Work Life & Liesure - CLASS X based upon syllabus of CBSE/NCERT 2012-13

WORK, LIFE AND LEISUREWORK, LIFE AND LEISURE
GROWTH OF THE CITIES
LONDON
AND
BOMBAY
GROWTH OF THE CITIES
LONDON
AND
BOMBAY
9/25/2012 By: N.Hymavathy, PGT History JNV Bang (U)

Characteristics Of Cities
 Increase in food supply supported a wide range of non-food
producers.
 Centre of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious.
 Supported various social groups such asartisans, merchants
and priests institutions and intellectual activity.
 Cities vary in size and complexity. Densely settled modern-day
cities are called metropolis.

A Godly Visit - Kolkata
 In 1880, Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel, Debganer Martye
Aagaman (The Gods Visit Earth), in which Brahma, the Creator in
Hindu mythology, took a train to Calcutta with some other gods.
 As Varuna, the Rain God, conducted them around the capital of
British India, the gods were wonderstruck by the big, modern city –
the train itself, the large ships on the river Ganges, factories belching
smoke, bridges and monuments and a dazzling array of shops selling
a wide range of commodities.
 The gods were so impressed by the marvels of the teeming
metropolis that they decided to build a Museum and a High Court in
Heaven!

 The city of Calcutta in the nineteenth century was brimming with
opportunities – for trade and commerce, education and jobs.
 But the gods were disturbed by another aspect of city life – its
cheats and thieves, its grinding poverty, and the poor quality of
housing for many.
 Brahma himself got tricked into buying a pair of cheap glasses and
when he tried to buy a pair of shoes, he was greatly confused by the
shopkeepers who accused one another of being swindlers.
 The gods were also perturbed at the confusion of caste, religious and
gender identities in the city.
 All social distinctions that appeared to be natural and normal
seemed to be breaking down.

 Like Durgacharan Ray, many others in nineteenth-century India
      were both amazed and confused by what they saw in the cities.
 The city seemed to offer a series of contrasting images and
      experiences – wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities
     and disappointments.
 Though urbanisation has a long history, the modern city worldwide
has developed only over the last 200 years.
 Three historical processes have shaped modern cities in decisive
ways: the rise of industrial capitalism, the establishment of colonial
rule over large parts of the world, and the development of
democratic ideals.

Industrialization And The Rise
Of Modern Cities – The London
 London-A large city with huge population. Its population
multiplied four folds in the 70 years i.e.1810-1880 from 1 million
to four million.
 It attracted many people from country side.

Major employment places in London
     1) London Dockyard
       2) Clothing and Footwear
       3) Wood and Furniture
       4) Metal and Engineering
       5) Precision Products as Surgical instruments, Objects of Precious Metals
 By First World War… London began manufacturing  motor cars and
electrical goods

Impact of Urbanisation on London
 As London grew crime flourished, 20,000
criminals in 1870’s.
 People from poor background turned to
Criminals.
 To preserve the discipline amongst the
population, authorities imposed penalties and
offered jobs to deserving poor.
 Factories employed women.
 Industrialization created unemployment and
forced them to do domestic work, tailoring,
washing and match-box making (a low-paid job).
Working WomenWorking Women

Housing and Transport in London
 Change in London city after the industrialization.
 No housing arrangement by factory owners for migrant workers.
 Housing, became cheap and unsafe. Daily wagers were allowed to
stay in apartments and multi storey building which were unsafe &
unhygienic.
 Poverty increased due to unemployment and low paid jobs both in
countryside and in cities.
 Bad living conditions resulted in early deaths-life expectancy to
29yrs and 55yrs for middle and rich class respectively.
Westminster Abbey - London Abbey Lambert - Canterbury

The Demands Of Well off city dwellers
 The well off city dwellers  supported the need to build housing for
the poor and  removal of slums
 Reasons:-
       1) A serious threat to public health
       2) Fire hazards due to poor housing
       3) Fear of social disorder
So workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the poor
from turning rebellious

Cleaning London -Variety Of Steps
 Attempts were made to decongest localities.
 To have more “green open spaces” less polluted-large blocks
of apartments were built.
 Rent control was introduced to do with housing shortage.
 Between 2WW(1919-1939) housing was taken care by the British
state.


The Concept Of Garden City
 Congestion in cities required cleaning and
development of green belts.
 An architect and planner Ebenezer
Howard, later Raymond Un win and Barry
Parker designed the Garden City of New
Ears wick.
 The garden city is a pleasant place full of
plants and trees, where people would both
live and work.
 He believed that this would provide better
quality of cities and citizens.
 There would be common gardens, spaces
and beautiful views.
Ebenezer HowardEbenezer Howard

Transport in the London city
 The underground railway
partially solved housing
crisis by carrying large
masses of people to and
from London.
 People who wanted to live
in the garden city and still
work in the city could use
underground railway.
 Thus underground
railway besides providing
means of transport to
thousands of people also
solved the housing
problem to some extent.
Aerial view of London Underground’sAerial view of London Underground’s

The first underground railway
 Underground railways-first section
of it was opened on 10Jan1863, from
Parrington to Farrington
 By 1880 train service carried
40milllion passengers
 Earlier people were afraid to travel
 Better planned suburbs and a good
railway network helped people to live
outside central London and travel to
work.

Massive displacement for Railway line
 To clear the area of construction many houses were knocked down,
streets broken through and stopped, deep pits and trenches were
dug creating enormous heaps of earth.
 It is believed that to make 2 miles of railway, 900 houses were
destroyed.
 The London railway led to massive displacement of London poor.

Industrialisation And Life In The
London City
 Ties between members loosened-institution of marriage was
breaking down.
 Women worked for wages, had some control over their lives.
 Social reformers needed that the institution of family be saved.
 The city encouraged INDIVIDUALISM among men and women and
a freedom from collective values.
Women cleaners & sweepers
Motor Ambulances with their female drivers & nurses

The women of Great Britain – Land Lassies (tenderness to work with mutiny)
The Women Movement
 Men and women did not have equal access to urban lives.
 Male-public space, women –domestic sphere.
 Women joined movements; demanded right to vote or right to
property to married women(1870).
 The family now consisted of smaller units.

Political movements
 Chartism demanded voting rights for all males above 21 years of age.
 10 hour movement-demanded to limited hours of work in factories.
Riots
Riots

Leisure And Consumption of the
London City
 Wealthy Britisher’s - Cultural events, opera, theatre and classical
music performance.
 Working class - met in pubs to drink, exchange news and organize
political actions.
 Libraries, art galleries and museums were established to develop
pride in the history and achievement of the British.
 Lower classes preferred to go to music halls and cinema.
 British industrial workers spend their holidays by the sea.
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens

The Library
The Opera
The Royal Albert Hall - London

The London Politics
 In 1886- the London poor exploded in a riot demanding relief from
poverty.
 In 1887-similar riot, which was brutally suppressed by the police-
Bloody Sunday of Nov 1887.
 In 1889-thousands of dockworkers went on strikes and marched
through the city.
 A large city population was both a threat and opportunity.

The City Of Colonial India
The pace of urbanization was slow in
colonial INDIA-11% lived in cities,
especially in three Presidency cities –
1) Bombay
2) Madras and
3) Calcutta
These were multifunctional cities. There
were major ports, warehouses, homes
and offices, army, educational
institutions, museums and libraries.
Bombay –premier city of INDIA

The 7 Islands of Bombay - Caloba

 In the 17th century, Bombay was a group of seven is lands under
Portuguese control.
 In 1661 it was passed to British after the marriage of Britain’s King
Charles II to the Portuguese princess as dowry.
 At first, Bombay was major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat
later large quantities of raw material as cotton and opium would
pass.
 Later a major administrative and industrial center
The 17th
Century Bombay

Work in Bombay
 Bombay became a capital
of Bombay presidency in 1819.
 Growth of trade in cotton and
opium, large communities
of traders, bankers, artisans
and shopkeepers came to settle.
 The first cotton mill established
in 1854 led to lot of people
migrating to Bombay.
 Women formed a part of mill
workforce, but by 1930s
women’s jobs were taken away
by machines and men.
 Bombay dominated sea trade
of INDIA till 20th century.
 Railways also encouraged an
even higher scale of migration.
Cotton Traders
Bombay Harbour - 1915

Housing in Bombay City
 Bombay was an overcrowded city- 9.4 sq yds per person
in 1840s as compared to 155 sq yds in London.
 London had 8 persons per house as compared to 20 in
Bombay.
 The Bombay fort area in 1800’s was divided into native towns
where Indians lived and there was a European or white
section.
 A European suburb and an industrial zone was in the north
and cantonment was in the south of the Fort.
 A racial pattern also prevalent in other two Presidencies.
 Water and housing problems were created due to
expansion of the city.

 Rich Parsis, Muslim and upper class traders and industrialists lived
in bungalows and about 70%of the population lived in congested
chawls .
 Chawls were also place of exchange of news of jobs, strikes, riots
and demonstrations.
 Many people lived as tenants in one room(4 to5).In the case of high
rent people used to share homes.
 People were living in a miserable conditions.
 The jobber in a mill used to be neighborhood leader-who settled
disputes, organized food supplies and credits.
Chawl Ghar

Transportation in the Bombay city
 Trams, Tongas - Horse carts, buses, cars and trains.
Tonga - the horse cart
Tram

Land Reclamation In Bombay
 The seven islands of Bombay were joined as one over a period of
time.
 The Bombay Governor William Hornby approved the building of the
great wall to prevent the flooding of low lying areas of Bombay.
 Need for more space led to reclamation of land from sea.
 In 1864, the Back Bay reclamation company reclaim the western
foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
 With increase in population more area was reclaimed from the sea.
 To improve the situation of housing “The City of Bombay
Improvement Trust” was created in 1898, which cleared
poorer homes out of the city center.
 In 1918 “Rent Act” was created to keep reasonable rents.

T
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C
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Bombay “The City Of Dreams
Cinema and Culture
 Bombay appears to many as
a ‘Mayapuri’-a city of dreams.
 Many Bombay films deal with the
arrival of new migrants and their
problems and real life pressures.
 Bombay film industry
 Harish Chandra S B shot a scene of
wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging
gardens and it became India’s first
movie.
 In 1913-the film “Raja Harishchandra”
was directed by Dadasaheb Phalke,
which became India’s first full length
feature film.
A shot from – Raja Harishchandra
Dhundiraj Govind Phalke

Asiatic Town Hall – the then Asiatic Town Hall – present view
Regal Cinema Hall, one among the oldest

 In 1925 Bombay became first film capital.
 Most of the people in the industry were migrants from Lahore,
Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the
industry.
 Bombay film industry contributed in a big way to produce an image
of the city as a mixture of dreams and reality, of slums and
bungalows.

Cities and challenges to the
Environment
 Harm to natural features due to more demand for space by factories,
housing and other institutions.
 Noise, air and water pollution.
 More use of coal in homes and industries lead to black smoke, which
further caused harmful pollution and other hazards.
 Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on
technologies to improve their machines which produced a
lot of smoke and harmful chemicals.
 This resulted in polluting the surroundings, rivers and environment.

Aamchi Mumbai – Present Bombay
Congested Living – A view of Mumbai Railway Station Platform between two local trainsCongested Living – A view of Mumbai Railway Station Platform between two local trains
The Slums of MumbaiThe Slums of Mumbai The Slums of Mumbai – Dharavi Slum OverviewThe Slums of Mumbai – Dharavi Slum Overview

Polluted Mumbai – A Dead body found floating in the riverPolluted Mumbai – A Dead body found floating in the river
Ranked No. 9 in the world list of polluted cities - MumbaiRanked No. 9 in the world list of polluted cities - Mumbai
Make way in garbageMake way in garbage
Caught in the traffic jam…
Caught in the traffic jam…
The 7 islands now… Mumbai an aerial viewThe 7 islands now… Mumbai an aerial view
Ganesh Nimarjan – who says Mumbai is crowded?9/25/2012 By: N.Hymavathy, PGT History JNV Bang (U)

Questions and Answers
1) State in brief, How did “The city of Calcutta “ both amazed and
confused the Gods?
2) Discuss the characteristics of ‘Ancient cities’.
3) Describe the rise and expansion of the city of London.
4) How did industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the
modern period ?
5) Describe the rise and expansion of the city of London.

6) As London grew, ‘crime flourished’ justify the statement.
7) Why did better-off London city dwellers continue to demand for
housing for the poor?
8) What were the various steps taken to clean up London ?
9) What do you understand by the ‘ Garden City’? Who developed this
system ?
10) Why did people called underground railway ‘the iron monster’?

11) What were the source of leisure for London city life ?
12) How did Bombay come under the British control ?
13) What is Chawl? How were the disputes settled in the chawls ?
14) How did Bombay city expand ?
15) Why is Bombay referred to as a mayapuri or mayanagri ?

ACTIVITY
1) Imagine what would be life without industrialization. Describe in
your own words?
2) Collect information about the employment opportunities in film
industry.
3) Collect pictures about the impact of Industrialization. Display it in
an album.

A Project By :
N.HYMAVATHY,
PGT History
JNV Bangalore (U)
A Project By :
N.HYMAVATHY,
PGT History
JNV Bangalore (U)
By: N.Hymavathy, PGT History JNV Bang (U)

Work Life & Liesure - CLASS X based upon syllabus of CBSE/NCERT 2012-13

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