2. OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute
The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute
over Kashmir.
over Kashmir.
There are total 4 parties involved in this
There are total 4 parties involved in this
dispute – India, Pakistan, China and the
dispute – India, Pakistan, China and the
people of Kashmir.
people of Kashmir.
3. Partition and dispute
Partition and dispute
Before Independence from British in 1947 from
Before Independence from British in 1947 from
1820, Kashmir was ruled by the Maharaja of
1820, Kashmir was ruled by the Maharaja of
Kashmir who was Hindu although the majority of
Kashmir who was Hindu although the majority of
the population were Muslim, except the Jammu
the population were Muslim, except the Jammu
region.
region.
The partition was made on religious lines resulting
The partition was made on religious lines resulting
in to the formation of two separate countries –
in to the formation of two separate countries –
India and Pakistan. Pakistan insisted that Kashmir
India and Pakistan. Pakistan insisted that Kashmir
should be given to it.
should be given to it.
4. Because of its location,
Because of its location,
Kashmir could choose
Kashmir could choose
to join either India or
to join either India or
Pakistan.
Pakistan. Maharaja
Maharaja
Hari Singh
Hari Singh was the
was the
ruler of Kashmir.
ruler of Kashmir.
Unable to decide which
Unable to decide which
nation Kashmir should
nation Kashmir should
join, Hari Singh chose
join, Hari Singh chose
to remain neutral.
to remain neutral.
5. Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
But his hopes of remaining
But his hopes of remaining
independent were dashed in October
independent were dashed in October
1947, as Pakistan sent in Muslim
1947, as Pakistan sent in Muslim
tribesmen who were knocking at the
tribesmen who were knocking at the
gates of the capital Srinagar.
gates of the capital Srinagar.
Hari Singh appealed to the Indian
Hari Singh appealed to the Indian
government for military assistance
government for military assistance
and fled to India. He signed the
and fled to India. He signed the
“Instrument of Accession”, giving up
“Instrument of Accession”, giving up
Kashmir to India on October 26. The
Kashmir to India on October 26. The
Instrument of Accession of Kashmir
Instrument of Accession of Kashmir
to India was accepted by
to India was accepted by Viceroy Lord
Viceroy Lord
Mountbatten of Burma
Mountbatten of Burma.
.
6. India and Pakistan fought the
India and Pakistan fought the first
first
war over Kashmir
war over Kashmir in 1947-48. India
in 1947-48. India
referred the dispute to the United
referred the dispute to the United
Nations. In a resolution, the UN asked
Nations. In a resolution, the UN asked
Pakistan to remove its troops, after
Pakistan to remove its troops, after
which India was also to withdraw the
which India was also to withdraw the
bulk of its forces.
bulk of its forces.
India was confident that it will win the
India was confident that it will win the
referendum, because Sheikh
referendum, because Sheikh
Abdullah, the most influential
Abdullah, the most influential
Kashmiri mass leader, was firmly on
Kashmiri mass leader, was firmly on
its side. Hence an emergency Govt.
its side. Hence an emergency Govt.
was formed on October 30, 1948 with
was formed on October 30, 1948 with
Sheikh Abdullah as the “Prime
Sheikh Abdullah as the “Prime
Minister”.
Minister”.
7. LOC – LINE OF CONTROL
LOC – LINE OF CONTROL
Pakistan ignored the UN mandate and
Pakistan ignored the UN mandate and
continued fighting, holding on to the
continued fighting, holding on to the
portion of Kashmir under its control.
portion of Kashmir under its control.
On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was
On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was
agreed, with 65 % of the territory
agreed, with 65 % of the territory
under Indian control and the
under Indian control and the
remaining 35% with Pakistan.
remaining 35% with Pakistan.
The ceasefire was intended to be
The ceasefire was intended to be
temporary, but the
temporary, but the Line of Control
Line of Control
remains the military control line
remains the military control line
between the Indian and Pakistani-
between the Indian and Pakistani-
controlled parts of the state of Jammu
controlled parts of the state of Jammu
& Kashmir.
& Kashmir.
8. Tashkent agreement
Tashkent agreement
In 1957, Kashmir was incorporated into the Indian
In 1957, Kashmir was incorporated into the Indian
Union. It was given a special status under
Union. It was given a special status under Article 370 of
Article 370 of
India's constitution
India's constitution, which ensures, among other things,
, which ensures, among other things,
that non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property there.
that non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property there.
Fighting broke out again in 1965, but a ceasefire was
Fighting broke out again in 1965, but a ceasefire was
established. Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bhadur Shastri,
established. Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bhadur Shastri,
and Pakistani President, M Ayub Khan, signed the
and Pakistani President, M Ayub Khan, signed the
Tashkent agreement
Tashkent agreement on January 1, 1966.
on January 1, 1966.
They resolved to try to end the dispute, but the death of
They resolved to try to end the dispute, but the death of
Mr Shastri and the rise of Gen Yahya Khan in Pakistan
Mr Shastri and the rise of Gen Yahya Khan in Pakistan
resulted in stalemate (deadlock).
resulted in stalemate (deadlock).
9. Simla Agreement
Simla Agreement
In 1971 a third war, resulting in
In 1971 a third war, resulting in
the formation of Bangladesh was
the formation of Bangladesh was
broken out and India declared
broken out and India declared
war on December 3, 1971. When
war on December 3, 1971. When
Indians entered 50 km into the
Indians entered 50 km into the
area of Pakistan, a ceasefire was
area of Pakistan, a ceasefire was
reached.
reached.
In 1972 Indira Gandhi, the Indian
In 1972 Indira Gandhi, the Indian
prime minister, and Zulfikar Ali
prime minister, and Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto signed the
Bhutto signed the Simla
Simla
Agreement
Agreement, which repeated the
, which repeated the
promises made in Tashkent.
promises made in Tashkent.
10. Infiltration of Pakistani guerrillas
Infiltration of Pakistani guerrillas
The status quo was maintained until 1989. Thereafter
The status quo was maintained until 1989. Thereafter
Pakistani guerrillas struck in the Indian Kashmir valley.
Pakistani guerrillas struck in the Indian Kashmir valley.
They established a reign of terror and drove out almost
They established a reign of terror and drove out almost
all the Hindus from the valley. Meanwhile Indian and
all the Hindus from the valley. Meanwhile Indian and
Pakistani troops regularly exchanged fire at the border.
Pakistani troops regularly exchanged fire at the border.
India and Pakistan both tested nuclear devices in 1998,
India and Pakistan both tested nuclear devices in 1998,
and then in 1999 test-fired missiles. When the Indian
and then in 1999 test-fired missiles. When the Indian
Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, visited Lahore by
Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, visited Lahore by
bus in 1999, the world felt that such a genuine effort at
bus in 1999, the world felt that such a genuine effort at
friendly neighborhood relations would lower the tension
friendly neighborhood relations would lower the tension
along the LOC.
along the LOC.
11. Kargil War & Cross-border
Kargil War & Cross-border
troubles
troubles
But, again the cross-LOC firing in Kargil began
But, again the cross-LOC firing in Kargil began
during the mid-1998. Indian forces drove them out
during the mid-1998. Indian forces drove them out
fighting bravely. The death toll, including both
fighting bravely. The death toll, including both
soldiers and civilians, was more than 30,000.
soldiers and civilians, was more than 30,000.
India argued that the infiltrators were trained and
India argued that the infiltrators were trained and
armed by Pakistan, and based in "Azad Kashmir"
armed by Pakistan, and based in "Azad Kashmir"
with the full knowledge of the Pakistani government.
with the full knowledge of the Pakistani government.
Pakistan said that they were freedom fighters (!)
Pakistan said that they were freedom fighters (!)
from Kashmir and that it was giving only moral
from Kashmir and that it was giving only moral
support.
support.
12. A Few Questions to Ponder over
A Few Questions to Ponder over
Was Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru mainly
Was Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru mainly
responsible for the Kashmir issue?
responsible for the Kashmir issue?
Why India always takes soft stand?
Why India always takes soft stand?
Shouldn’t we be offensive rather than
Shouldn’t we be offensive rather than
defensive?
defensive?
Shouldn’t the Article 370 of India's
Shouldn’t the Article 370 of India's
constitution be removed?
constitution be removed?
Isn’t Kashmir our Natinal Pride ?
Isn’t Kashmir our Natinal Pride ?
Shall we allow Pak to snetch it from
Shall we allow Pak to snetch it from
us ?
us ? – NEVER.
– NEVER.
