1.
Presented by:
Avinash Y. Kumar
Urban & Regional Planning Advisory Services,
ISA Fellow 2020-21
Senior Fellow, SaciWATERs
Co-Founder at Vivir Consultancy & Hashtag Per-Capita
Presented at:
Presented On: 9th Dec 2022
Planning for Infrastructure – An SWM Planning
Case Study from the city of Devanahalli

2.
1. Methodology
2. Existing Scenario
3. Compliance with MSW Rules
4. Overall Scenario
5. Analysis of Physical characterization by weight
• Rates along the inorganic waste value chain
6. Analysis of Operations
• Door-to-Door Collection Route and Time mapping
• Collection to Coverage Ratio
7. Analysis of Human Resource Management
8. Analysis of Market potential for inorganic segment of waste
9. Micro-pockets demarcation
10. Route selection for door to door waste collector
11. Organizing the Enabling environment along with the project approach
Table of Contents

3.
Methodology to Study Operations
Operations
• Collection Vehicle Routes
• Door-to-Door Collection Routes
• Coverage per worker
Mapping
&
Characterization • Sample Selection w.r.t Income
Groups
• Time Consumption
• Weighing of all Trucks for a day
• Physical Characterization by weight

4.
Physical Characterization by weight
Segregation &
Weighing
Output
Sampling
Consultations:
Muthukumara
Swamy
Solid Waste Expert
and
Biji
Health Inspector
Sample Size :
20 + 20 + 20 =60
HIG MIG LIG
Over a Period of:
9 days
• Sample size
• its distribution over
income groups
• survey period
Identification of
wards as per the
required character
for the surveys
Methodology to Study Operations

5.
Route and Time Mapping
Approach
Mapping operational attributes per sanitation
worker:
• Time taken in total and per stop
• Collection Routes
• No. of stops
• Total Households covered
• Consumer behavior: Collection to Coverage Ratio
x/y
x/y
x/y
x/y
HH covered by
resp. workers
Collection Routes of
resp. worker
Methodology to Study Operations

6.
Existing Scenario

7.
Routine
Time Activity Door to Door Staff
Push carts
Auto Tippers Tractors
5:30 AM Attendance
6:30 AM Road Sweeping
1 Hour Tea- Break
7:30 AM
to
9:30 AM
Door to Door Collection
Market Waste
Commercial
1 Hour Breakfast
10:30AM Attendance & Allocation
11:00 AM
to
2:00 PM
Gang Work: Bush Cutting
Picking waste from local dump-
spots and transport to the
dumpsite

8.
Existing SWM Human Resources and Infrastructure
- One Worker covers approx. 175 HH’s (56 – 255)
- Total HH’s = 7000
- Workers required for door to door collection = 40
- Available door to door collectors = 21
Permanent: 16
5 Auto Tipper
_ Pushcart
On contract: 23 Daily wage: 8
4 Tractor Trailer
21 Door to door collector
11 Tractor loader
9 Driver
6 Others
Required for door to door waste collection:

9.
Compliance of MSW Rules
A. Prohibition to littering
Sweeping service 100% on all days Yes
Litterbins provided No
Arrangement of rules compliant, closed, user, friendly and easy to access community bins No community bins.
Devanahalli is bin free city
A. Collection and Transportation of waste
Separate storage of waste at source by generators No
Two bin system adopted by generators. Rule compliant, closed bins are used No
Door step collection of separated waste Yes, but in mixed form
Vehicles used are covered, waste within which are not visible to public, not exposed to open
environment and waste do not get littered during collection and transportation
No
Prohibition of manual handling of waste Not done
% of Secondary Collection NA
Collection of Debris and Green waste on demand Yes
Storage facility is attended daily before they overflow NA
Multi handling of waste is avoided No, it is under practice

10.
A. Processing system
Decentralized processing of waste Yes, very minimal
Method of Decentralized processing (compost /vermi compost / biogas) Compost
Processing of biodegradable and green waste for resource No
Centralized processing at landfill / Dumping site, Area, Technology used for processing No
Recyclable, dry waste and debris are separately processed and only the residues are
transported to final land fill site
No
A. Final disposal landfill site
Development and use of sanitary engineered land fill site / controlled Dumping / Dumping Open dumping
Sufficient area allocated for Sanitary Landfill, for 25 Years No
Survey, design and planning done for sanitary landfill site No
Joined Centralized Landfill No
A. Public awareness programs
Target groups identification No
No. of programs per month No
Awareness programs and involvement of citizen No
% of segregated Door Step Collection achieved No
A. Enforcement
Action taken against nuisance per month No
Action taken against defaulter of separate collection and door step collection per month No
Compliance of MSW Rules

11.
Overall Scenario

12.
Waste Streams
Costs
Salary
Waste Stream-Source
Existing management
Practices ( Mid-point)
End-Point
HH 7.34 MT
Market 1 MT
Hotels 3.54 MT
Organic
77%
12.58
MT
Inorganic
23%
3.81 MT
Meat Stalls 0.7 MT
Commercial 0.43 MT
Street Sweeping 0.27 MT
HH 2.57 MT
C&D 0.4 MT
Drain Cleaning 0.14 MT
Collection & Conveyance
HR: 21 push-carters, 11 Truck
Loaders, 9 Drivers and 6 Others
Vehicles: 4 Tractors and 5
Auto Tippers
Gap: 19 Workers
Open Dump
Irregular intake at the FSTP, Devanahalli
of about 300kgs For Co-composting
There is still scope for 4.24 MT per day
Waste Streams

13.
Analysis
• Physical Characterization

14.
Physical Characterization by weight
Output
Segregation &
Weighing
Sampling
Methodology to Study Operations

15.
Analysis
Physical Characterization by weight
Segregation & Weighing
Sampling
Output
4.87
4.34
3.71
3.46
3.38
1.57
1.53
0.61
0.54
0.49
0.30
0.28
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Paper
Fabric
Polyethene
Construction Debris
Combustible (coconut/Dried Org)
Packaging
Hazardous (Diapers, Syringes, Meds,…
HDP
Bottles
Glass
Shoe/ Chappal
Tetrapacks
Metals
Rubber
Electronic waste
Ceramics
Rs.10- 24 / Kg
Rs.0.75 / Kg
Rs.15-17 / Kg
Rs.12/ Kg

16.
Physical Characterization by weight
Segregation & Weighing
Sampling
Output
i ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HIG MIG LIG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sum of Compostable(Wet)
Sum of Combustible (coconut/Dried Org)
Sum of Electronic waste
Sum of Hazardous (Diapers, Syringes, Meds,
Sanitary Pads)
Sum of Construction Debris
Sum of Rubber
Sum of Ceramics
Sum of Shoe/Chappal
Sum of Metals
Analysis

17.
Analysis of Operations
• Door-to-Door Collection Route and Time
mapping
• Collection to Coverage Ratio

18.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Anil Kumar
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.39
Analysis

19.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Prassana
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.33
Analysis

20.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Magesh
Collection and Coverage Ratio : 0.41
Analysis

21.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Rammapa
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.5
Analysis

22.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Chiknarayanamma
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.77
Analysis

23.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Muniyellamma
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.35
Analysis

24.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Shankar
Collection to Coverage Ratio : 0.47
Analysis

25.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Chiknarayanamma Rammapa Prassana AnilKumar Muniyellama Magesh
56.68 62.99 92.86 146.01 231.52 301.59
Time
Density HH/km
Linear Density vs Time Taken
Total
Linear Density:
No. of Households/Total Distance covered
Inference:
Higher the density , Lower is the Time Taken
And Vice Versa.
Analysis

26.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs
Rammappa: Ward 22
• Straightforward route with no loops
• Manually segregates as much as
possible
• No local dump-spots
• Auto Tipper keeps emptying the bins
over rounds
Analysis

27.
Route and Time Mapping
Outputs Prassana: Ward 19+20
• 5 Rounds of bin filling & emptying
• 4 local dump spots, addressed by tractors
in the next shift
• NO auto tipper.
• Keeps moving to and fro between dump
spots.
Analysis

28.
Analysis
• Human Resource Management

29.
Existing
Desired
No. of truck
loaders required
1
Time taken = 5 min.
No Nuisance point
Time taken = 20-30 min.
Nuisance point
4
SWM Infrastructure

30.
Waste collection cycle
• As explained on the previous slide,
all such nuisance points are marked
in the map.
• Time taken to clean nuisance point
depends upon the quantity of waste
and ranges between 10-20 min.
• We have observed cases where, due
to completion of working hours i.e.
2:00 PM, waste collection from the
remaining nuisance point is planned
to carry out on the following day.
Nuisance Points

31.
Analysis
• Market potential for inorganic segment of
waste

32.
Rs. 8-
14/KG
Rs. 15-
17/KG
N.A. N.A. N.A.
•HH
•Pourokarmikas
•Commercial
Waste
Generators
•Local Scrap
Dealers
•Scrap Dealers
in Jolly Mohalla
•Shredders
(Nayandahalli)*
•Granule Maker
(Nayandahalli)*
•Plastic Goods
Manufacturers
(Nayandahalli)*
*Prices not shared by stakeholders
Rs. 6-
12/KG
Rates along the Plastic waste value chain, Devanahalli

33.
Rs. 9-
11/KG
Rs.
12.5-
13/KG
N.A.
Text
•HH
•Pourokarmikas
•Commercial
Waste
Generators
•Local Scrap
Dealers
•Scrap Dealers
in Jolly Mohalla
•Paper Mills
(Tamil Nadu)*
*Contact of Paper Mills not shared by stakeholders
Rs. 7-
9/KG
Rates along the Plastic waste value chain, Devanahalli

34.
Rs. 8-
17/KG
Rs. 11-
24/KG
N.A.
Text
•HH
•Pourokarmikas
•Commercial
Waste
Generators
•Local Scrap
Dealers
•Scrap Dealers
in Jolly Mohalla
•Hindupur
(Andhra
Pradesh)*
*Contact of Recyclers not shared by stakeholders
Rs. 6-
15/KG
Rates along the Plastic waste value chain, Devanahalli

35.
50-60
paise
75
paise
N.A.
Text
•HH
•Pourokarmikas
•Commercial
Waste
Generators
•Local Scrap
Dealers
•Scrap Dealers
in Jolly Mohalla
•Local
distilleries or
bottling plants
*Contact of distilleries not shared by stakeholders
30
paise
Rates along the Plastic waste value chain, Devanahalli

36.
Comparison of market prices of plastic
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hard Plasticas
Soft plastic
Polythene High
Polythene Mix
Milk covers
Mix Plastic
Price in Rupees (Per Kilogram
Type
of
Plastic
Value of Plastic waste
Average price Toter Junk cart Jolly Mahall Market Raipur Noida Indore Bhopal Aurangabad Ahmedabad
Rs. 10.25/Kg
Avg.Prices
Rs.2.4/Kg
Rs. 12/Kg
Rs. 5/Kg
Rs. 7.66/Kg
Rs. 4.66/Kg

37.
Comparison of market prices of paper
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Books
Carton
Grey Board
Magazines
Newspaper
Plain Paper
Record Paper
Rough Paper
Soft Plastic
Water/Oil Covers
White Papers
Price in Rupees (per Kilogram)
Name
of
the
waste
material
Value of Paper wastes
Average price Toter Junk cart Jolly Mahall Market Raipur Noida Indore Bhopal Aurangabad Ahmedabad
Rs.8/Kg
Rs. 7.33 /Kg
Rs.10.25/Kg
Rs. 8.5/Kg
Rs. 7.42/Kg
Avg.Prices
Rs. 6.14/Kg
Rs.9.33/Kg
Rs.9.12/Kg
Rs.7/Kg
Rs.2.4/Kg
Rs.7.33/Kg

38.
Comparison of market prices of metals
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Aluminium
Brass
Copper
Iron
Steel
Tin
Price in Rupees (Per Kilogram)
Name
of
metal
Value of Metal wastes
Toter
Junk cart
Jolly Mahall
Market
Raipur
Noida
Indore
Bhopal
Aurangabad
Ahmedabad
Rs.8.5/Kg
Rs. 22.4 /Kg
Rs.12.44/Kg
Rs.256/Kg
Rs.197.7/Kg
Rs.69.4/Kg
Avg.Prices

39.
Comparison of market prices of containers
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Oil tin 15ltr
Oil tin 5ltr
Plastic Jar 15ltr
Plastic jar 5ltr
Beer bottles
Price in rupees (Per piece)
Type
of
container
Value of Containers
Toter Junk cart Jolly Mahall Market Raipur Noida Indore Bhopal Aurangabad Ahmedabad
Avg.Prices
Rs.10/Kg
Rs.9.5/Kg
Rs.12.6/Kg
Rs.5/Kg
Rs.0.5/Kg

40.
Comparison of market prices of miscellaneous
waste
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Battery
E-waste
Tyres
Cigarette butts
Mixed waste
Price per Kilogram (Rupees)
Name
of
the
waste
Value of Miscellaneous items
Average price Toter Junk cart Jolly Mahall Market Raipur Noida Indore Bhopal Aurangabad Ahmedabad
Avg.Prices
Rs.30/Kg
Rs.10.66/Kg
Rs.3/Kg
Rs.40/Kg
Rs.4/Kg

41.
Solid Waste Management
Plan

42.
Composite Plan
Generation
Collection
Conveyance
Processing
Disposal/ReUSe
Replacement Bins Micro-pockets
Electric vehicles for gate-level
collection
Plan-A Plan-B
10 MT composting
facility utilizing the
existing potential
4 MT dry waste
recovery facility
formalizing the
kabadiwalas
7 days: Wet waste
2 days: Dry waste
7 days: Wet waste &
Dry waste

43.
Composite Plan: Costs and Manpower
Generation
Collection
Conveyance
Processing
Disposal/ReUSe
Door to Door collectors and
costs
Electric vehicles
Plan-A Plan-B
10 MT
composting facility
4 MT
Dry waste recovery
facility
X 18 Additional
X 26 = 3.53 Lakhs
Pushcarts+Bins
X 7 = 15.71 Lakhs
(incl. Bins)
X 7 Existing
51.12 Lakhs 45 Lakhs

44.
Micro-pockets
demarcation
SWM-Plan A
Plan A

45.
Micro-pockets Demarcation
Criteria followed to demarcate micro- pocket (MP)
• Less than 300 households in a micro pocket. Buildings with
less than 20 flats are considered under 1 door.
• Each micro pocket can be serviced by one major road where
collection can be done using tractor or push cart
• Density of households is taken into account while
demarcating micro-pockets.
• Each Micro pocket will be serviced by 2-3 sanitary workers
depending upon the size of micro pocket, no of HH’s and
Coverage of main roads in the micro pocket which requires
daily sweeping.
• Micro pocket with very less HH’s density (e.g. MP-18) shall be
only serviced using a auto tipper or tractor

46.
Existing wards and New Micro- Pockets
Existing Wards New Micro-pockets

47.
Route Demarcation
Route selection for door
to door waste collector
Plan A

48.
Route Demarcation
Method followed to demarcate route for door to door waste collector in a micro- pocket (MP)
• Preparation of Road dataset (Major road, Minor road, streets) of Devanahalli town in ArcGIS Software.
• Error detection and rectification of roads (for overlapping or dangles in road dataset) with help of Topology extension in
ArcGIS software.
• After observing the average speed (across 7 surveyed sanitary workers) of the solid waste worker carrying pushcart, the
average of seven such workers was considered and based on that we derived the time in seconds for each road length.
• First we identify the existing collection points where pushcarts travelled.
• To optimize the route, we have followed the Travelling Salesman’s Problem (TSP) method. We retain the collection points
as explained above but re-order the stops, based on the time criterion. The re-ordering of the stops and route
optimization is done by the network analyst option within Arc GIS.
• By following this process, we get most optimum route based on the total time taken and number of households covered
during the waste collection from the collection points.

49.
Route Demarcation
Application and results achieved through the TSP method discussed in previous slide
• Shortest distance to cover maximum no. of households (i.e. up to 150 Door) with minimal overlapping of the route.
• Road junctions/ intersections connecting all the roads, covering all the households were selected. Time was calculated
and noted to cover all the households. In first attempt, for example the time taken to cover all the households was 3.5
Hours with a speed of 0.336 meter/ seconds.
• 0.336 meter/ second is the average speed noted across 7 door to door waste collectors in different routes during the field
level push cart route mapping exercise.
• After the first attempt of Route mapping, the new route was run through GIS software using Travelling Sales Man (TSP)
method for determining shortest possible route with minimum time to cover all the HH’s. After successful running
through software, the new time shown for the same route was 1:17 hour which was earlier shown as 3.5 Hours. (Analysis
shown in next slide).

50.
Route Demarcation
Initial route selection Route after running through TSP

51.
Electric collection vehicle
with IoT system
Plan B

52.
Collection of segregated waste on electric vehicles with IoT system
• Each vehicle caters to the collection of a pocket of 1000 households, with 3 people on-board.
• The installed solar panel makes up for the charge required for operations, however manual charging can be done.
• IoT system allows monitoring of all the workers and the weights of the waste at gate level at the same time.
• No nuisance points; delivery to designated processing facilities.
• Uses existing manpower of 21 for door-to door collection.
• Electric vehicles minimize the fuel consumption as well as pollution.
• Charging costs Rs.900 per month vs Rs.3900 per month
Plan B: Electric vehicles + IoT system
Cover 1000
Households
Reuse
Landfill
(for inert rejects)

53.
Processing Facilities

54.
Processing Facilities
2 Processing Facilities
• 10 MT Composting Facility
o 4-5 workforce
o Plan A & B: receives waste
everyday
o Capital Cost: 51.12 Lakhs
• 5MT Material Recovery Facility
o 5 workforce
o Plan A: receives waste
everyday
o Plan B: receives dry
waste once a week
o Capital Cost: 96.12 Lakhs

55.
Resolutions for Enabling Environment
Resolution for change in SWM process:
• Waste to be stored in 3 bin system
• Plan A: Only wet and domestic hazardous waste will be collected on daily basis by Municipality
Domestic dry waste will be collected once in 7 days.
• Plan B: All 3 categories of waste will be collected everyday , into segregated bins.
• Composting of all the organic waste, upgrading the existing composting capacity of the town.
• Municipality has to fix buying rates of dry recyclable material. Based on these rates the dry
waste will be bought from residents.

56.
Composite Plan
3 days
4 units

57.
Composite Plan
Generation
Collection
Conveyance
Processing
Disposal/ReUSe
Replacement Bins Micro-pockets
Electric vehicles for gate-level
collection
Plan-A Plan-B
10 MT composting
facility utilizing the
existing potential
4 MT dry waste
recovery facility
formalizing the
kabadiwalas
7 days: Wet waste
2 days: Dry waste
7 days: Wet waste &
Dry waste

58.
Composite Plan
Performance Indicators Existing Model Plan A Plan B
MSW Rules Compliance Guarantee Low Medium High
Livelihood well being Low Medium High
Operation and Maintenance Medium Medium Low
Meeting Service level Benchmarks Low Medium High
Monitoring and Accountability Low (Manual
Monitoring)
Low (Manual
Monitoring)
High
(Automated
Monitoring)
Environmental Impacts High Medium Low
Resource Recovery Low High High

59.
Thank YOU
For queries and follow up:
My contact details are:
Mobile No: +91 9886479008
E-mail ID:
avinash.percapita@gmail.com
avinash.kumar@nium.org.in