This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for agricultural risk management in dry areas to improve water management, food security, and employment. It provides several case studies of ICT applications including local weather forecasting and monitoring in Turkey, the mKrishi mobile agro-advisory system in India, index-based weather insurance in Kenya and Rwanda, and productive social safety nets programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Rwanda. The document argues that investments in ICT and locally-generated weather and market information are "no-regrets" approaches that provide economic, social, and environmental benefits regardless of future climate changes.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
This presentation takes you through Prospects and insights of Crop Insurance. Solicitation of Business, Operation Features, challenges and Technological Interventions related Crop Insurance are shown.
Presentation by P Joseph, Agriculture Insurance Company, on crop insurance in India at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Modeling and Estimation of loss function for crop Insurance under Indian scen...Anil k. Suthar
This is a slide representation of my work in Crop insurance domain. I consider here crop insurance scheme for Indian scenario specially for Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan, India for 3 crop.
by Pramod Aggarwal, CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security. Presented at seminar on Insuring the future of farmers under climate change. London, UK. 28 January 2015. Learn more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/weather-index-based-insurance
Government run crop yield insurance scheme, procurement at minimum support prices and calamity relief funds are the major instruments being used to protect the Indian farmer from agricultural variability. However, crop insurance covers only about 10% of sown area and suffers from an adverse claims to premium. There are problems with both the design and delivery of crop insurance schemes. These problems could be overcome with rainfall insurance with a well developed rainfall measurement infrastructure. Private and public insurers are currently experimenting with rainfall insurance products. Given the current levels of yield and rainfall variability the actuarially fair premium rates are likely to be high and in many cases unattractive or unaffordable. Instead of adopting the easy and unsustainable route of large subsidies, in the long term the government should consider risk mitigation through improvements in the irrigation and water management infrastructure.
FCS Financial staff provided an update on the 2014 crop insurance changes at the FCS Financial Ag Seminars held in February 2014. View our website, www.myfcsfinancial.com, to find a crop insurance agent near you.
This paper presents the unique challenges and opportunities on implementing Agriculture insurance in India. It also covers the historical details regarding the various insurance schemes implemented by the Government of India in the last few decades.
Daniel Osgood of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society presented on index-based insurance projects that have reached farmers at scale at the workshop on Mobilizing a CGIAR Agricultural Insurance Community in Washington, DC, 20-22 January 2014, hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Read more about CCAFS work on index-based weather insurance: http://bit.ly/Ll7Z7Z
Presentation by Philip Thornton, Theme Leader, CCAFS at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Digital Agriculture – A key enabler for nutritional security and SDGs by Dr D...ICRISAT
Digital Agriculture - ICT and data ecosystems to support the development and delivery of timely, targeted information and services to make farming profitable and sustainable while delivering safe nutritious and affordable food for ALL.
This presentation takes you through Prospects and insights of Crop Insurance. Solicitation of Business, Operation Features, challenges and Technological Interventions related Crop Insurance are shown.
Presentation by P Joseph, Agriculture Insurance Company, on crop insurance in India at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Modeling and Estimation of loss function for crop Insurance under Indian scen...Anil k. Suthar
This is a slide representation of my work in Crop insurance domain. I consider here crop insurance scheme for Indian scenario specially for Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan, India for 3 crop.
by Pramod Aggarwal, CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security. Presented at seminar on Insuring the future of farmers under climate change. London, UK. 28 January 2015. Learn more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/weather-index-based-insurance
Government run crop yield insurance scheme, procurement at minimum support prices and calamity relief funds are the major instruments being used to protect the Indian farmer from agricultural variability. However, crop insurance covers only about 10% of sown area and suffers from an adverse claims to premium. There are problems with both the design and delivery of crop insurance schemes. These problems could be overcome with rainfall insurance with a well developed rainfall measurement infrastructure. Private and public insurers are currently experimenting with rainfall insurance products. Given the current levels of yield and rainfall variability the actuarially fair premium rates are likely to be high and in many cases unattractive or unaffordable. Instead of adopting the easy and unsustainable route of large subsidies, in the long term the government should consider risk mitigation through improvements in the irrigation and water management infrastructure.
FCS Financial staff provided an update on the 2014 crop insurance changes at the FCS Financial Ag Seminars held in February 2014. View our website, www.myfcsfinancial.com, to find a crop insurance agent near you.
This paper presents the unique challenges and opportunities on implementing Agriculture insurance in India. It also covers the historical details regarding the various insurance schemes implemented by the Government of India in the last few decades.
Daniel Osgood of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society presented on index-based insurance projects that have reached farmers at scale at the workshop on Mobilizing a CGIAR Agricultural Insurance Community in Washington, DC, 20-22 January 2014, hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Read more about CCAFS work on index-based weather insurance: http://bit.ly/Ll7Z7Z
Presentation by Philip Thornton, Theme Leader, CCAFS at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Digital Agriculture – A key enabler for nutritional security and SDGs by Dr D...ICRISAT
Digital Agriculture - ICT and data ecosystems to support the development and delivery of timely, targeted information and services to make farming profitable and sustainable while delivering safe nutritious and affordable food for ALL.
High-level inter-ministerial workshop held in Hanoi June 6-7, 2017 hosted by the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MARD) of Viet Nam and supported under the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme. The meeting was attended by over 75 national and provincial level government officials, including MONRE, MARD, MPI and the Ministry of Finance (MOF), UN and development partners, private sector representatives including insurance companies, as well as non-governmental organisations.
A presentation by John Gathenya at the Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands
1-4 September 2014, Addis Ababa
Climate Change Resilience and Agroecology: The Evidence Sadie W Shelton
Presented by Lini Wollenberg, Climate Change and food system specialist and leader of the Agroecological TRANSITIONS Digital Tools project (ATDT), on June 6, 2023 at the FARA Africa Agribusiness & Science Week.
FARA AASW: https://aasw.faraafrica.org
More about ATDT: https://bit.ly/AgLEDxATDT
TRANSITIONS Program: https://glfx.globallandscapesforum.org/topics/21467/page/agroecological-transitions
UNDP Support to Climate Change Adaptation Advancing Climate Resilient Livelih...ExternalEvents
The slides look at UNDPs work on resilience and climate change adaptation: training and technology, strengthening policies, institutions, capacities and knowledge and supporting the NAP process.
The presentation was made by Srilata Kammila, Regional Technical Specialist with UNDP on Day 1 of the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Workshop from the 5-7 April 2016, Rome, Italy
Climate services involve the timely production, translation, and delivery of useful climate data, information
and knowledge for societal decision making. In order to create climate services for farmers that are truly
integrated with user-centric design into the development process in an African context, the study has
finished an important and crucial step by conducting a literature review and designing a prototype for the
application. The goal of this study was to create climate services for farmers in an African context that are
genuinely integrated with user-centric design. This led to the co-design and development and integration
of a mobile application that provide climate and weather information as well as agricultural
information for the main crops such millet, maize and sorghum. The research applied using qualitative
research using interview with 3 farmers in the field using random sampling with the approach to inform
the study. A survey has been administered to find out how people understand climate services, Agro
meteorology and help enhance the mobile application’s user experience. A Results shows that farmers are
determined and ready to use and excited with the application. These innovations helped farmers to reduce
the cost, increase crop capacity and profit. A hypothesis was set that there is a need forintegrating AI into
a farmer’s application for making farming process more progressive and efficient farming and the
integration of Market Place (MP) for farmer’s application to market and sell their product the integration
of notification system that allows farmers to receive real-time data and IOT for real-time data. The data
collected and the survey results demonstrated that the research objectives were being met. The study aims
to develop the application that would be scalable, durable and fault tolerant for farmers to use the
application successfully.
Climate services involve the timely production, translation, and delivery of useful climate data, information
and knowledge for societal decision making. In order to create climate services for farmers that are truly
integrated with user-centric design into the development process in an African context, the study has
finished an important and crucial step by conducting a literature review and designing a prototype for the
application. The goal of this study was to create climate services for farmers in an African context that are
genuinely integrated with user-centric design. This led to the co-design and development and integration
of a mobile application that provide climate and weather information as well as agricultural
information for the main crops such millet, maize and sorghum. The research applied using qualitative
research using interview with 3 farmers in the field using random sampling with the approach to inform
the study.
Similar to Agricultural Risk Management: “No Regrets” Approach (20)
Can we measure female social entrepreneurship? ICARDA
1st Annual Conference of the Private Sector Development Research Network:Private Enterprise and Inclusion12-13 December 2019
Presentation by Anastasia Seferiadis, Sarah Cummings and Bénédicte Gastineau
Building Climate Smart FARMERSThe Indian PerspectiveICARDA
Presented by
DR. KIRIT N SHELAT, I.A.S. (Rtd)
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
AHMEDABAD - INDIA
SUSTAINABLE SILVOPASTORAL RESTORATION TO PROMOTE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN TUNISIAICARDA
25 - 29 November 2019. Antalya, Turkey. Near East Forestry and Range Commission (NEFRC) - 24th Session
Presentation by Dr. Mounir Louhaichi
Rangeland Ecology & Management
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
M.Louhaichi@cigar.org
Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomesICARDA
18-20/11/2019. ICARDA Board of Trustees. The Program Committee of the first day was open to all staff. It included:
Highlights of recent research breakthroughs and strategic questions presented by Strategic Research Priorities (CRPs) and Cross Cutting Themes (CCTs).
The presentation is a brief highlight of the rationale for mobile data collection and the landscape of the mobile data collection platforms that exist, and the potential considerations for a choice of a choice of open data kit as a subject of the training
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10373
See also:
https://www.icarda.org/media/events/monitoring-evaluation-and-learning-data-management-and-geo-informatics-option-context
BRINGING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ALONG THE WHOLE VALUE CHAIN IN THE MED...ICARDA
Tunis, 6-7 November 2019. Training workshop PRIMA – Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area is the most ambitious joint programme to be undertaken in the frame of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation.
Presentation by Prof. M. Hachicha National Research Institute in Rural Engineering, Water and Forestry, University of Carthage | UCAR
Utilizing the reject brine from desalination for implementing integrated agri...ICARDA
14-15 November 2019. Madrid. International Symposium on the use of Non-Conventional Waters to achieve Food Security
DESALINATION - “Advancing desalination: reducing energy consumption and environmental footprint”
Presentation by Ms Dionysia Lyra, International Centre on Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), United Arab Emirates
The role of higher and vocational education and training in developing knowle...ICARDA
25 October 2019. Africa-Europe event on higher education collaboration
Investing in skills and the young generation is key for sustainable social and economic development. Africa and Europe have been working together to develop high quality and inclusive higher education systems, exchange experience in matching skills with the demands of the labour market and to support collaboration, mobility and exchange between students and scientists within and between the African continent and Europe.
Characteristics of a winning research proposal ICARDA
Tunis, 6-7 November 2019. Training workshop PRIMA – Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area is the most ambitious joint programme to be undertaken in the frame of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation.
Yehia Selmi, co-founder, Bio-wonder, Tunisia.
28 October 2019. Cairo. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership.
Panel 4: Panel 4 – Idea-carriers:
Dr. Jacques Wery, Deputy Director General Research, ICARDA (CGIAR)
28 October 2019. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in Egypt under the chairmanship of the African Union by Egypt in 2019, the North Africa event, organized by LEAP4FNSSA with the support of ARC/ Agricultural Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, launched a public private alliance of partners between Europe and North Africa to develop joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership
Funding networks and mechanisms to support EU AU FNSSA R&I ICARDA
Dr. Bernard Mallet, Agriculture Projects Coordinator, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France
28 October. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in Egypt under the chairmanship of the African Union by Egypt in 2019, the North Africa event, organized by LEAP4FNSSA with the support of ARC/ Agricultural Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, launched a public private alliance of partners between Europe and North Africa to develop joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership
https://www.icarda.org/media/events/building-research-and-innovation-collaborations-within-frame-african-european
Mapping suitable niche for cactus and legumes in diversified farming in drylandsICARDA
Presentation by Chandrashekhar Biradar and team.
16-18 October 2019. Hyderabad, India. TRUST: Humans, Machines & Ecosystems. This year’s Convention was hosted by The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The Platform is led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the what'sapp information for my personal pi vendor.
+12349014282
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the what'sapp contact of my personal pi vendor
+12349014282
This presentation poster infographic delves into the multifaceted impacts of globalization through the lens of Nike, a prominent global brand. It explores how globalization has reshaped Nike's supply chain, marketing strategies, and cultural influence worldwide, examining both the benefits and challenges associated with its global expansion.
PPrreesseenntteedd bbyy:: GGrroouupp 66
GGlloobbaalliizzaattiioonn
o f
PP
oo
ll
yy
ee
ss
tt
ee
rr
RR
uu
bb
bb
ee
rr
EE
tt
hh
yy
ll
ee
nn
ee
VV
ii
nn
yy
ll
AA
cc
ee
tt
aa
tt
ee
GG
ee
nn
uu
ii
nn
ee
LL
ee
aa
tt
hh
ee
rr
SS
yy
nn
tt
hh
ee
tt
ii
cc
LL
ee
aa
tt
hh
ee
rr
CC
oo
tt
tt
oo
nn
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
I
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
Ni
k
e
h
a
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
7
0
0
s
h
o
p
s
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
w
i
t
h
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e,
w
h
e
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
offi
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
fa
c
t
o
r
y
o
u
t
l
e
t
s
a
r
e
fo
u
n
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
of
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
4
5
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s.
AAuussttrraalliiaa
China
India
IInnddoonneessiiaa
TThhaaiillaanndd
TTuurrkkeeyy
USA
VViieettnnaamm
NNiikkee SSuuppppllyy CChhaaiinn
RRuubbbbeerr,, FFaabbrriicc
aanndd ootthheerr rraaww
mmaatteerriiaallss
Shoe
MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg
aanndd AAsssseemmbbllyy
MMaarrkkeettiinngg
SSppoorrttiinngg ggooooddss,,
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
aanndd SShhooee ssttoorreess
OOnnlliinnee,, CCaattaalloogg
aanndd ootthheerr rreettaaiill
NNiikkee bbrraannddeedd
shoes
PPrroodduucctt
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
CCuussttoommeerr nneeeeddss//wwaannttss ffeeeeddbbaacckk
NNiikk
Nike Supply Chain
Globalization of Nike
Nike Manufacturing Process
Rubber Materials Nike
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Nike
Genuine Leather Nike
Synthetic Leather Nike
Cotton in Nike Apparel
Nike Shops Worldwide
Nike Manufacturing Countries
Cold Cement Assembly Nike
3D Printing Nike Shoes
Nike Product Development
Nike Marketing Strategies
Nike Customer Feedback
Nike Distribution Centers
Automation in Nike Manufacturing
Nike Consumer Direct Acceleration
Nike Logistics and Transport
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...mayaclinic18
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the what'sapp contact of my personal vendor.
+12349014282
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
1. ICT and Agricultural Risk Management: A “No-Regrets” Approach
to Improved Water Management, Food Security, and Employment
in Dry Areas
Paul B Siegel, Consultant, The World Bank
psiegel@worldbank.org pbs11pbs@yahoo.com
PhD, Agricultural Economics, Virginia Tech, USA
Keynote Presentation
International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas
Cairo, Egypt, June 24-26, 2013
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
ICARDA
2. “Sustainability megaforces”
facing agri-business and farmers
KPMG, 2012. Expect the Unexpected: Building business value in a changing world.
Climate Change
Poverty and
Food Security
Competition
for resources
Increasing
demand
3. No Regrets Approach to Agricultural Risk Management
• Increased weather and market variability and extremes
• Increased population growth, urbanization, changing diets
• Changing land use patterns/practices (e.g., biofuels, conversion of agricultural land)
• Political instability, government changes and changing policies, including safety nets
• Increased poverty, food and water insecurity, unemployment
=> Traditional knowledge/experience and “averages” not relevant indicators for future
=> Need for site-specific information (e.g., weather, prices, agro-ecological potential)
“No-Regrets” Approach: try to identify present priorities for investments and actions
that provide economic, social, and environmental benefits whether or not there is
climate change in the future. => win-win investments for sustainable development
=> investments in information and communications technologies (ICT)
=> investments in health/nutrition, water/sanitation, education, family planning
=> investments in sustainable land management, water and energy conservation
4. Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas
Amman Declaration, February 2010
• ICARDA and partners organized a conference in Amman in February 2010 on:
Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas.
• The Amman Declaration called for initiatives to enhance food security and reduce
vulnerability to climate change, including the establishment of:
a) regional commission for food security and climate change,
b) regional network for weather monitoring, and
c) knowledge system on adaptation and resilience practices.
• In particular: b) “Establish local, national, and regional networks for weather
monitoring, and market information, and a disseminating system for farmers
towards adapting their planting, efficient watering, and harvesting decisions.”
• Kuwait Declaration November 2011: social safety nets and insurance for the
poor, promotion of effective risk management and risk reduction strategies.
(WMO, FAO, ICARDA, others)
5. Key “Take Away” Messages
• Need for locally generated and “owned” information on weather, and related socio-
economic and agro-ecological variables, with ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
• The same information and ICT used for agricultural risk management are needed for
decision-making to improve water management, food security, and employment.
• Locally-based early warning systems combining remote sensing and ground-based
monitoring of key variables are the foundation of agricultural risk management, and
should be linked to sub-national, national, and regional networks for information
collection, analysis, and dissemination.
• The link between early warning systems, insurance, and flexible/responsive social
safety nets is use of objective and transparent “triggers” (or “indices”), and decision
rules that can mobilize rapid responses in an efficient and equitable manner.
• There is a need to consider new institutional arrangements for linking
farmers-extension-research that are site-specific and draw upon innovations in
ICT, and early warning and rapid response systems.
• There is a major role for young people in ICT for agricultural risk management.
ICT and agricultural risk management are “no-regrets” priority investments to
improve water management, food security, and employment in dry areas.
7. Agricultural Risk Management: Decision-Making Before and After
“Events”
• Ex-ante Decision-Making Before “Events”: based on forecasts, proactive and not reactive
Risk Prevention and Reduction:
=> prevent risks: destroy pests/diseases before they can cause losses
=> reduce exposure to risks by adjusting assets/livelihoods (i.e., adaptation to risks):
a) diversification of production, consumption, marketing, b) adoption of new
technologies, c) sustainable land/water management practices.
Compensation Arrangements for Potential Losses from Risk Events:
=> savings: financial, livestock, storage of grains
=> risk transfer: index-based insurance contracts based on events using triggers
=> social safety nets with clear and transparent decision rules using triggers based on early warning
systems and/or actual outcomes flexible and responsive social safety nets (“planned coping”)
• Ex-post Decision-Making After “Events”: based on actual outcomes
Ad-hoc Risk Coping:
=> unplanned coping: sell and/or degrade assets (e.g., livestock, food in storage), soil/water
mining, less food consumption and/or less nutritious food consumption, take children out of school
=> can lead to irreversible damage to assets and livelihoods
8. Ex-ante Agricultural Risk Management Information
Management
Need for information on:
• Weather (high/low temperatures, rainfall, wind speeds, moisture)
• Water availability, food/fodder/feed availability (for plants, animals, humans)
• Market prices and information on logistics for inputs and outputs
• Pests and diseases (for plants, animals, humans)
• Available technologies and applications (research and extension, private sector)
• Policies and policy changes (food/water/energy policies, social safety net policies)
• Local socio-economic, environmental conditions (livelihoods and hazard mapping)
This information is site-specific, and dynamic
• Need for local weather forecasts and local monitoring of relevant variables
• Need for multi-disciplinary, multi-sectoral information => crowdsourcing
• Potential to draw upon innovations in ICT
9. Agricultural Risk Management: ICT for Decision Support
Systems
• ICTs include mobile phones, internet, computers, computer
software, smart cards, barcodes for scanning
• ICT can provide timely information in a less costly manner to farmers in remote
areas and/or to farmers lacking access to “conventional” channels of information
• Declining costs and multi-functionality of ICTs make them attractive for many
applications to manage risks and opportunities
• ICT linked to global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems
(GIS), spatial data infrastructures (SDI), remote sensing => satellite technologies
Possible Uses of ICT for Agriculture for Improved Decision-Making:
• Early warning information: weather, prices, pests/diseases, policies
• Advisory information: how to plan and manage risks and opportunities
• Information and Improved Access to markets, credit, insurance
• Traceability and Logistics along supply chain: from inputs to final consumer
11. Case Studies
Risk Prevention and Reduction:
=> Local Weather Forecasting and Monitoring, Turkey
=> mKrishi Mobile Agro-Advisory Services, India
Compensation for Potential Losses from Risks:
=> Kilimo Salama Index-Based Weather Insurance, Kenya/Rwanda
Planned Coping:
=> Productive Social Safety Nets, Ethiopia/Kenya/Rwanda
New Arrangements for Farmer-Extension-Research:
=> Technology Transfer via Lead Farmers using Mobile Phones, Tunisia
12. Turkey: Local Weather Forecasting and Monitoring
.
Problem: lack of timely local weather information to predict, prepare for, and
respond to pests and low temperatures (frosts) in fruit orchards.
Objective: provide farmers with daily local weather forecasts along with an early
warning system to help monitor key variables, with links to researchers.
Key Components: started in 2008, integrated pest management (IPM).
a) 5 mini meteorological stations in province (temp, rain, wind, soil moisture).
b) 14 reference farms that measure weather (temp) and monitor pest populations.
c) Links with researchers/extension to predict pest outbreaks and send alerts.
d) Use of mobile phones to communicate information to/from farmers.
e) Daily updates and alerts sent via mobile phones.
Benefits: early warning and monitoring allows for precise application of pesticides to
prevent pests (major cost savings), early warning for frost allows for some risk
reduction activities (reduces losses). Information for researchers to update models.
=> More efficient input use, ecologically better, increased income and employment.
13. Weather Station in Farmer’s Field and Monitoring for Pests
Kastamonu Province, Turkey
14. mKRISHI: Mobile Agro-Advisory System, India
Problem: farmers lack access to timely local market information, and site-specific technical
information on weather, soil conditions, fertilizer and pesticide applications, and crop rotations.
Objectives:
• Connect farmers to a system that can help them make better decisions about agricultural
production and marketing, and to protect the environment.
• Provide farmers with technical information specific to their plots of land.
• Link farmers with input suppliers, output markets, banks, insurance companies, extension
services, universities, and research institutes.
Key Components: started 2007 by Tata Consultancy Services to promote “New Green Revolution”
a) Farmers linked to mobile phone network.
b) Use GPS/GIS to provide site-specific, individualized information to farmers.
b) Decentralized network of automatic weather stations.
c) Advisory services using two-way communication between farmers and extension agents.
e) Messages in local languages (vocal and/or written), graphic formats.
d) Use of SDI to link data to multiple stakeholders.
Benefits: improved access to markets (lower costs for inputs, logistics, higher prices for
outputs), more efficient use of water, fertilizers and pesticides, and greater confidence of farmers
to adopt new technologies that improve livelihood opportunities, incomes, and employment.
16. Kilimo Salama: Weather Index-Based Input Insurance
Problems: low rainfall areas with high rainfall variability (drought, flood) and
associated pests/diseases, risk-averse farmers with low productivity and reluctance to
adopt improved technologies using purchased inputs (seed, fertilizer, pesticide), lack
of access and/or high costs of credit and insurance for small farmers.
Objective:
• Objective: provide small farmers with low-cost insurance packaged with
inputs, credit, and extension to lower the risks for adopting higher-yielding
technologies.
Key Components: started 2007 in Kenya
a) Partnership: Syngenta Foundation, Safaricom, insurance company, input
suppliers, credit providers, researchers, Kenya Meteorological Department.
b) Automated weather stations to record local weather data.
c) Determination of weather index “triggers” for too little or too much rain, and/or
too high or too low temperatures.
d) Linked to input dealers, using barcodes to record input purchases.
e) Use of cellphones by farmers to pay insurance premiums, receive extension
messages, and receive insurance payouts.
Benefits: increased adoption of improved technologies, empowerment of farmers.
=> 75,000 farmers in Kenya, 20,000 in Rwanda. Starting index insurance for livestock.
17. Kilimo Salama: Weather-Index Insurance
• Index based on agronomic models
that calculate rainfall requirements
for crops => from researchers.
• “Trigger” based on based on weather
station data, along with district level
yield data, satellite data.
• “Trigger” set for too little rain or too
much rain, and diseases based on
district yield data.
• Rainfall index, area yield index.
18. Productive Social Safety Nets (Ethiopia/Kenya/Rwanda)
Problem: low rainfall areas with chronic food insecurity, and transient food insecurity.
Objective: establish system of flexible/responsive social safety nets that provide assistance to food
insecure households in “normal times”, and households vulnerable to food insecurity when needed.
Key Components: started in Ethiopia in 2005, DFID and World Bank, other partners have joined.
a) Risk reduction: extension for health/nutrition, water/sanitation, family planning.
b) Public works focused on risk reduction and asset building activities (e.g., water
harvesting/catchment, irrigation), sustainable land management (e.g., forestation, terracing).
c) Compensation for losses: micro-insurance, safety nets. => pilots of “work-for-insurance”
d) Combine early warning systems with preparedness plans, contingency plans and funding.
e) Early warning system uses remote sensing data (e.g. NDVI, WRSI) to generate indices that are
“triggers” for mobilizing resources BEFORE disasters occur, combined with ground based monitoring
of human, plant, and livestock health related variables, water availability, market prices, etc.
f) Emphasis on community-based monitoring and local governments, linked to national systems.
g) “Off-the-shelf” public works for transient food insecure HHs to prevent asset sales/degradation.
h) Well-established M&E system.
Benefits: reduction of chronic and transient food insecurity and some “graduation” from food
insecurity, improved water and natural resource management, higher productivity, increased
employment, large data base to correlate weather with socio-economic and environmental data.
19. LEAP Yield Reduction in % (2002 Maize_Meher)
Ethiopia Safety Nets
Seasonal Mapping & Review
Tool (SMaRT)
No. beneficiaries
LEAP crop yield
reduction data by
woreda
Beneficiary
numbers are
then exported
back to LEAP
and mapped
Remote Sensing of Landscape plus Livelihoods Mapping to Predict “Problem”
20. New Arrangements for Farmer-Extension-Research: Tunisia
• Regional project Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries, led by ICARDA.
• Large-scale pilot sites in six countries in West Asia and North Africa.
• One of project sites in Tunisia located in a region that accounts for 40% of the country’s irrigated area.
• Experimental trials are evaluating new wheat varieties and improved irrigation methods.
• The irrigation experiments test different tools (e.g. water balance measurement, use of tensiometers)
that can help farmers decide when and how much to irrigate, in order to maximize water-use efficiency.
• On-station research is complemented by demonstration plots on farmers’ field that promote drip
irrigation and improved irrigation scheduling.
• The project is testing a new method of technology transfer.
• ‘Lead farmers’ are identified, who will each mentor ten ‘satellite’ farmers.
• The project has provided mobile phones to the lead farmers, for easier communication with other
farmers, extension services, and researchers.
This approach is adapted from similar methods used in India.
From: “What’s New at ICARDA”, Issue Number 8, 2012. http://www.icarda.org/blog/technological-change-agriculture-model-tunisia
21. “No-Regrets” Recommendations
• Promote investments in information and ICT for agricultural risk management.
• Improve methods of information collection, analysis, and dissemination.
• Promote local networks of automatic weather stations, and simple on-farm
instruments to measure relevant variables (temperature, precipitation, wind
speeds, soil moisture) along with monitoring of pests, diseases, and market
prices/availability.
• Improve local early warning and rapid response systems using objective and
transparent “triggers” that are useful for insurance and social safety nets.
• Coordinate multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral efforts to generate “triggers” based
on scientific evidence with constant updating/verification => adaptive research.
• Consider new decentralized arrangements for linking farmers-extension-
research, including new types of information and technology transfer.
• Link local farmer-extension-research networks with sub-national, national and
regional networks for information collection, analysis, and dissemination.
• Involve youth in ICT for agricultural risk management, especially as monitors.
23. Select References
ICARDA website: http://www.icarda.org/blog/technological-change-agriculture-model-tunisia
Koshmatov, Talaibek (2011) “Making Weather Forecasts Work for Farmers: Examples from Turkey and Kyrgizstan.” Presentation at World Bank
ARD Days 2011, March 22-24, 2011. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/ECA_WeatherForecasts.pdf
Kilimo Salama website: http://www.syngentafoundation.org/index.cfm?pageID=562
mKrishi website: http://www.tcs.com/resources/brochures/Pages/TCS_mKrishi-Mobile_Agro_Advisory_System.aspx
Bene, C. (2012) “Social Protection and Resilience to Climate and Disaster”. IDS Programme Briefing, Institute for Development
Studies, University of Sussex. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/ASP_Briefing_WebNew.pdf
Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation (HARITA) http://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/harita-quarterly-report-oct-dec-2011_web.pdf-1
World Bank (2011) ICT in Agriculture: Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions. An e-Sourcebook. Report No. 64605.
Washington, D.C. http://www.ictinagriculture.org/sites/ictinagriculture.org/files/final_book_ict_agriculture.pdf
World Bank (2011) Understanding Volatility and Managing Risks. ARD Days 2011, March 22-24, 2011. Washington, D.C.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTARD/0,,contentMDK:22815829~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336682,00.html
Siegel, P.B., J. Gatsinzi, and A. Kettlewell (2011) “Adaptive Social Protection in Rwanda: ‘Climate-proofing’ the Vision 2020 Umerenge
Programme”. IDS Bulletin. 42(6): 71-78. Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00276.x/abstract
Siegel, P.B. J. Gatsinzi and A. Kettlewell (2011) “Adaptive Social Protection in Rwanda: A No-Regrets Approach to Increased Resilience in
Territorial Planning Context.” Paper presented at conference on “Social Protection for Social Justice” Institute for Development Studies
(IDS), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. April 13-15, 2011. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Siegeletal2011AdaptiveSocialProtectioninRwanda02CSPconferencedraft.pdf
Siegel, P.B. (2011) “No Regrets Approach to Decision-Making in a Changing Climate: Toward Adaptive Social Protection and Spatially Enabled
Governance.” Background Paper for World Resources Report 2010-2011. World Resources Institute: Washington, D.C.
http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/de/responses/no-regrets-approach-decision-making-changing-climate-toward-adaptive-social-protection-a
Jaffee, S., P.B. Siegel, and C. Andrews (2010) “Rapid Agricultural Supply Chain Risk Assessment: A Conceptual Framework.” Agriculture and
Rural Development Discussion Paper 47. The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCOMRISMAN/Resources/RapApRiskAssessment_Framework_Final_Web.pdf
Heltberg, R., P.B. Siegel, S.L. Jorgensen (2009) “Addressing Human Vulnerability to Climate Change: Toward a ‘No Regrets’ Approach.”
Global Environmental Change. 19(1): 89-99. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1232059926563/5747581-1239131985528/GEC.pdf
24. Other Possible Applications: Adaptive Agricultural
Research
From ICARDA’s website:
“The lack of information about the response of crop varieties to
variable environmental conditions limits accurate yield estimates and
fails to identify suitability for a given region or climate.”
=> improved local information on weather, and other variables could
help link agricultural research with development using methods of
upscaling and extrapolations for adaptive research.
25. System
Site
Integration
• Problem analysis
• System analysis
• Site selection
• Solution development
(options)
• Extrapolation and
adaptation ICARDA
Integrated Research Site: INRM
26. Transfer and AdaptationUp-scaling and Extrapolation
GIS and GIS + Bio-economic ModelingGIS
Integrated Research Site
Similar environment Different environment
Linking Research with Development
27. Using GIS for Finding of Similarity with Research
Benchmark Sites for up scaling and diffusion of
Technology
Editor's Notes
Businesses are increasingly at risk of “sustainability megaforces” – interconnected risks that will have unprecedented effects on business performance and profitability in the futureThese mega-forces include: climate change; competition for energy, land, water and material resources; population growth and migration; poverty and food insecurity; and ecosystem degradation. Food and beverage businesses will be directly and indirectly affected by a range of global trajectoriesKPMG, 2012. Expect the Unexpected: Building business value in a changing world.-------------------Based on our research findings, agribusinesses find water, climate, and community risks to be urgent, and best suited to piloting landscape approaches. Agribusinesses and food sector brand manufacturers are increasingly aware of sustainability risks. The interconnectedness of the water-food-energy-climate nexus is increasingly being recognized by business as requiring integrated solutions. In some cases, stability in key sourcing and operational regions may be at stake. World Economic Forum, 2011. Water Security: The Water-Food-Energy-Climate Nexus. Island Press.---------------