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HUMANIDADE 2012

STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ON WASTE
      FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
         ATILIO SAVINO

              JUNE 22, 2012
       FORTE DE COPACABANA - RJ
CONTENTS
a)   Rationale
b)   Waste generation
c)   Megacities
d)   Globalization
e)   Adaptation
f)   Mitigation
g)   NAMA´s
h)   TSU
WASTE GENERATION
   Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Region




Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
WASTE GENERATION
     Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Income




Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
MEGACITIES




Source: Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities, Mc Kinsey, March 2011
GLOBALIZATION
Megacities are particularly vulnerable to natural
disasters because (Wisner, 2003) their scale and
geographic complexity make it difficult to provide
the lifeline and transportation infrastructure
necessary for risk reduction. Many mega-cities are
located in geographically hazardous locations such
as coastal areas or seismically active zones, making
them susceptible to floods, storm surges, wild fires,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.
ADAPTATION CHALLENGE IS
UNDERESTIMATED

                    •13/20 megacities in
                    coastal areas
                    •Low-lying areas 2% of
                    area: 13% of population
                    •2005: 5/10 most
                    populous cities exposed to
                    coastal flooding
                    •2070: 9/10 most
                    populous cities exposed to
                    coastal flooding
ADAPTATION – MITIGATION &
PSYCHOLOGY
ASSESSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
THE EXAMPLE OF FLOODPLAINS
SOURCE – PATH – TARGET EVENTS
ADAPTIVE MEASURES AND THEIR
EFFECTS
BUT…
MITIGATION
    The magnitude of GHG reduction by waste management
   The example of Europe
   What the EU has done
        Regulation and investment in waste
         management
        Prevention, minimization, reuse,
         recycling and energetic valorization
         activities and gradual reduction of
         landfilling
        will make the municipal waste
         sector a net GHG reducer in
         2012-2020.
   Mitigation is very successfull
        Decline of EU municipal waste
         emissions between 1990-2007 from
         69 to 32 million tonnes of CO2
        Waste management GHG reductions
         could potentially account for 18%
         of the EU’s Kyoto target for
         2020
   This can be replicated worldwide
        UNEP (2010) on Waste and Climate
         Change:
        … the waste sector is in a unique
         position to move from being a
         minor source of global
         emissions to becoming a major
         saver of emissions
NAMA´s
Background
   In 2007, the Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of
    Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a
    central concept for the consolidation of the international
    climate regime (UNFCCC, 2008).

   The purpose was targeting actions that other
    mechanisms, such as the CDM, have failed to develop
    at the required scale as well as engaging developing
    countries efforts to mitigate global climate change.

   Countries are currently trying to agree on how support
    for NAMAs can be realised and according to available
    information, currently there are at least 52 NAMAs
    having been developed at the preparation stage.
NAMAs and the CDM
   The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
    provides a way for developed countries to help
    meet emissions limits committed under the Kyoto
    Protocol through purchase of additional project-
    based emissions reductions from developing
    countries.

   NAMAs, on the other hand, were primarily
    conceived as a way for developing countries—with
    financial and technological support from the
    international community—to make progress in
    reducing their own domestic greenhouse gas
    emissions from one or more emitting sectors.
The NAMA concept
1.   There is currently no internationally agreed definition of a NAMA
     outside of text that is still under negotiation in the UNFCCC. As such
     NAMAs as a vehicle to achieve reductions of greenhouse gas
     emissions and climate change mitigation is being built ,
     standardized and agreed upon in climate negotiations.

2.   A number of subtly different descriptions exist, mostly based on
     that text.

3.   The Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011b) refer to NAMAs in, inter
     alia, the following:

        1/CP.16-48. Agrees that developing country Parties will take
         nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of
         sustainable development, supported and enabled by
         technology, financing and capacity-building, aimed at
         achieving a deviation in emissions relative to ‘business as usual’
         emissions in 2020.
The NAMA concept
1.   The broad definition of NAMAs and the wide variation of
     Party submissions (and negotiating positions) could
     mean that NAMAs have potential to develop into a
     widely applicable instrument.

2.   Notwithstanding the fact that there is a wide
     applicability for NAMAS, key components of the
     instrument are provision of financial and technological
     support from developed countries to implement NAMAs.

3.   Initially capacity building for NAMA preparation and
     studies aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and selecting
     NAMAs is being undertaken by different UN agencies
     with funding provided by some developed countries.
The NAMA concept
1.   NAMAs have been categorized as follows:

     - Unilateral NAMAs: mitigation actions undertaken
        by developing countries on their own
        - Supported NAMAs: mitigation actions in
        developing countries, supported by direct
        climate finance from Annex I countries (in the
        following called ‘directly supported NAMAs’)
     - Credited NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing
        countries, which generate credits to be sold on
        the carbon market (e.g. sectoral crediting).
The three categories of NAMAs
1.   There is a common understanding that the financing structure of a NAMA
     may consist of:

     i.     Domestic funding by the developing country (so-called ‘unilateral
            NAMAs’);
     ii.    international support(‘supported NAMAs’); and,
     iii.   income from a market based mechanism ( ‘credited NAMAs’).

2.   Unilateral NAMAs could include actions that do not pose an undue
     burden on the government budget or actions undertaken primarily
     fordevelopment reasons.

3.   Funds for internationally supported NAMAs could be allocated directly, on
     a bilateral basis, or through an international fund such as the Green
     Climate Fund (GCF) that has been established following the Cancun and
     Durban Agreements (UNFCCC).
FINANCING

1.   Income from market-based mechanisms could take the
     form of resources incoming from a carbon market,
     similar to the one created by the Clean Development
     Mechanism (CDM) offset system and the European
     Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS).

2.   However, in terms of scale NAMAs would be going far
     beyond the project or even Programme of Activities
     scale (under the CDM), to the economy wide or sector
     wide level.
ISWA Technical Support Unit (TSU)

    Objectives
   ISWA should play a leading role in contributing to identify,
    develop and implement NAMAs in developing countries.

   Use the the capacity to be installed at the TSU to prepare
    NAMAs proposals for developing countries consideration and
    identify as well as facilitate access to funding.

   Disseminate information and provide inputs on the evolution
    of the climate change negotiation process




                               22
Implementation

   In the first stage an expert team will be established to
    interact with national designated authorities and climate
    change focal points, identify and consider opportunities
    for NAMAs in the waste sector, elaborate NAMAs
    proposals and identify funding sources and options.

   In the second stage an additional ISWA staff member will
    be responsible for the project management of the NAMAs
    support activities and cooperation with the expert team.




                            23
Benefits (institutional)

   Expanded awareness of opportunities to mitigate climate
    change through national actions in the waste sector, in
    particular in developing countries.
   Demonstration, via NAMAs, of the contribution of the waste
    management activities to sustainable development and the
    transition to a green economy
   Strengthening waste management in the international arena
    in sustainability issues and ISWA facilitative role in addressing
    climate change by providing technical support to
    developing countries
   Quantitative empirical indicators of the positive contribution
    of waste management in mitigation of climate change




                              24
THANK YOU.

   Atilio Savino
asavino@ars.org.ar

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Strategies e Actions on Waste for Sustainable Cities - Atilio Salvino

  • 1. HUMANIDADE 2012 STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ON WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES ATILIO SAVINO JUNE 22, 2012 FORTE DE COPACABANA - RJ
  • 2. CONTENTS a) Rationale b) Waste generation c) Megacities d) Globalization e) Adaptation f) Mitigation g) NAMA´s h) TSU
  • 3. WASTE GENERATION Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Region Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
  • 4. WASTE GENERATION Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Income Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012
  • 5. MEGACITIES Source: Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities, Mc Kinsey, March 2011
  • 6. GLOBALIZATION Megacities are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters because (Wisner, 2003) their scale and geographic complexity make it difficult to provide the lifeline and transportation infrastructure necessary for risk reduction. Many mega-cities are located in geographically hazardous locations such as coastal areas or seismically active zones, making them susceptible to floods, storm surges, wild fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.
  • 7. ADAPTATION CHALLENGE IS UNDERESTIMATED •13/20 megacities in coastal areas •Low-lying areas 2% of area: 13% of population •2005: 5/10 most populous cities exposed to coastal flooding •2070: 9/10 most populous cities exposed to coastal flooding
  • 10. THE EXAMPLE OF FLOODPLAINS
  • 11. SOURCE – PATH – TARGET EVENTS
  • 12. ADAPTIVE MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS
  • 14. MITIGATION The magnitude of GHG reduction by waste management  The example of Europe  What the EU has done  Regulation and investment in waste management  Prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling and energetic valorization activities and gradual reduction of landfilling  will make the municipal waste sector a net GHG reducer in 2012-2020.  Mitigation is very successfull  Decline of EU municipal waste emissions between 1990-2007 from 69 to 32 million tonnes of CO2  Waste management GHG reductions could potentially account for 18% of the EU’s Kyoto target for 2020  This can be replicated worldwide  UNEP (2010) on Waste and Climate Change:  … the waste sector is in a unique position to move from being a minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of emissions
  • 15. NAMA´s Background  In 2007, the Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a central concept for the consolidation of the international climate regime (UNFCCC, 2008).  The purpose was targeting actions that other mechanisms, such as the CDM, have failed to develop at the required scale as well as engaging developing countries efforts to mitigate global climate change.  Countries are currently trying to agree on how support for NAMAs can be realised and according to available information, currently there are at least 52 NAMAs having been developed at the preparation stage.
  • 16. NAMAs and the CDM  The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides a way for developed countries to help meet emissions limits committed under the Kyoto Protocol through purchase of additional project- based emissions reductions from developing countries.  NAMAs, on the other hand, were primarily conceived as a way for developing countries—with financial and technological support from the international community—to make progress in reducing their own domestic greenhouse gas emissions from one or more emitting sectors.
  • 17. The NAMA concept 1. There is currently no internationally agreed definition of a NAMA outside of text that is still under negotiation in the UNFCCC. As such NAMAs as a vehicle to achieve reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change mitigation is being built , standardized and agreed upon in climate negotiations. 2. A number of subtly different descriptions exist, mostly based on that text. 3. The Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011b) refer to NAMAs in, inter alia, the following:  1/CP.16-48. Agrees that developing country Parties will take nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to ‘business as usual’ emissions in 2020.
  • 18. The NAMA concept 1. The broad definition of NAMAs and the wide variation of Party submissions (and negotiating positions) could mean that NAMAs have potential to develop into a widely applicable instrument. 2. Notwithstanding the fact that there is a wide applicability for NAMAS, key components of the instrument are provision of financial and technological support from developed countries to implement NAMAs. 3. Initially capacity building for NAMA preparation and studies aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and selecting NAMAs is being undertaken by different UN agencies with funding provided by some developed countries.
  • 19. The NAMA concept 1. NAMAs have been categorized as follows: - Unilateral NAMAs: mitigation actions undertaken by developing countries on their own - Supported NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing countries, supported by direct climate finance from Annex I countries (in the following called ‘directly supported NAMAs’) - Credited NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing countries, which generate credits to be sold on the carbon market (e.g. sectoral crediting).
  • 20. The three categories of NAMAs 1. There is a common understanding that the financing structure of a NAMA may consist of: i. Domestic funding by the developing country (so-called ‘unilateral NAMAs’); ii. international support(‘supported NAMAs’); and, iii. income from a market based mechanism ( ‘credited NAMAs’). 2. Unilateral NAMAs could include actions that do not pose an undue burden on the government budget or actions undertaken primarily fordevelopment reasons. 3. Funds for internationally supported NAMAs could be allocated directly, on a bilateral basis, or through an international fund such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) that has been established following the Cancun and Durban Agreements (UNFCCC).
  • 21. FINANCING 1. Income from market-based mechanisms could take the form of resources incoming from a carbon market, similar to the one created by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offset system and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). 2. However, in terms of scale NAMAs would be going far beyond the project or even Programme of Activities scale (under the CDM), to the economy wide or sector wide level.
  • 22. ISWA Technical Support Unit (TSU) Objectives  ISWA should play a leading role in contributing to identify, develop and implement NAMAs in developing countries.  Use the the capacity to be installed at the TSU to prepare NAMAs proposals for developing countries consideration and identify as well as facilitate access to funding.  Disseminate information and provide inputs on the evolution of the climate change negotiation process 22
  • 23. Implementation  In the first stage an expert team will be established to interact with national designated authorities and climate change focal points, identify and consider opportunities for NAMAs in the waste sector, elaborate NAMAs proposals and identify funding sources and options.  In the second stage an additional ISWA staff member will be responsible for the project management of the NAMAs support activities and cooperation with the expert team. 23
  • 24. Benefits (institutional)  Expanded awareness of opportunities to mitigate climate change through national actions in the waste sector, in particular in developing countries.  Demonstration, via NAMAs, of the contribution of the waste management activities to sustainable development and the transition to a green economy  Strengthening waste management in the international arena in sustainability issues and ISWA facilitative role in addressing climate change by providing technical support to developing countries  Quantitative empirical indicators of the positive contribution of waste management in mitigation of climate change 24
  • 25. THANK YOU. Atilio Savino asavino@ars.org.ar