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Egypt: Case Study
1. Egypt Case StudyEgypt Case Study
International Conference on Policies for Water andInternational Conference on Policies for Water and
Food Security in Dry AreasFood Security in Dry Areas
24th24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egyptto 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt
Prof. Hany RamadanProf. Hany Ramadan
Director of Soils, Water and Environment ResearchDirector of Soils, Water and Environment Research
InstituteInstitute
Agricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research Center
2. Egypt has a total area of aboutEgypt has a total area of about
1002000 km1002000 km22
of which 55 367of which 55 367
kmkm22
, i.e. 5.5% are populated., i.e. 5.5% are populated.
The Egyptian terrain consists of aThe Egyptian terrain consists of a
vast desert plateau interrupted byvast desert plateau interrupted by
the Nile Valley and Delta whichthe Nile Valley and Delta which
occupy about 4% of the totaloccupy about 4% of the total
country area.country area.
Most of the cultivated land isMost of the cultivated land is
located close to the banks of thelocated close to the banks of the
Nile River, its main branches andNile River, its main branches and
canals, and in the Nile Delta.canals, and in the Nile Delta.
3. Major CropsMajor Crops
Several crop groups are cultivated in Egypt, i.e. cereals, fibreSeveral crop groups are cultivated in Egypt, i.e. cereals, fibre
crops, sugar crops, grain legume, oil seed crops, forage,crops, sugar crops, grain legume, oil seed crops, forage,
horticulture crops, medical crops, aromatic and ornamentalhorticulture crops, medical crops, aromatic and ornamental
crops. The major field crops are cotton, rice and maize in thecrops. The major field crops are cotton, rice and maize in the
summer season and wheat, Egyptian clover, and faba bean insummer season and wheat, Egyptian clover, and faba bean in
the winter season.the winter season.
Over the years, crop production systems have became moreOver the years, crop production systems have became more
specialized to meet the increasing needs of the industrializedspecialized to meet the increasing needs of the industrialized
food systems.food systems.
These systems are in need to incorporate technologicalThese systems are in need to incorporate technological
advances that include new knowledge on management andadvances that include new knowledge on management and
genetics to be sustainable in the long term.genetics to be sustainable in the long term.
4. Old Cultivated Lands: 5750000 feddan (2.4% of Egypt Area)
New Cultivated Lands: 3680000 feddan (1.5 % of Egypt Area)
The Old and New Cultivated areas in Egypt
6. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008
New Land Old Land
Area:Hectare
T. Cultivated Area
Cropped Area
Cultivated and cropped area in old and new land (2006-2008).
7. Crop Area EstimationCrop Area Estimation
الشرقية محافظةالشرقية محافظة
الحسينية مركزالحسينية مركز
HesaniaHesania
DistrictDistrict
WheatWheat
andand
alfalfaalfalfa
13. 13
InternationalConferenceonPoliciesforWaterandFoodSecurityinDryAreas–
24-26June,Cairo,Egypt
Water Resources and Extraction in Egypt (billion m3/year)
(2010)
SourceSource AvailableAvailable
amountsamounts
UsedUsed
amountsamounts
Renewable waterRenewable water
Surface waterSurface water 55.555.5 55.555.5
Ground waterGround water 8.58.5 8.58.5
Percentage used in agriculturePercentage used in agriculture 80%80% 51.2%51.2%
Non conventional waterNon conventional water
Sea Water DesalinationSea Water Desalination 0.250.25 0.250.25
Agricultural drainage waterAgricultural drainage water 7.47.4 7.47.4
Drainage waterDrainage water 1.01.0 1.01.0
PrecipitationPrecipitation 2.02.0 1.51.5
TotalTotal 74.6574.65 74.1574.15
14. Egypt StatisticsEgypt Statistics
Population, total (2010)Population, total (2010) 81,121,077.081,121,077.0
Rural population (2010)Rural population (2010) 46,401,256.046,401,256.0
Labor force, total (2009)Labor force, total (2009) 26,536,262.926,536,262.9
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (2009)Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (2009)
23.023.0
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% ofPoverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of
rural population) (2008)rural population) (2008) 30.030.0
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% ofPoverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of
population) (2008)population) (2008) 22.022.0
Income share held by lowest 20% (2005)Income share held by lowest 20% (2005) 9.09.0
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15. Key drivers and constraints in the field of waterKey drivers and constraints in the field of water
policiespolicies
The constrains are Egypt’s expected population growthThe constrains are Egypt’s expected population growth
and related water demand for public water supply,and related water demand for public water supply,
economic activities, and agriculture.economic activities, and agriculture.
To relieve the population pressure in the Nile Delta andTo relieve the population pressure in the Nile Delta and
Valley, the government has embarked on an ambitiousValley, the government has embarked on an ambitious
program to increase the inhabited area in Egypt.program to increase the inhabited area in Egypt.
Industrial growth, the need to feed the growingIndustrial growth, the need to feed the growing
population and hence a growing demand for water bypopulation and hence a growing demand for water by
agriculture, and horizontal expansion in the desert areas,agriculture, and horizontal expansion in the desert areas,
etc. cause a growing demand for water.etc. cause a growing demand for water.
At the same time, the available fresh water resources areAt the same time, the available fresh water resources are
expected to remain more or less.expected to remain more or less. 15
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16. Key drivers and constraints in the field of foodKey drivers and constraints in the field of food
securitysecurity
The domestic supply of food in Egypt is undergoing a crisisThe domestic supply of food in Egypt is undergoing a crisis
of dangerous proportions.of dangerous proportions.
This crisis, caused by a combination of international andThis crisis, caused by a combination of international and
domestic factors, threatens Egypt's economy and domesticdomestic factors, threatens Egypt's economy and domestic
politics.politics.
Global factors (Biofuels as an oil replacement, climateGlobal factors (Biofuels as an oil replacement, climate
change, rising transportation costs, changes to the globalchange, rising transportation costs, changes to the global
agricultural commodities market) affect Egypt passively,agricultural commodities market) affect Egypt passively,
though increased price and food insecurity.though increased price and food insecurity.
Domestic factors (population increase, urban encroachmentDomestic factors (population increase, urban encroachment
on agricultural land, changing domestic dietary habits,on agricultural land, changing domestic dietary habits,
limitation of agricultural subsidies).limitation of agricultural subsidies).
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17. Key drivers and constraints in the field ofKey drivers and constraints in the field of
environmentenvironment
The increase in population, industrial andThe increase in population, industrial and
agricultural activities has resulted in a rapidagricultural activities has resulted in a rapid
deterioration of the quality of the water resources,deterioration of the quality of the water resources,
in the Nile Delta.in the Nile Delta.
This low water quality threatens public health,This low water quality threatens public health,
reduces its use for economic activities andreduces its use for economic activities and
damages the natural ecology of the water systems.damages the natural ecology of the water systems.
Massive expenditures are needed to reduce theMassive expenditures are needed to reduce the
pollution loads and to provide the population withpollution loads and to provide the population with
adequate drinking water .adequate drinking water .
Climate change and desertification.Climate change and desertification.
Salt intrusion causes soil degradation.Salt intrusion causes soil degradation.
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18. Urban Encroachments on The Delta and Nile ValleyUrban Encroachments on The Delta and Nile Valley
Great Cairo using SPOT ImageGreat Cairo using SPOT Image
20012001
Studied Area = 311105 FedStudied Area = 311105 Fed
Urban Area in 2001 = 43711 FedUrban Area in 2001 = 43711 Fed
Annual Rate of Change = 1054.5 FedAnnual Rate of Change = 1054.5 Fed
per yearper year
Urban Area 1991- 2001 = 10545Urban Area 1991- 2001 = 10545
FedFed
19. Class in 1991Class in 1991 Class in 2011Class in 2011 NameName Area (KmArea (Km22
((
LandLand SeaSea Eroded AreaEroded Area 4.3316734.331673
SeaSea LandLand Accreted AreaAccreted Area 1.1129991.112999
LandLand LandLand Unchanged LandUnchanged Land 279.7439279.7439
SeaSea SeaSea Unchanged SeaUnchanged Sea 22.8114722.81147
1991 2011 From 1991 - 2011
20. Salinity ClassSalinity Class
Area (fedArea (fed.(.( %%ofof
areaarea
1960196019601960 20112011
Change from 1960 toChange from 1960 to
20112011
Normal SalineNormal Saline 10646.610646.6 32024.632024.6 21378.021378.0 29.1529.15
Moderately SalineModerately Saline 15988.815988.8 7799.27799.2 --8189.68189.6 --11.1711.17
Highly SalineHighly Saline 5096.35096.3 11416.711416.7 6320.46320.4 8.628.62
Very Highly SalineVery Highly Saline 41601.541601.5 18489.618489.6 --23111.923111.9 --31.5231.52
TotalTotal 73333.073333.0 69730.169730.1 --3603.13603.1
21. ClassClass Area (fedArea (fed.(.( %%of area in 1960of area in 1960
Improved AreaImproved Area 40084.9840084.98 54.6654.66
Degraded AreaDegraded Area 4676.674676.67 6.386.38
Not changed AreaNot changed Area 28571.6828571.68 38.9638.96
TotalTotal 73333.073333.0 100100
22.
23. Key drivers and constraints in theKey drivers and constraints in the
field of employmentfield of employment
The agriculture sector growth is fundamental toThe agriculture sector growth is fundamental to
labor employment and wage growth.labor employment and wage growth.
50 percent of the employment created by high50 percent of the employment created by high
sector balanced growth as a result of increasedsector balanced growth as a result of increased
agriculture incomes.agriculture incomes.
A further 17 percent of the employment growthA further 17 percent of the employment growth
is directly due to agriculture, while 44 percent ofis directly due to agriculture, while 44 percent of
employment growth is due to non-agricultureemployment growth is due to non-agriculture
sector .sector .
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24. Water policies implemented for the sake ofWater policies implemented for the sake of
water allocation and managementwater allocation and management
The Ministry of Water Resources and IrrigationThe Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
(MWRI) has developed a National Water Resources(MWRI) has developed a National Water Resources
Plan (NWRP) with three major steps:Plan (NWRP) with three major steps:
(1) development of additional water resources and(1) development of additional water resources and
cooperation with the Nile Basin Riparian countries;cooperation with the Nile Basin Riparian countries;
(2) making better use of the existing water resources(2) making better use of the existing water resources
and increasing water use efficiency;and increasing water use efficiency;
(3) protection of water quality and the environment.(3) protection of water quality and the environment. 24
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25. CASE STUDYCASE STUDY
Community-based optimization of the management of scarceCommunity-based optimization of the management of scarce
water resources in agriculture in west Asia and North Africawater resources in agriculture in west Asia and North Africa::
Phase I and IIPhase I and II
Phase I (2004-2008)Phase I (2004-2008)
Phase II (2010-2013)Phase II (2010-2013)
26. The Initial ChallengeThe Initial Challenge
The main long-term development goals of the projectThe main long-term development goals of the project
are to achieve sustainable and profitable agriculturalare to achieve sustainable and profitable agricultural
production based upon the efficient and sustainableproduction based upon the efficient and sustainable
management of the scarce water resources.management of the scarce water resources.
To achieve these goals the project developed and tested,To achieve these goals the project developed and tested,
with community participation, water managementwith community participation, water management
options that increase water productivity and optimizeoptions that increase water productivity and optimize
water use, and which are economically viable, sociallywater use, and which are economically viable, socially
acceptable, and environmentally sound.acceptable, and environmentally sound.
The main problem addressed in this case study was toThe main problem addressed in this case study was to
increase water and land productivity in three sites, i.e.increase water and land productivity in three sites, i.e.
old land, new land and salt affected land.old land, new land and salt affected land.
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27. Characteristics of the old landCharacteristics of the old land
The selected site, El-Makata,The selected site, El-Makata,
is located in east Menofiais located in east Menofia
Governorate in the MiddleGovernorate in the Middle
Delta.Delta.
The selected site, has anThe selected site, has an
intensive cropping patternintensive cropping pattern
(two or three crops a year).(two or three crops a year).
Surface irrigation systems areSurface irrigation systems are
prevalent.prevalent.
There are severe drainageThere are severe drainage
problems associated with aproblems associated with a
high water table, and landhigh water table, and land
fragmentation.fragmentation.
The soil of the old lands isThe soil of the old lands is
clayey, EC value is 0.43clayey, EC value is 0.43
dS/m and pH value arounddS/m and pH value around
8.0.8.0.
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28. Characteristics of the salt affected areasCharacteristics of the salt affected areas
El-Serw site has the general characteristicsEl-Serw site has the general characteristics
of marginal lands: drainage systemof marginal lands: drainage system
problems, high water table, increased soilproblems, high water table, increased soil
salinity, seawater intrusion, pollution duesalinity, seawater intrusion, pollution due
to extensive use of chemicals and lowto extensive use of chemicals and low
water quality.water quality.
All farmers use surface irrigation systems.All farmers use surface irrigation systems.
The area under study is about 8000 ha,The area under study is about 8000 ha,
which represents about 15% of the totalwhich represents about 15% of the total
cultivated area.cultivated area.
It is irrigated with fresh water, drainageIt is irrigated with fresh water, drainage
water, and a mix of the two.water, and a mix of the two.
Such soils are generally of high salinitySuch soils are generally of high salinity
and/or have a high exchangeable sodiumand/or have a high exchangeable sodium
percentage.percentage.
It is characterized by a high clay contentIt is characterized by a high clay content
and high pH values – ranging between 8.0and high pH values – ranging between 8.0
and 8.4.and 8.4.
29. Characteristics of the new landsCharacteristics of the new lands
The selected site, El-HusainThe selected site, El-Husain
village, is located in Behiravillage, is located in Behira
Governorate in North Delta andGovernorate in North Delta and
it serves an area of about 100 fed.it serves an area of about 100 fed.
The soils of the site are mostlyThe soils of the site are mostly
sandy with low fertility andsandy with low fertility and
relatively low water holdingrelatively low water holding
capacity.capacity.
Crops are grown under modernCrops are grown under modern
irrigation systems.irrigation systems.
The site has the generalThe site has the general
characteristics of the new lands:characteristics of the new lands:
no fixed cropping pattern,no fixed cropping pattern,
shortage of irrigation water,shortage of irrigation water,
especially in summer andespecially in summer and
availability of improved irrigationavailability of improved irrigation
systems (drip and sprinklersystems (drip and sprinkler
irrigation).irrigation).
30. This study focused on the importance of water productivity andThis study focused on the importance of water productivity and
land productivity on attaining food security.land productivity on attaining food security.
This was addressed by cultivating crops on wide furrows in oldThis was addressed by cultivating crops on wide furrows in old
and salt affected soil and use deficit irrigation in the three sites.and salt affected soil and use deficit irrigation in the three sites.
The challenge was to convince farmers to implement theseThe challenge was to convince farmers to implement these
interventions.interventions.
The recommended irrigation techniques are simple practices thatThe recommended irrigation techniques are simple practices that
can be easily implemented by the farmers and leaded tocan be easily implemented by the farmers and leaded to
significant increases in the yield, crop water productivity, andsignificant increases in the yield, crop water productivity, and
water saving.water saving.
Deficit irrigation saved a relatively high proportion of theDeficit irrigation saved a relatively high proportion of the
applied water and did not result in any significant losses in yieldapplied water and did not result in any significant losses in yield
for the major crops.for the major crops.
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Actions ImplementedActions Implemented
31. InterventionsInterventions Crops and site.Crops and site.
Wide furrows, raised bed&Wide furrows, raised bed&
planting in hills.planting in hills.
Wheat (Wheat (oldold land).land).
Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton (lands) and cotton (oldold &&marginalmarginal lands)lands)
W.F, broadcasting then raised-W.F, broadcasting then raised-
bed with full or 0.8 N.reqbed with full or 0.8 N.req
Wheat (Wheat (oldold andand marginalmarginal lands)lands)
Full irrigationFull irrigation Wheat (Wheat (oldold ,, marginalmarginal andand newnew lands), faba bean (lands), faba bean (newnew
lands) and berseem (lands) and berseem (marginalmarginal lands).lands).
Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton (old &lands) and cotton (old &marginalmarginal lands).lands).
0.7 of full irrigation0.7 of full irrigation
With full or 0.8 N.reqWith full or 0.8 N.req
0.7 full irrigation0.7 full irrigation
Wheat (Wheat (oldold andand marginalmarginal lands), berseem (lands), berseem (marginalmarginal lands).lands).
Maize (Maize (oldold lands) and cotton (lands) and cotton (oldold &&marginalmarginal lands).lands).
0.8 or0.8 or
0.85 of full irrigation0.85 of full irrigation
Wheat and faba bean(Wheat and faba bean(newnew lands).lands).
Ground nut (Ground nut (newnew lands)lands)
Dry planting.Dry planting. Berseem (Berseem (oldold lands)lands)
4 & 8 day7cm water depth,4 & 8 day7cm water depth,
saturation and raised-bedsaturation and raised-bed
Rice (Rice (marginalmarginal lands)lands)
32. Results & ImpactsResults & Impacts
Our interventions were conducted in the farmersOur interventions were conducted in the farmers
fields, where field days and harvest days, farmersfields, where field days and harvest days, farmers
schools and farmers training helped in spreading it.schools and farmers training helped in spreading it.
The results was measured by the amount ofThe results was measured by the amount of
harvested yield and by calculation of water and landharvested yield and by calculation of water and land
productivity.productivity.
Farmers in the surrounded areas benefited from ourFarmers in the surrounded areas benefited from our
interventions when they applied it in their fields.interventions when they applied it in their fields.
Our interventions helped in saving water, increasedOur interventions helped in saving water, increased
the yield of cultivating crops and increased farmersthe yield of cultivating crops and increased farmers
net revenue.net revenue.
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37. In salt-affected soils, when the
crop was irrigated with 70%
of its water requirement, the
reduction in wheat yield was
8% of that produced under full
irrigation.
The trials on wheat in the new
lands showed that with the
application of 80% of the crop
water requirement, the yield
losses were only 2%, but the
crop water productivity was
significantly increased by
38% higher than that obtained
from the usual practices of the
farmers.
38. RiceRice trials under different irrigationtrials under different irrigation
intervals were conducted in the marginalintervals were conducted in the marginal
lands.lands.
Irrigation atIrrigation at 4 days4 days intervals with a waterintervals with a water
depth of 7 cmdepth of 7 cm resulted in aresulted in a 9% water saving9% water saving
and anand an increase in rice yield of nearly 7%,increase in rice yield of nearly 7%,
compared to that obtained by the farmer’scompared to that obtained by the farmer’s
practices;practices;
Irrigation interval 8 daysIrrigation interval 8 days with the samewith the same
water depth increased the amount of waterwater depth increased the amount of water
savedsaved by nearlyby nearly 22%22%, showing a yield, showing a yield
similar to that under the farmers’ irrigationsimilar to that under the farmers’ irrigation
practices withpractices with 2% yield loss2% yield loss;;
Saturating the soilSaturating the soil with irrigation waterwith irrigation water
appeared to be the practice which lead to theappeared to be the practice which lead to the
highest water saving (around 44%);highest water saving (around 44%); but thebut the
yield was reducedyield was reduced by nearlyby nearly 16%16% asas
compared with that obtained under thecompared with that obtained under the
farmers’ irrigation practices.farmers’ irrigation practices.
39. Modeling activitiesModeling activities
Two models (CROPWAT and Yield-Stress) in phase I were calibratedTwo models (CROPWAT and Yield-Stress) in phase I were calibrated
using old data and validated using the field data.using old data and validated using the field data.
The results showed that the CROPWAT model can be used for irrigationThe results showed that the CROPWAT model can be used for irrigation
scheduling and predicting wheat yield reductions at new lands and oldscheduling and predicting wheat yield reductions at new lands and old
lands conditions.lands conditions.
Yield-Stress model was used reschedule irrigation by studying examiningYield-Stress model was used reschedule irrigation by studying examining
the depletion of soil water.the depletion of soil water.
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91101111121131141151161
Days after planting
Readilyavailablewater(mm)
0
50
100
150
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161
Days after planting
Readilyavailablewater(mm)
Irrigation water was a lot in the last 2 irrigations. The model was used to simulate the effect
of reducing the amount of applied irrigation water by reducing the amount of the last 2
irrigations, which saved 22% of the applied irrigation water, with 0.13% yield reduction.
40. Although, during the phase I, the project achieved severalAlthough, during the phase I, the project achieved several
short and medium term objectives, more skilled human andshort and medium term objectives, more skilled human and
financial resources were needed to fine tuning the newfinancial resources were needed to fine tuning the new
developed technologies.developed technologies.
Moreover, a second phase was needed to upscale the findingsMoreover, a second phase was needed to upscale the findings
at institutional level and out-scaling the results to other similarat institutional level and out-scaling the results to other similar
locations and countries.locations and countries.
The objectives of phase II were:The objectives of phase II were:
to determine the optimal bed width and furrow length.to determine the optimal bed width and furrow length.
To evaluate the effect of furrow spacing (raised bed width)To evaluate the effect of furrow spacing (raised bed width)
and furrow length on water/nutrients dynamics and waterand furrow length on water/nutrients dynamics and water
productivityproductivity..
Using modeling to maximize water productivity of certainUsing modeling to maximize water productivity of certain
watershed by improving water budget.watershed by improving water budget.
41. Figure (1): Soil salinity content on
harvest day for wheat planted on 50
m strip length, 1.3 m wide furrow.
Figure (2): Soil salinity content
on harvest day for sugar beet
planted on 50 m strip length, 1.3
m wide furrow.
Figure (3): Soil salinity
content on harvest day for
maize planted on 50 m strip
length, 1.3 m wide furrow.
The figures showed salinity accumulation at harvest day for the 3 crops. It reflect
the model sensitivity in simulating the accumulation.
43. Figure (4): Soil salinity on harvest day of
wheat grown under 125% ETc
Figure (5): Soil salinity on harvest day of wheat
grown under 100% ETc
These graphs showed how sensitive is the model in simulating soil salinity
under different irrigation treatments in new land.
45. Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
The main lessons learned are community participation to adapt suchThe main lessons learned are community participation to adapt such
interventions.interventions.
Farmers school and farmers training ( farmers to farmers exchange views andFarmers school and farmers training ( farmers to farmers exchange views and
acceptance).acceptance).
The opportunity associated are rationalize use of irrigation water through anThe opportunity associated are rationalize use of irrigation water through an
effective water management.effective water management.
Integrated soil and water practices considered the corner stone for anyIntegrated soil and water practices considered the corner stone for any
sustainable developmentsustainable development
The challenges faced in implementing these policies are shortage of waterThe challenges faced in implementing these policies are shortage of water
resources, fragmentation of land, lake of awareness from water users, absence ofresources, fragmentation of land, lake of awareness from water users, absence of
irrigation advisory system.irrigation advisory system.
Upgrading strategies and capacity building are other actions may beUpgrading strategies and capacity building are other actions may be
implemented.implemented.
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46. EmergingEmerging IssuesIssues
Increasing investment in the field of soilIncreasing investment in the field of soil
and water, upgrading irrigation andand water, upgrading irrigation and
drainage system at the national level,drainage system at the national level,
enhance irrigation improvement activityenhance irrigation improvement activity
and establish effective irrigation systemand establish effective irrigation system
are suggestions to tackle these emergingare suggestions to tackle these emerging
challenges.challenges.
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47. Main recommendations to policy-makersMain recommendations to policy-makers
for scaling-up, and for reducing constraintsfor scaling-up, and for reducing constraints
I.I. Policy makers awareness of such constrainsPolicy makers awareness of such constrains
from the beginning of the action (fromfrom the beginning of the action (from
identification phase , searching for solutionsidentification phase , searching for solutions
and implementing pilot program).and implementing pilot program).
II.II. Focus on integrated soil and waterFocus on integrated soil and water
management tools to save the environmentmanagement tools to save the environment
and sustain agricultural production.and sustain agricultural production.
III.III. Concentrate on water saving and soilConcentrate on water saving and soil
conservation program.conservation program.
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48. Thanks for listeningThanks for listening
Questions, comments and suggestions are welcomeQuestions, comments and suggestions are welcome
