Strategies e Actions on Waste for Sustainable Cities - Atilio Salvino
1. HUMANIDADE 2012
STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ON WASTE
FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
ATILIO SAVINO
JUNE 22, 2012
FORTE DE COPACABANA - RJ
2. CONTENTS
a) Rationale
b) Waste generation
c) Megacities
d) Globalization
e) Adaptation
f) Mitigation
g) NAMA´s
h) TSU
3. WASTE GENERATION
Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Region
Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
4. WASTE GENERATION
Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Income
Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
6. GLOBALIZATION
Megacities are particularly vulnerable to natural
disasters because (Wisner, 2003) their scale and
geographic complexity make it difficult to provide
the lifeline and transportation infrastructure
necessary for risk reduction. Many mega-cities are
located in geographically hazardous locations such
as coastal areas or seismically active zones, making
them susceptible to floods, storm surges, wild fires,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.
7. ADAPTATION CHALLENGE IS
UNDERESTIMATED
•13/20 megacities in
coastal areas
•Low-lying areas 2% of
area: 13% of population
•2005: 5/10 most
populous cities exposed to
coastal flooding
•2070: 9/10 most
populous cities exposed to
coastal flooding
14. MITIGATION
The magnitude of GHG reduction by waste management
The example of Europe
What the EU has done
Regulation and investment in waste
management
Prevention, minimization, reuse,
recycling and energetic valorization
activities and gradual reduction of
landfilling
will make the municipal waste
sector a net GHG reducer in
2012-2020.
Mitigation is very successfull
Decline of EU municipal waste
emissions between 1990-2007 from
69 to 32 million tonnes of CO2
Waste management GHG reductions
could potentially account for 18%
of the EU’s Kyoto target for
2020
This can be replicated worldwide
UNEP (2010) on Waste and Climate
Change:
… the waste sector is in a unique
position to move from being a
minor source of global
emissions to becoming a major
saver of emissions
15. NAMA´s
Background
In 2007, the Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a
central concept for the consolidation of the international
climate regime (UNFCCC, 2008).
The purpose was targeting actions that other
mechanisms, such as the CDM, have failed to develop
at the required scale as well as engaging developing
countries efforts to mitigate global climate change.
Countries are currently trying to agree on how support
for NAMAs can be realised and according to available
information, currently there are at least 52 NAMAs
having been developed at the preparation stage.
16. NAMAs and the CDM
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
provides a way for developed countries to help
meet emissions limits committed under the Kyoto
Protocol through purchase of additional project-
based emissions reductions from developing
countries.
NAMAs, on the other hand, were primarily
conceived as a way for developing countries—with
financial and technological support from the
international community—to make progress in
reducing their own domestic greenhouse gas
emissions from one or more emitting sectors.
17. The NAMA concept
1. There is currently no internationally agreed definition of a NAMA
outside of text that is still under negotiation in the UNFCCC. As such
NAMAs as a vehicle to achieve reductions of greenhouse gas
emissions and climate change mitigation is being built ,
standardized and agreed upon in climate negotiations.
2. A number of subtly different descriptions exist, mostly based on
that text.
3. The Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011b) refer to NAMAs in, inter
alia, the following:
1/CP.16-48. Agrees that developing country Parties will take
nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of
sustainable development, supported and enabled by
technology, financing and capacity-building, aimed at
achieving a deviation in emissions relative to ‘business as usual’
emissions in 2020.
18. The NAMA concept
1. The broad definition of NAMAs and the wide variation of
Party submissions (and negotiating positions) could
mean that NAMAs have potential to develop into a
widely applicable instrument.
2. Notwithstanding the fact that there is a wide
applicability for NAMAS, key components of the
instrument are provision of financial and technological
support from developed countries to implement NAMAs.
3. Initially capacity building for NAMA preparation and
studies aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and selecting
NAMAs is being undertaken by different UN agencies
with funding provided by some developed countries.
19. The NAMA concept
1. NAMAs have been categorized as follows:
- Unilateral NAMAs: mitigation actions undertaken
by developing countries on their own
- Supported NAMAs: mitigation actions in
developing countries, supported by direct
climate finance from Annex I countries (in the
following called ‘directly supported NAMAs’)
- Credited NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing
countries, which generate credits to be sold on
the carbon market (e.g. sectoral crediting).
20. The three categories of NAMAs
1. There is a common understanding that the financing structure of a NAMA
may consist of:
i. Domestic funding by the developing country (so-called ‘unilateral
NAMAs’);
ii. international support(‘supported NAMAs’); and,
iii. income from a market based mechanism ( ‘credited NAMAs’).
2. Unilateral NAMAs could include actions that do not pose an undue
burden on the government budget or actions undertaken primarily
fordevelopment reasons.
3. Funds for internationally supported NAMAs could be allocated directly, on
a bilateral basis, or through an international fund such as the Green
Climate Fund (GCF) that has been established following the Cancun and
Durban Agreements (UNFCCC).
21. FINANCING
1. Income from market-based mechanisms could take the
form of resources incoming from a carbon market,
similar to the one created by the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) offset system and the European
Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS).
2. However, in terms of scale NAMAs would be going far
beyond the project or even Programme of Activities
scale (under the CDM), to the economy wide or sector
wide level.
22. ISWA Technical Support Unit (TSU)
Objectives
ISWA should play a leading role in contributing to identify,
develop and implement NAMAs in developing countries.
Use the the capacity to be installed at the TSU to prepare
NAMAs proposals for developing countries consideration and
identify as well as facilitate access to funding.
Disseminate information and provide inputs on the evolution
of the climate change negotiation process
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23. Implementation
In the first stage an expert team will be established to
interact with national designated authorities and climate
change focal points, identify and consider opportunities
for NAMAs in the waste sector, elaborate NAMAs
proposals and identify funding sources and options.
In the second stage an additional ISWA staff member will
be responsible for the project management of the NAMAs
support activities and cooperation with the expert team.
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24. Benefits (institutional)
Expanded awareness of opportunities to mitigate climate
change through national actions in the waste sector, in
particular in developing countries.
Demonstration, via NAMAs, of the contribution of the waste
management activities to sustainable development and the
transition to a green economy
Strengthening waste management in the international arena
in sustainability issues and ISWA facilitative role in addressing
climate change by providing technical support to
developing countries
Quantitative empirical indicators of the positive contribution
of waste management in mitigation of climate change
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