • August 2018 [LBSNAA/NGC, IFPRI, EPoD] • February 2019 [LBSNAA/NGC, MWCD, NITI Aayog, IFPRI, IDInsight, EPoD, PCI etc.]
  • 5. • To integrate ideas about nutrition from cause to consequence to intervention to building commitment -- and back again! • To help marshal the latest evidence better to accelerate intervention coverage, malnutrition reduction • To learn from each other, together • To inspire and energize ourselves in the fight against malnutrition What do we aim to do in the short courses?
  • 6. Day Sessio n Topic Day Sessi on Topic Monda y 6th Aug 1 Intro + Objectives Tuesda y7th Aug 6 Module 3: Nutrition Sensitive Programmes – Food Security, Poverty/Social Protection, Gender, WASH 2 Module 1: Nature of the Problem and its Distribution and Causes: Why Nutrition is a Perfect Systems Issue 7 Module 3: Building Support for Nutrition Building an enabling environment for nutrition- Leadership, Politics & Policy Accountability Financing Capacity Evidence lunch 3 Module 2: What Works (Nutrition Specific Interventions) lunch 3 Bringing it together: Nutrition stories of success in India 4 Bringing it together: Nutrition stories of success in India 4 Taking it forward; Identifying the critical and specific actions at the district-level What does the course look like?
  • 7. Examples of content and approaches used
  • 8. 8
  • 9. Immediate causes of malnutrition (especially for children) Food Breastfeeding Complementary feeding Limiting non-nutritive foods Care All activities that assure that family food, health and other resources reach the child Attention to the child, care arrangements Responsive feeding Psychosocial stimulation Health Maternal health and well-being Preventive and curative health care Assurance of a healthy and clean environment
  • 10. Underlying causes of poor nutrition for children Food-related resources • Household food security • Household food diversity • Healthy/unhealthy food environment Care-related resources • Support available to parents • Time • Stress • Workload Health-related resources • Access to and availability of health care • Access to clean environments Poverty, social exclusion and lack of agency and opportunity are underpinnings of these causes Causes of the causes!
  • 11. Using the framework to link interventions to determinants 11
  • 12. Birthspacing-pregnancycare AntenatalCare Immunization Home Based Newborn Care Feeding counseling: breast feeding and complementary feeding Birth Institutional Deliveries 6 weeks Facility Based Newborn Care Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses Home-based Young Child Care (Nutrition and health counseling, early stimulation 6 months 1 year 2 years Swachh: Safe water, hand washing, toilet use, safe disposal of feces Supplementary nutrition: mother >>> baby Growth monitoring; stimulation and care of the malnourished child HEALTH*ICDS* Not to scale Pregnancy Pre- pregna ncy *predominant role Care for severe acute malnutrition Program packages of Interventions for first 1000 days: for health, nutrition and development 12 BetiBachao,betipadhao Adolescentcare Iron-folic acid; Vitamin A; Deworming All Enablers: Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Pradhan Mantri Maatru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojana (JSSY), Rashtriya Bal Suraksha Karyakram (RBSK)
  • 13. Using data to show how coverage interventions variable: by life-stage, by intervention, by the delivery platform … 13 93.3 51 77.7 30.2 83 18 75.4 40.1 52.6 35.1 43.8 81 83.3 36.7 65.1 27.1 47.8 35.137.1 62.6 59.3 26.5 32.2 79.1 50.5 20.2 51.7 42.744.6 28.55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PREGNANCY DELIVERY & POSTNATAL EARLY CHILDHOOD Health ICDS Health ICDS Health ICDS
  • 14. ….and among states and… 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DemandforFPsatisfied Iodizedsalt ≥4ANCvisits Consumed100+IFAduring… Neonataltetanusprotection Dewormingduringpregnancy Weighingduringpregnancy Breastfeedingcounselingduring… Supplementaryfood-pregnancy Healthandnutritioneducation-… Healthcheckup-pregnancy Institutionaldelivery Skilledbirthattendant JSY Postnatalcareformothers Postnatalcareforbabies Supplementaryfood-lactation Healthandnutritioneducation-… Healthcheckup-lactation Fullimmunization ReceivedvitaminAinthelast6… PediatricIFA Dewormingforchildren Careseekingforpneumonia ORSduringdiarrhea Zincduringdiarrhea Supplementaryfood-children Healthcheckup-children Weighing-children Cousellingonchildgrowth Prepregnancy Pregnancy Delivery and early postnatal Early childhood % Source: National Family Health Survey -4
  • 15. Proportion of mothers receiving any ANC …among the districts 15 Proportion of mothers receiving 4 or more ANC Source: National Family Health Survey -4 Take a look at your district for ANC 490 districts ≥75% women received any ANC 156 districts ≥75% women received 4 or more ANC
  • 16. Data, diagnostic work and dialogue are a key feature of the pedagogical approaches in these short courses • Basic approach includes the sharing of concepts and then some diagnostic work that is grounded in data that is geographically and topically relevant • Multiple forms of malnutrition  examine what malnutrition looks like in your district • Immediate determinants  see what the data says about these in your district • Underlying determinants  see what the data says about these in your district • Reach of interventions in ICDS and health  see how your district is doing on intervention coverage
  • 17. Diagnostic exercises: Do a little diagnosis for your district! • What does the burden of malnutrition look like in your district? What forms does it take? • What do major risk factors/causes for malnutrition look like in the district? • Start off a causal map of the components and their interactions – on paper
  • 19. Intervention coverage: exercises to prioritize areas to work on • 5 mins (individual exercise) • Take a look at your state coverage note and focus on the district dashboard • Which interventions are consistently high? • Which ones are low for all districts? • 5 mins - table buzz – what are you finding • As you think forward to your district action plans – think of how you will achieve C2IQ • Coverage • Consistency • Intensity • Quality
  • 20. Using administrative data to diagnose program challenges Led by IDInsight Data case studies, including the use of administrative data mapped to theory of change Diagnostic work on what data revealed about issues to address
  • 21. Strategy clinics: One-on-one sessions to help review district diagnostics, provided tailored inputs to individual district administrators
  • 22. Course participant reflections Insights from previous workshops (6th-7th August 2018) (13th-15th February 2019)
  • 23. Immediate post-workshop feedback was largely positive with various suggestions for improvement • OVERALL: • On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of day 1 as 3 or more. 13 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5. • Session: Nature of the Problem and its Distribution and Causes: Why Nutrition is a Perfect Systems Issue • On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the session as 3 or more. 10 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5. • Session: Tackling the Immediate Drivers of Malnutrition (Nutrition-Specific Interventions) • On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the session as 3 or more. 14 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5. • Session: Scaling up interventions: district-by-district: What will it take? • On a scale of 1 to 5, all 21 respondents rated the effectiveness of the session as 3 or more. 15 respondents rated the effectiveness as 5.
  • 24. Follow-up interviews on course take- aways (6 months later) • Every district is different (District Profiles) • First 1000 days should be considered “Window of Opportunity” • Significance of diagnosing the immediate & underlying determinants of malnutrition in a region • Early registration of pregnancy is important • Data can be extremely insightful for problem diagnosis (Antenatal Care example) • Ensuring effective convergence during the 1000-day window
  • 25. Putting Theory to Action… • “I used the story of the undernourished child story in creating awareness of among the AWWs and LSs” • “I have started to organize convergence meetings between the WCD & Health department officials in my district” • “I have started including data in our meetings with senior officials. I have used NFHS data for certain indicators pertaining to my district” • I used Vajan Tyohar data to assess the status of malnutrition in my district. I identified the block with the highest levels of malnutrition and organized medical check-ups there”
  • 26. Participant Recommendations Sensitization of all actors (AWWs, LS, CDPOs) in a similar manner More targeted trainings with homogenous cohorts More technical knowledge of malnutrition (“We know about the broad causes of stunting but not about its impact on brain development.”) Sharpening data analysis skills (“To be able to draw maximum insights from minimum reports”) Sharing district nutrition profiles with district level staff Communication skills for more effective interaction with communities Group work & case studies encourage valuable dialogue between participants
  • 27. Back to why WE are here today • It is not enough to be harmonized within the technical community and national policy community • It is not enough to invest in capacity building of frontline providers • It is critical we invest in system commitment and capacity in the middle • Content knowledge • Role-related knowledge • Role-relevant skills
  • 28. Who is here today? People with experience and expertise in diverse areas and many already engaging with many people in the “system middle”: • Technical • Policy • Program implementation/support to implementation • Data and data use • Capacity building
  • 29. What do we hope to achieve together? • Identify who’s in the missing middle • Think about what they need to know about nutrition and for their roles • Think about what skills they may need • Brainstorm how we might start to close gaps • Initiate a collective of people and organizations building system-level capacity
  • 30. Results of the pre- workshop survey
  • 32. All the respondents engage with the administrators (n=17)
  • 33. Level of engagement: >60% respondents engage with administrators at national, state and district level.
  • 34. Nature of engagement: >80% respondents provide technical inputs to the administrators at national and state level; ≥65% respondents provide capacity building to the state and district level administrators.
  • 35. Knowledge or skill gaps identified: All the respondents mentioned gap in use of data for program decisions among the administrators Knowledge about determinants of malnutrition Use of data for strategy development Knowledge about existing nutrition programs/interventions

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. But even people in the field don’t have time to keep up with the evidence. We’re going to take you through everything from causes to consequences to building commitment and putting evidence into action This is a week for us all to learn from each other , to reflect, to discuss what we do and don’t understand Most of all to help and inspire each other in the fight against global malnutrition
  2. Earlier I had shown a slide on the interventions in the Indian Policy Framework. These are the interventions featuring the package of interventions in the first 1000 days under the POSHAN Abhiyaan. So there are no new nutrition-specific interventions.
  3. Coverage of our nutrition-specific interventions remains variable- A cursory look at the graph makes this quite evident. Not all the bars are at the same level nor are they touching the 100% mark Zooming in a bit, le us look athe graph by the life-stage. We have divided the graph by three life stages. In pregnancy, the coverage ranges from 18-83%.
  4. - >4ANC - Range:12% (Bihar)to 90% (Kerala)
  5. These slides summarize the feedback and suggestions by 4 participants of the previous workshops (Aug : 1 and Feb: 3) on their key takeaways, concepts they tried implementation as well as challenges faced by them
  6. Notes: This slide is summary of what the partcipants thought were their key takeaways from the training: They liked the idea of differential diagnosis for each district 1000-day window of opportunity. This was considered as an eye opening concept by one person This is coming from the session on drivers of malnutrition Early registration was mentioned as a key message by a couple of people Reference to IDInsight session on day 2 of Feb training Reference to Purnima’s session on day 1 of Feb training
  7. These are some examples of practices people followed upon getting inspired from the various sessions. Reference to examples in the opening session by NITI Aayog on day 1 of Feb training Motivated by the emphasis on convergence between stakeholders Motivated by the exercise on district diagnosis using nutrition profiles Another example of use of administrative data
  8. This slide speaks to suggestions by participants on what more such trainings should look like. Here is an explanation of all the points Similar trainings to be organized for the field staff as well A profiling of participants in a way that people with similar roles can get together and have effective discussions in these trainings Participants appreciated technical knowledge in these sessions and seek more of it Data analysis should be incorporated in their work in a manner that it doesn’t simply add to the number of reports. Rather it should be collected in a manner that maximum information can be gained from limited indicators. High value in presenting district profiles to the DPOs One participant felt that communication skills for interacting with communities need to be worked upon. Participant feedback on the pedagogy of the trainings