Potentials of agroforestry to meet food security & environmental quality: Moral persuasion, wielding the stick or dangling carrot?

4. Agroforestry field Farmers’ de facto practice

5. Expanded options: natural fertilizer tree system Sesbania Gliricidia

8. Table: Effect of land-use system on soil physical properties after 8 years of continuous maize production in Zambia Land use system infiltration rate (mm min -1 ) % water stable aggregates >2.00mm AF- Cajanus cajan 5.2 80.8 AF- Sesbania sesban 4.4 83.3 Natural fallow 5.3 66.7 Maize with fertilizer 3.1 65.6 Maize without fertilizer 2.1 61.2 Mean S.E.D 4.0 0.5 71.5 3.1

9. Water-stressed maize after 21 days of dry spell in Zambia January, 2003 Maize in conventional field Maize in AF field

10. Net profit ($/ha) of land use practices in Zambia ( Maize yield only )

11. Value-Cost Ratio ($/$) of land use practices in Zambia

13. Adoptability of agri-environ land use practices under different reward regimes Cost & benefit of investment Local optimum: Food only Public optimum: Food +ecoservices* Cost On-farm benefit (maize yield only) Public benefit (maize yield + ecosystem services) A B Investment & adoption of land use practices O

15. “ In the past decade, there has been a narrowing of the gap between scientists and farmers, but a widening gap between scientists and policy makers ( and policy shapers )” James Moseley, US Deputy Minster for Agriculture 1 st World Congress on Agroforestry June 2004. Field tour for Honourable MPs in Zambia