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Anna GENAVEa and Sandrine SELOSSEb
aCEMOI, University of La Réunion
bCMA, Mines ParisTech – PSL University
Sustainable energy and climate
mitigation pathways in the
Republic of Mauritius
SUMMER 2021 SEMI-ANNUAL ETSAP MEETING
17-18 June 2021
1. Background
What motivated this study?
3
Energy
Vulnerability
Index
Shock
Economic
TPES per cap
Energy intensity
of GDP
Energy intensity
in the transport
sector
Environmental
Carbon intensity
of TPES
Exposure
Economic
Energy import
dependency
Energy mix
diversity
Overall system
conversion
efficiency
Social
Access to
electricity
From energy vulnerability to energy transition
Mitigating vulnerability to energy system
external shocks and internal disturbances
+
Mitigating climate change through GHG
emissions reduction
Source: Genave et al. (2020)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
GWh
3%
1% 4%
0.4%
0.4%
41%
37%
14% Hydro
LFG
PV
Wind
Kerosene
HFO
Coal
Bagasse
Power generation (GWh) between 1990 and 2017 Generation (%) in 2019
Evolution of power generation by source - Mauritius
4
830 MW of installed
capacity
2955
GWh
Evolution of power generation by source - Rodrigues
0
10
20
30
40
50
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
GWh
1% 5%
94%
PV
Wind
HFO
Power generation (GWh) between 1990 and 2017 Generation (%) in 2019
5
14.1 MW of
installed capacity
44 GWh
2015 2025 2050?
2019 2030
Policy milestones in the RoM
6
NORMATIVE EXPLORATORY
NDC to the
Paris
Agreement
RE Roadmap
2030 for RE
integration
35% RE
penetration
30% GHG
emissions
reduction
100% RE
penetration
(ROD)
2009
LTES (2009-
2025)
Research question
7
Which policy target is most likely capable of shaping a
secure and sustainable energy future for the two island
power systems in the Republic of Mauritius?
Weisser (2004)
Assess the long-term costs of various
electricity generation choices using
Discounted Cash Flow analyses based on NPV
and LCOE
Shea and Ramgolam (2019)
Identify local renewable resource potential
and island specific costs to determine the
LCOE of various technologies.
Timmons et al. (2019)
Adopt a cost-effectiveness approach to
identify the least expensive way to obtain
electricity from renewable sources using the
OSeMOSYS model
Edoo and Ah-King (2020)
Identify the major technical challenges with
respect to achieving 35% RE by 2025, as
outlined in the Long-Term Energy Strategy
(2009-2025) of the MEPU (2009) using the
EnergyPLAN software.
Existing studies on the RoM
Earlier literature
8
• Solar PV and biomass play a
major role in the energy
transition
• Storage technologies are seen
as enabling technologies
• Insights into long-term power system modelling for Rodrigues Island
• Modelling of power sector specificities
• Supply side
• Demand side
• Network density
• Extend the discussion beyond policy milestones to 2050
• Investigate CO2 emissions trajectories
Contributions
9
2. The RoM-TIMES Model
RoM-TIMES model: power-sector scenarios to 2050
11
• Two regions - Mauritius (MUS) and Rodrigues
(ROD)
• Modelling horizon: 2019-2050
• Granular representation of generating units
• Time slices: 20 for both MUS and ROD
• Electricity demand is exogenous
• Policy focus: LTES (2009-2025) and NDC
• Model discount rate of 8%
30GHG
• 2030 NDC target achieved
• CO2 emissions growth slow-
down
• Additional 20 pp reduction in
CO2 emissions by 2050
BAU
• NDC targets not reached
• No policy intervention to
correct current trends
35RE
• Development of renewables
as per RE target
• Additional 15 pp RE
penetration by 2050
Normative
Exploratory
Normative
Exploratory
Scenarios
12
3. Results
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2019 2025 2030 2040 2050
REFYR BAU
MUS
WGS
Solar PV utility
Solar PV roof
Onshore wind
Landfill gas
Kerosene
Imported biomass
Hydropower
HFO
Fuelwood
Coal/Bagasse
Coal
BESS
Power generation mix evolution - Mauritius
14
• BAU naturally integrates RE
• Coal still plays an important role at the end
of the modelling horizon
• Fuel switch between HFO and LFG +
imported biomass
7121
GWh
2955
GWh
4304
GWh
Power generation mix evolution - Mauritius
15
35RE
• Earlier phase-out of HFO to
integrate imported biomass and
WGS
• More integration of LFG at the
end of the horizon
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
2019 2025 2030 2050 2019 2025 2030 2050
35RE BAU
GWh
WGS
Solar PV utility
Solar PV roof
Onshore wind
Landfill gas
Kerosene
Imported biomass
Hydropower
HFO
Fuelwood
Coal/Bagasse
Coal
BESS
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
2019 2025 2030 2050 2019 2025 2030 2050
30GHG BAU
GWh
WGS
Solar PV utility
Solar PV roof
Onshore wind
Offshore wind
Landfill gas
Kerosene
Imported biomass
Hydropower
HFO
Fuelwood
30GHG
• Deeper cuts in fossil production
than in the 35RE scenario
• Coal production is replaced by
more renewable (LFG and
offshore)
Difference in generation w.r.t BAU Difference in generation w.r.t BAU
Power generation mix evolution - Rodrigues
16
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2019 2025 2030 2040 2050 2025 2030 2040 2050 2025 2030 2040 2050
REFYR BAU 35RE 30GHG
ROD
GWh
Solar PV utility
Onshore wind
HFO
Fuelwood
• BAU naturally integrates RE thanks to
fuelwood and solar PV
• Fuelwood plays an important role in
replacing HFO
• Fuel switching between HFO and onshore
wind to achieve emissions reduction targets
• 45% VRE penetration at the end of the
modelling horizon in 30GHG
100
GWh
69
GWh
44
GWh
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2019 2025 2030 2050
MUS
Kt
CO
2
30GHG
35RE
BAU
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2019 2025 2030 2050
ROD
Kt
CO
2
30GHG
35RE
BAU
CO2 emissions trajectories
17
30GHG results in more stringent emissions reduction
2107
29
3125
1562
22
11
RE targets not compatible with NDC pledges of the
RoM
+48%
-26%
-24%
-62%
-30000
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
2020 2030 2040 2050
MUS
B
Euro
WGS
Solar PV utility
Solar PV roof
Offshore wind
Landfill gas
Imported biomass
Hydropower
HFO
Fuelwood
Coal/Bagasse
Coal
BESS
Economic impacts - Mauritius
18
Region BAU 35RE 30GHG
MUS 3606 - +6%
ROD 77 - +3.5%
NPV (B Euro)
• 30GHG scenario is sensibly more
capital-intensive than BAU due to
the deployment of LFG and
offshore wind
Difference in undiscounted inv.
costs w.r.t BAU
Economic impacts - Rodrigues
19
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
BAU
35RE
30GHG
2020 2030 2040 2050
ROD
B
Euro
Solar PV utility
Onshore wind
HFO
Fuelwood
• Investment requirements in BAU
and 35RE similar
• 30GHG scenario is substantially
more capital-intensive than BAU
due to the deployment of onshore
wind turbines
Region BAU 35RE 30GHG
MUS 3606 - +6%
ROD 77 - +3.5%
NPV (B Euro)
Difference in undiscounted inv. costs
w.r.t BAU
4. Conclusion
• RE targets are not compatible with the RoM’s commitment to the Paris
Agreement (could be revised upwards)
• Solar PV, biomass, LFG and wind are critical energy technologies for the clean
energy transition in the RoM
• Emissions reduction targets require more capital-intensive investments
• The RoM should focus on CO2 emissions reduction efforts and design adequate
policy packages for climate mitigation
Concluding remarks
21
Comprehensive sensitivity analysis on key parameters to deal with uncertainty
What’s next? (1)
22
• Price of fossil fuels
• Biomass potential → land usage, non-CO2 emissions
• Technology specific rates + SDR
• Electricity demand scenario variants (HIGH and EE)
The role of energy transition in energy
vulnerability mitigation?
What’s next? (2)
23
Energy
Vulnerability
Index
Shock
Economic
TPES per cap
Energy intensity
of GDP
Energy intensity
in the transport
sector
Environmental
Carbon
intensity of
TPES
Exposure
Economic
Energy import
dependency
Energy mix
diversity
Overall system
conversion
efficiency
Social
Access to
electricity
• ↓ CO2 emissions
• ↓ fossil imports
• More diversified mix
• More efficient system
Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?
anna.genave@univ-reunion.fr
Anna Genavea and Sandrine Selosseb
aCEMOI, University of La Réunion
bCMA, Mines ParisTech – PSL University
• Edoo, M. N., & King, R. T. A. (2020). New insights into the technical challenges of the Mauritius long term energy strategy. Energy,
195, 116975.
• Genave, A., Blancard, S., & Garabedian, S. (2020). An assessment of energy vulnerability in Small Island Developing States.
Ecological Economics, 171, 106595.
• IPCC (2006). Chapter 2: Stationary combustion in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published:
IGES, Japan. Available at https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf
• MEPU (2009). Long term energy strategy 2009–2025. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities (October 2009). The Republic of
Mauritius. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1245mauritiusEnergy%20Strategy.pdf
• MEPU (2015). Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for The Republic of Mauritius. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities
(September 2015). Republic of Mauritius. Available at
https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Mauritius/1/Final%20INDC%20for%20Mauritius%202
8%20Sept%202015.pdf
• MEPU (2019). Renewable Energy Roadmap 2030 for the electricity sector. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities (August 2019).
Republic of Mauritius. Available at http://publicutilities.govmu.org/English/publications/Pages/default.aspx
• MESD (2017). National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report – UNFCCC. Ministry of Social Security, and Environment and Sustainable
Development – Environment and Sustainable Development Division (August 2017). Republic of Mauritius. Available at
https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/NationalReports/Documents/3251748_Mauritius-NC3-1-NIR%20%20NC3.pdf
• Shea, R. P., & Ramgolam, Y. K. (2019). Applied levelized cost of electricity for energy technologies in a small island developing state:
A case study in Mauritius. Renewable energy, 132, 1415-1424.
• Timmons, D., Dhunny, A. Z., Elahee, K., Havumaki, B., Howells, M., Khoodaruth, A., ... & Surroop, D. (2019). Cost minimisation for
fully renewable electricity systems: A Mauritius case study. Energy Policy, 133, 110895.
• Weisser, D. (2004). Costing electricity supply scenarios: A case study of promoting renewable energy technologies on Rodriguez,
Mauritius. Renewable energy, 29(8), 1319-1347
References
25
Appendices
Appendix A.1: RES-MUS
27
Grid High
Voltage
Grid Low
Voltage
Fossil
imports
Domestic
resources
Biomass plant
HFO
Wind farms
Solar farms and
PV rooftops
Thermal power
plants
RE imports
Diesel
LNG
Wind
Solar
Fuelwood
Biomass
Electricity
(LV)
Emissions
Electricity
demand
Energy storage
Coal
Kerosene
Bagasse
LFG
Hydro
Wave
WGS
Hydro power
plants
Wave PS
Electricity
(HV)
Appendix A.2: RES-ROD
28
Fossil
imports
Domestic
resources
Biomass plant
HFO
Wind farms
Solar farms and
PV rooftops
Thermal power
plants
Grid Low
Voltage
RE imports
Diesel
LNG
Wind
Solar
Fuelwood
Biomass
Electricity
(LV)
Emissions
Electricity
demand
Energy storage
Appendix B: Load profiles
29
200
300
400
500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
MW
SN2
WN2
3
4
5
6
7
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
MW
SN1
WN1
MUS ROD
Appendix C: Techno-economic parameters
30
Energy source Life AFA
EFF
CAPEX
(k€/MW)
OPEX
(k€/TJ)
Import price/Extraction
cost
(k€/TJ)
Existing New 2030 2050 Fixed Variable
Hydro 50 [0.13 - 0.39] 1 1 4807.08 3605.31 [50.28 – 62.85] 0 -
Solar PV Roof 25 [0.10 - 0.18] 1 1 1881.44 496.7 5.42 0 -
Solar PV Utility 25 [0.13 – 0.21] 1 1 1188.17 313.68 10.84 0 -
Wave 20 0.29 - 1 4451 3115.70 178.04 0 -
Wind Onshore 20 [0.14 – 0.22] 1 1 2134.7 1183.48 52.97 0 -
Wind Offshore 20 0.5 1 1 4005.90 2220.87 214.63 0 -
Landfill gas 13 0.66 0.33 0.4 1503.55 845.75 271.51 0 -
WGS 28 0.79 - 0.25 5875.32 3304.87 235.9 3.56 -
Coal 33 0.82 0.26 0.31 1585.45 - 62.35 4.46 0.00127
HFO 33 [0.30 - 0.54] 0.44 0.53 1924.61 - 67.21 15.04 0.01409
LNG 25 0.5 - 0.4 1090.90 531.81 19.95 23.96 0.000018
Coal/bagasse 33 [0.54 - 0.68] 0.26/0.24 0.31/0.28 1554.29 - 62.95 4.46 -
Kerosene 25 0.02 0.26 - - - 6.70 0.47 0.02248
BESS 15 0.25 - 0.94 771.36 289.76 2.05 0 -
Fuelwood 33 0.5 - 0.4 1650 928.13 41.69 0.12 0.00000
Imported
biomass
33 0.5 - 0.4 1650 928.13 41.69 0.12 0.00025
Techno-economic parameters in the RoM-TIMES
Appendix D: Capacity installations - Mauritius
31
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2019
2022
2025
2028
2031
2034
2037
2040
2043
2046
2049
2020
2023
2026
2029
2032
2035
2038
2041
2044
2047
2050
2021
2024
2027
2030
2033
2036
2039
2042
2045
2048
BAU 35RE 30GHG
MUS
MW
WGS
Solar PV utility
Solar PV roof
Onshore wind
Offshore wind
Landfill gas
Kerosene
Imported biomass
Hydropower
HFO
Fuelwood
Coal/Bagasse
Coal
BESS

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Sustainable energy and climate mitigation pathways in the Republic of Mauritius

  • 1. Anna GENAVEa and Sandrine SELOSSEb aCEMOI, University of La Réunion bCMA, Mines ParisTech – PSL University Sustainable energy and climate mitigation pathways in the Republic of Mauritius SUMMER 2021 SEMI-ANNUAL ETSAP MEETING 17-18 June 2021
  • 3. What motivated this study? 3 Energy Vulnerability Index Shock Economic TPES per cap Energy intensity of GDP Energy intensity in the transport sector Environmental Carbon intensity of TPES Exposure Economic Energy import dependency Energy mix diversity Overall system conversion efficiency Social Access to electricity From energy vulnerability to energy transition Mitigating vulnerability to energy system external shocks and internal disturbances + Mitigating climate change through GHG emissions reduction Source: Genave et al. (2020)
  • 4. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 GWh 3% 1% 4% 0.4% 0.4% 41% 37% 14% Hydro LFG PV Wind Kerosene HFO Coal Bagasse Power generation (GWh) between 1990 and 2017 Generation (%) in 2019 Evolution of power generation by source - Mauritius 4 830 MW of installed capacity 2955 GWh
  • 5. Evolution of power generation by source - Rodrigues 0 10 20 30 40 50 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 GWh 1% 5% 94% PV Wind HFO Power generation (GWh) between 1990 and 2017 Generation (%) in 2019 5 14.1 MW of installed capacity 44 GWh
  • 6. 2015 2025 2050? 2019 2030 Policy milestones in the RoM 6 NORMATIVE EXPLORATORY NDC to the Paris Agreement RE Roadmap 2030 for RE integration 35% RE penetration 30% GHG emissions reduction 100% RE penetration (ROD) 2009 LTES (2009- 2025)
  • 7. Research question 7 Which policy target is most likely capable of shaping a secure and sustainable energy future for the two island power systems in the Republic of Mauritius?
  • 8. Weisser (2004) Assess the long-term costs of various electricity generation choices using Discounted Cash Flow analyses based on NPV and LCOE Shea and Ramgolam (2019) Identify local renewable resource potential and island specific costs to determine the LCOE of various technologies. Timmons et al. (2019) Adopt a cost-effectiveness approach to identify the least expensive way to obtain electricity from renewable sources using the OSeMOSYS model Edoo and Ah-King (2020) Identify the major technical challenges with respect to achieving 35% RE by 2025, as outlined in the Long-Term Energy Strategy (2009-2025) of the MEPU (2009) using the EnergyPLAN software. Existing studies on the RoM Earlier literature 8 • Solar PV and biomass play a major role in the energy transition • Storage technologies are seen as enabling technologies
  • 9. • Insights into long-term power system modelling for Rodrigues Island • Modelling of power sector specificities • Supply side • Demand side • Network density • Extend the discussion beyond policy milestones to 2050 • Investigate CO2 emissions trajectories Contributions 9
  • 11. RoM-TIMES model: power-sector scenarios to 2050 11 • Two regions - Mauritius (MUS) and Rodrigues (ROD) • Modelling horizon: 2019-2050 • Granular representation of generating units • Time slices: 20 for both MUS and ROD • Electricity demand is exogenous • Policy focus: LTES (2009-2025) and NDC • Model discount rate of 8%
  • 12. 30GHG • 2030 NDC target achieved • CO2 emissions growth slow- down • Additional 20 pp reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 BAU • NDC targets not reached • No policy intervention to correct current trends 35RE • Development of renewables as per RE target • Additional 15 pp RE penetration by 2050 Normative Exploratory Normative Exploratory Scenarios 12
  • 14. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 2019 2025 2030 2040 2050 REFYR BAU MUS WGS Solar PV utility Solar PV roof Onshore wind Landfill gas Kerosene Imported biomass Hydropower HFO Fuelwood Coal/Bagasse Coal BESS Power generation mix evolution - Mauritius 14 • BAU naturally integrates RE • Coal still plays an important role at the end of the modelling horizon • Fuel switch between HFO and LFG + imported biomass 7121 GWh 2955 GWh 4304 GWh
  • 15. Power generation mix evolution - Mauritius 15 35RE • Earlier phase-out of HFO to integrate imported biomass and WGS • More integration of LFG at the end of the horizon -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 2019 2025 2030 2050 2019 2025 2030 2050 35RE BAU GWh WGS Solar PV utility Solar PV roof Onshore wind Landfill gas Kerosene Imported biomass Hydropower HFO Fuelwood Coal/Bagasse Coal BESS -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 2019 2025 2030 2050 2019 2025 2030 2050 30GHG BAU GWh WGS Solar PV utility Solar PV roof Onshore wind Offshore wind Landfill gas Kerosene Imported biomass Hydropower HFO Fuelwood 30GHG • Deeper cuts in fossil production than in the 35RE scenario • Coal production is replaced by more renewable (LFG and offshore) Difference in generation w.r.t BAU Difference in generation w.r.t BAU
  • 16. Power generation mix evolution - Rodrigues 16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2019 2025 2030 2040 2050 2025 2030 2040 2050 2025 2030 2040 2050 REFYR BAU 35RE 30GHG ROD GWh Solar PV utility Onshore wind HFO Fuelwood • BAU naturally integrates RE thanks to fuelwood and solar PV • Fuelwood plays an important role in replacing HFO • Fuel switching between HFO and onshore wind to achieve emissions reduction targets • 45% VRE penetration at the end of the modelling horizon in 30GHG 100 GWh 69 GWh 44 GWh
  • 17. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2019 2025 2030 2050 MUS Kt CO 2 30GHG 35RE BAU 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2019 2025 2030 2050 ROD Kt CO 2 30GHG 35RE BAU CO2 emissions trajectories 17 30GHG results in more stringent emissions reduction 2107 29 3125 1562 22 11 RE targets not compatible with NDC pledges of the RoM +48% -26% -24% -62%
  • 18. -30000 -20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG 2020 2030 2040 2050 MUS B Euro WGS Solar PV utility Solar PV roof Offshore wind Landfill gas Imported biomass Hydropower HFO Fuelwood Coal/Bagasse Coal BESS Economic impacts - Mauritius 18 Region BAU 35RE 30GHG MUS 3606 - +6% ROD 77 - +3.5% NPV (B Euro) • 30GHG scenario is sensibly more capital-intensive than BAU due to the deployment of LFG and offshore wind Difference in undiscounted inv. costs w.r.t BAU
  • 19. Economic impacts - Rodrigues 19 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG BAU 35RE 30GHG 2020 2030 2040 2050 ROD B Euro Solar PV utility Onshore wind HFO Fuelwood • Investment requirements in BAU and 35RE similar • 30GHG scenario is substantially more capital-intensive than BAU due to the deployment of onshore wind turbines Region BAU 35RE 30GHG MUS 3606 - +6% ROD 77 - +3.5% NPV (B Euro) Difference in undiscounted inv. costs w.r.t BAU
  • 21. • RE targets are not compatible with the RoM’s commitment to the Paris Agreement (could be revised upwards) • Solar PV, biomass, LFG and wind are critical energy technologies for the clean energy transition in the RoM • Emissions reduction targets require more capital-intensive investments • The RoM should focus on CO2 emissions reduction efforts and design adequate policy packages for climate mitigation Concluding remarks 21
  • 22. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis on key parameters to deal with uncertainty What’s next? (1) 22 • Price of fossil fuels • Biomass potential → land usage, non-CO2 emissions • Technology specific rates + SDR • Electricity demand scenario variants (HIGH and EE)
  • 23. The role of energy transition in energy vulnerability mitigation? What’s next? (2) 23 Energy Vulnerability Index Shock Economic TPES per cap Energy intensity of GDP Energy intensity in the transport sector Environmental Carbon intensity of TPES Exposure Economic Energy import dependency Energy mix diversity Overall system conversion efficiency Social Access to electricity • ↓ CO2 emissions • ↓ fossil imports • More diversified mix • More efficient system
  • 24. Thank you for your attention! Any questions? anna.genave@univ-reunion.fr Anna Genavea and Sandrine Selosseb aCEMOI, University of La Réunion bCMA, Mines ParisTech – PSL University
  • 25. • Edoo, M. N., & King, R. T. A. (2020). New insights into the technical challenges of the Mauritius long term energy strategy. Energy, 195, 116975. • Genave, A., Blancard, S., & Garabedian, S. (2020). An assessment of energy vulnerability in Small Island Developing States. Ecological Economics, 171, 106595. • IPCC (2006). Chapter 2: Stationary combustion in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. Available at https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf • MEPU (2009). Long term energy strategy 2009–2025. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities (October 2009). The Republic of Mauritius. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1245mauritiusEnergy%20Strategy.pdf • MEPU (2015). Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for The Republic of Mauritius. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities (September 2015). Republic of Mauritius. Available at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Mauritius/1/Final%20INDC%20for%20Mauritius%202 8%20Sept%202015.pdf • MEPU (2019). Renewable Energy Roadmap 2030 for the electricity sector. Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities (August 2019). Republic of Mauritius. Available at http://publicutilities.govmu.org/English/publications/Pages/default.aspx • MESD (2017). National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report – UNFCCC. Ministry of Social Security, and Environment and Sustainable Development – Environment and Sustainable Development Division (August 2017). Republic of Mauritius. Available at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/NationalReports/Documents/3251748_Mauritius-NC3-1-NIR%20%20NC3.pdf • Shea, R. P., & Ramgolam, Y. K. (2019). Applied levelized cost of electricity for energy technologies in a small island developing state: A case study in Mauritius. Renewable energy, 132, 1415-1424. • Timmons, D., Dhunny, A. Z., Elahee, K., Havumaki, B., Howells, M., Khoodaruth, A., ... & Surroop, D. (2019). Cost minimisation for fully renewable electricity systems: A Mauritius case study. Energy Policy, 133, 110895. • Weisser, D. (2004). Costing electricity supply scenarios: A case study of promoting renewable energy technologies on Rodriguez, Mauritius. Renewable energy, 29(8), 1319-1347 References 25
  • 27. Appendix A.1: RES-MUS 27 Grid High Voltage Grid Low Voltage Fossil imports Domestic resources Biomass plant HFO Wind farms Solar farms and PV rooftops Thermal power plants RE imports Diesel LNG Wind Solar Fuelwood Biomass Electricity (LV) Emissions Electricity demand Energy storage Coal Kerosene Bagasse LFG Hydro Wave WGS Hydro power plants Wave PS Electricity (HV)
  • 28. Appendix A.2: RES-ROD 28 Fossil imports Domestic resources Biomass plant HFO Wind farms Solar farms and PV rooftops Thermal power plants Grid Low Voltage RE imports Diesel LNG Wind Solar Fuelwood Biomass Electricity (LV) Emissions Electricity demand Energy storage
  • 29. Appendix B: Load profiles 29 200 300 400 500 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 MW SN2 WN2 3 4 5 6 7 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 MW SN1 WN1 MUS ROD
  • 30. Appendix C: Techno-economic parameters 30 Energy source Life AFA EFF CAPEX (k€/MW) OPEX (k€/TJ) Import price/Extraction cost (k€/TJ) Existing New 2030 2050 Fixed Variable Hydro 50 [0.13 - 0.39] 1 1 4807.08 3605.31 [50.28 – 62.85] 0 - Solar PV Roof 25 [0.10 - 0.18] 1 1 1881.44 496.7 5.42 0 - Solar PV Utility 25 [0.13 – 0.21] 1 1 1188.17 313.68 10.84 0 - Wave 20 0.29 - 1 4451 3115.70 178.04 0 - Wind Onshore 20 [0.14 – 0.22] 1 1 2134.7 1183.48 52.97 0 - Wind Offshore 20 0.5 1 1 4005.90 2220.87 214.63 0 - Landfill gas 13 0.66 0.33 0.4 1503.55 845.75 271.51 0 - WGS 28 0.79 - 0.25 5875.32 3304.87 235.9 3.56 - Coal 33 0.82 0.26 0.31 1585.45 - 62.35 4.46 0.00127 HFO 33 [0.30 - 0.54] 0.44 0.53 1924.61 - 67.21 15.04 0.01409 LNG 25 0.5 - 0.4 1090.90 531.81 19.95 23.96 0.000018 Coal/bagasse 33 [0.54 - 0.68] 0.26/0.24 0.31/0.28 1554.29 - 62.95 4.46 - Kerosene 25 0.02 0.26 - - - 6.70 0.47 0.02248 BESS 15 0.25 - 0.94 771.36 289.76 2.05 0 - Fuelwood 33 0.5 - 0.4 1650 928.13 41.69 0.12 0.00000 Imported biomass 33 0.5 - 0.4 1650 928.13 41.69 0.12 0.00025 Techno-economic parameters in the RoM-TIMES
  • 31. Appendix D: Capacity installations - Mauritius 31 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034 2037 2040 2043 2046 2049 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050 2021 2024 2027 2030 2033 2036 2039 2042 2045 2048 BAU 35RE 30GHG MUS MW WGS Solar PV utility Solar PV roof Onshore wind Offshore wind Landfill gas Kerosene Imported biomass Hydropower HFO Fuelwood Coal/Bagasse Coal BESS