ကျောက်သည်အသက်အရွယ်။ သမိုင်းဆိုင်ရာသည်မုသာစကား. Burmese

2. 2

3. wpfckwnf;aomouf&SdqJvfrSpwifI qJvftajrmuftjrm;ygaom ouf&SdypPnf;/
xdkrSwpfqifh arsmuf0Hrsm;ESifhvlom;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf[k wifjyxm;aom
tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfac: wpfpwpfptvdktavsmufqifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;jzpfpOfudk
&Sif;jyEdkif&eftwGuf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf vlom;wdk‹.ordkif;udk olwdk‹wifjyaom
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh udkufnDatmif/ jyefvnfa&;om;-uayonf? xdkordkif;rsm;wGif/
urBmOD;vlom;rsm;.aexdkifykHudk pdwful;,Ofjzifh “*latmif;acwf” ESifh“ausmufacwf”
rsm;ta-umif; wDxGifaz:jy-u.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlom;wpf0uf
owW0gwdk‹onf tarG;&Snfom;a&rsm;udk0wfqifI/ pum;rajymwwf-uao;bJ/
arSmifrdkufaom*lwGif;Y 0dkif;xdkifae-uonfh yef;csDykHum;csyfrsm;onf/ pdwful;,Of'¾m&D
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uwnf;upwifI vlom;rsm;tjzpfom toufxif&Sm;aygufzGm;vmcJh-u.?
xdktcsdefrSpI ,ae‹wdkifatmif jynfhpkHaom,Ofaus;r+twdkif; aexdkifvmcJh-u.?
Tpmtkyfonf/ “ausmufacwf”,kH-unfcsuf tb,fha-umifhrSm;,Gif;onfhta-umif;udk
az:xkwfxm;I/ aemufqkH;ay:odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsuftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh
zefqif;jcif;trSefw&m;udk az:xkwfxm;ygonf? vlom;rsm;onf TurBmajr-uD;ay:odk‹
tDAdkvl;&Sif;t&a&muf&Sdvm-ujcif;r[kwfbJ/ wefcdk;tm%kabmfESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaom/
t&mcyfodrf;udkodawmfrlaomoAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.
csdKŒ,Gif;csufuif;rJhaom zefqif;r+jzifh a&mufvm-ujcif; jzpfonf?
Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laomuavmif
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zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef;ausmif;ynm
oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuU
odkvfwGif 0dZ…mbmom&yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…m
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ESpfoufonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹ jyefvnf
a&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹.tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif ta&;ygvSay
onf? [m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;onf uav;vl-uD;ra&G;/ vli,fvl&G,fra&G;/ vlrsdK;
ra&G; pdwf0ifpm;-uojzifh tus,fw0ifh zwf±+-uayonf? pmzwfoltm; tv†m[ft&Sif
jrwfwnf&Sda-umif;/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf; aomt&Sifjrwfjzpfa-umif;/ xdk
t&Sifjrwf vrf;n$efonfhtwdkif; aexdkifoifha-umif; ponfhta&;-uD;onfhtcsuft
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onf?
3

4. tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif
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u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom
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nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk
ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif
wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf
Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf?
rnfolrqdkrl&if;rysuf ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;cscGifh &Sdygonf?
rdk[rR'ftvD(v[D)wef*Gef;
rwfv 2008=ckESpf
(2009=ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif xyfrHppfaq;jyifqifonf?)
4

5. pma&;olta-umif;
(About the Author)
Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;ol pma&;q&m
-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif
txufwef;ausmif;ynmoif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif
0dZ…mbmom&yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf?
xdkaemuf tpPwefblvfwuUodkvfrS 'eduaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJh
avonf? 1980=ckESpfrSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif
&mta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:
wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+
ESifh ‚if;wdk‹.tcdkiftrmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/
'g0if0g'ESifhwuG urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'
wdk‹udk aemufuG,frSaeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;I
az:xkwfcJhavonf?
[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk bmompum;aygif; 57rsdK;jzifh bmomjyefqdkxm;
I/ pmrsufESmaygif; 45000 yg0ifum "gwfykHaygif; 30000 txd yg0ifygonf?
ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; r,kH-unfolwdk‹udktwdkuftcH
vkyf&mYausmf-um;cJh-uaom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m
(a,m[ef)wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfayonf? Tpmtkyf.rsufESm
zkH;wGifygonfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh
qufpyfvsuf&Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfaomuk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh
aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfhrdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk udk,fpm;
jyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifh
pOf)rsm;.oGefoifcsuft&/ bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpftcsuftvufrsm;udk
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhtwl acsyacszsufI/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;jrpfpGyf
pGJaomtoHrsm;udk wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;
rGefaomtusifhoduQmESifhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf.
wHqdyfawmfudktokH;jyKI xdkbk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹.toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif;jzpfygonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif;
rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹udk ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH
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vefEdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrSb&m
ZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&dwfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf? t*Fvdyf/
jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/ &k&Sm;/
qmbdk=c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh
jyefqdkxm;onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf?
5

6. [m&Gef,[f,m. pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&dwf.
-udKufESpfouf jcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aom yk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹
jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹.tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif ta&;
ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywfom;
onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol.
todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuf
rsm;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;
xm;aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh
twl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr[kwfay?
tu,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyfaejcif;om
jzpfayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom tawG;tac:
rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&mtkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ,ae‹
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,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-uavjyD?
,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&SdOm%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif;
jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r±SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf.vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &dk;
om;aomapwemt&if;cH &nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om; xkwfa0
aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg?
Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[ft
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tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf
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o,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf
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rsm;tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf
tpm;/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+
r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf [m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif/ tDref,kH
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pOfwefzdk;rsm;udkomt"duxm; jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI/ pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? Tt
usKd;aqmifcsuf.atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹.cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouef ay:
vGifvmrnfomjzpf.?
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&ifqdkifwdkufcdkufyËdyuQjzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQ
qif;&Jjcif;taygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;t
ac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+a-umifhjzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&ef vdktyf
ygonf? xdk'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom
zef;qif;jcif;udk owdw&m;&±Sd-ujyD;/ xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif
-um;ydk‹csxm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'dXdtawG;tac:
6

7. udk qkH;cef;wdkifatmifacszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk-unfhvdkuf
ygu/ t-urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf
&Sdaeojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh
vsifjrefpGmydk‹csjzef‹a0&efvdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS
yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wfjyK
xm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmifay;
aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
7

8. 8

9. ausmufacwf[lonf
ordkif;vdrfvnfr+wpfckjzpf.
A Historical Lie:
The Stone Age
9

10. pmzwfolodk‹
To the Reader
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf
cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bmomt,l0g'
udk qef‹usifonfh tawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh bk&m;rJh0g'. tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
yg&Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkuf
jcif;jzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&m a&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif; 150ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;udk olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf
rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif;ESifh 'dG[oHo,&Sdapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if;
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abmayguf&Sif;vif;atmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&dowf
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a-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfIaz:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?
pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoltm; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf
.rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef
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&yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGefrsm;
xkwf&ef r&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t
&if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl
-uD;vli,f t&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmayguf Edkifyg
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ayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg rSefuef
onfh&Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs?
TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol. usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif;
odk‹r[kwf tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;
&&Sdvdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;.tjrifESifhtawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifrnfjzpfygonf?
xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk
&,l&efudk om&nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom
tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif;
&kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l
0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf
taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?
Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,f
aom udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&m
rsm;ESifh ,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;
aprnfh a0zefokH;oyfcsufrsm;/ ponfwdk‹uif;&Sif;ygonf?
10

11. pum;csD;
Foreword
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; ckepfodef;cef‹wGif vlwdk‹onf yifv,fork'N&mwGif aumif;
rGefpGm aqmufvkyfxm;onfhoabFmrsm;jzifh ul;vl;jzwfoef;oGm;vmcJh-ua-umif;udk t
oifodygovm;?
vltrsm;u “ausmufacwf*latmif;vlom;rsm;”[k ac:wGifolwdk‹onf/ acwfopf
tEkynmonfrsm;uJhodk‹ vuf&majrmufaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;&SdcJh-ua-umif;udkaum
odygovm;?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u *latmif;olrsm;tjzpfowfrSwfaom vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;&Spf
aomif;ausmfu toufxif&Sm;cJh-uaom eD,H'gomvfvlrsm;onf yljyif;onfhoJaomif
jyifay:wGif vrf;av#muf&efykHoGif;xm;aomzdeyfrsm;udkpD;cJh-uonfudkvnf; odygovm;?
odk‹r[kwf xdkvlom;rsm;onf arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlom;wpf0uftjzpf wnfhwnfh
rwfwyfr&yfEdkif-uao;bJ/ pum;rajymEdkif-uao;ojzifh wtpftpf wtDtDjrnfoHrsm;
odk‹r[kwf toH[def;rsm;jzifhom qufoG,fcJh-uonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm em;csjcif;vnf;cH&ay
vdrfhrnf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 150 twGif; vltrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom rSm;,Gif;onfh
t,ltq 0g'jzef‹jcif;/ twif;&dkufoGif;em;csjcif;wdk‹udk tvl;tvJcHcJh-u&ayonf?
xdkvkyf&yfrsm;.aemufuG,f&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ zefqif;&Sifudk jiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g'
qufvuftouf&Sifae&ef jzpfayonf? p-um0VmESifh j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;onf xm0&
wnf&Sdonf[laom ,if;tjrift&/ ‚if;.a&S‹wGif umqD;onfht&mrSefor#udk rrSefruef
vdk&mqGJI zsufqD;ypf.? ,if;tawG;tac:t&/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf tpr±Sdonfhtjyif
tqkH;vnf;r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh zefqif;&Sifr&Sd[k qdkvdkayonf? Tt,loD; wpf,loef
tawG;tac:onf odyH`ynmudk tajccHoa,mif[efaqmifxm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif; (t&m
cyfodrf;onf tvdktavsmufwpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;)oDtdk&D jzpfayonf?
xdk&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ p-um0VmwGif zefqif;&Sifr&Sd[k a-unm-uojzifh/ urBmajr
ay:wGif toufjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifh ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ouf&SdowW0g rsdK;pdwfrsdK;EG,frsm;
rnfuJhodk‹pwifcJhonf [laomtcsufudk ajz-um;Edkifrnfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;&
ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf TftcsuftwGufwDxGifxm;aomZmwfvrf;jzpfay
onf? ToDtdk&Dt&/ p-um0VmwGif&Sd&Sdor#aomouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf tvdktavsmuf
-uHK-udKufI jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkxm;onf? urBmOD;umvwGif oufrJhj'yfypPnf;tcsdKŒwdk‹
onf/ rawmfwq-uHK-udKufI aygif;pyf-u&if; ouf&SdqJvfwpfck pwifjzpfay:vmcJhonf
[kqdkonf? ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm-um&SnfcJhaomumvtwGif;/ xdkuJhodk‹qifhuJjzpf
ay:vmjcif;a-umifh ouf&SdowW0grsm; ay:aygufvm&if; aemufqkH;tqifhwGif vlom;rsm;
jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkonf?
a&S;acwfvl‹ordkif;rsm;wGif/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom oaE<ajymif;vJr+ qifhuJjzpf
ay:vmcJhjcif;a-umifh vuf&SdurBmtwdkif; jzpfay:vmonf[k olwdk‹wDxGifxm;aom Zmwf
vrf;wGif tH0if*Gifusjzpfatmif tqdkjyKwDxGif-ujyefonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkwDxGif
aomtqdkwpfckcsif;onfvnf; ,Qifutqdkrsm;xuf ydkIrjzpfEdkifaomtcsufrsm;om
v#ifjzpfaejyefonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ wifjyonfh/ oufaotaxmuftxm;uif;rJh
aomtqdkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.? urBmOD;umvrSpI ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf wpfp
11

12. wpfp tvdktavsmufajymif;vJvmcJh&mrS/ tzGH‹jzdK;qkH;tjzpf vlom;rsm;jzpfay:vmcJhaom
a-umifh/ vl‹ordkif;onfvnf; urBmOD;vlom;rsm;rSpI wpfajz;ajz;csif; ,ae‹acwfopf
vlom;wdk‹. tjrifhrm;qkH;wdk;wufonfh jrKdŒ&Gmwnfaxmiftajccsaexdkifaom vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf[kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh vl‹ordkif;udk olwdk‹. &kyf0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&DESifh udkufnDatmif zefwD;-uayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfxGifvkH;t&/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf urBmOD;umvwGif ay:
aygufcJhaom wpfckwnf;aomqJvfrS qJvftajrmuftjrm;yg&Sdaom ouf&SdypPnf;jzpfvm
jcif;ESifh aemufqkH; arsmuf0HrSvlom;tjzpfajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf [laomwifjycsuf
twGufydkrdkcdkifvkHap&ef vl‹ordkif;udk wpfrsdK;wpfzkHjyefvnfa&;om;-uayonf? xdkuJhodk‹
wDxGifa&;om;aomvl‹ordkif;wGif/ urBmOD;vlom;rsm;.aeykHxdkifykHudk jy&eftwGuf
“*latmif;acwf”ESifh “ausmufacwf”ponfhpdwful;,Ofacwfrsm;udk wDxGif-uayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;onf bdk;ab;wpfOD;(wpfaumif)
wnf;rS qif;oufaygufzGm;vmcJh-uonf[laomtcsufudk taxmuftuljyK&eftwGuf
rrSefruefaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk vkyf-uHaz:xkwf-uayonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif wl;az:
&&Sdaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ausmufwkH;ausmufcJwdkif;/ r#m;OD;wdkif;/ tdk;cGufwdkif;udk ol
wdk‹vdk&modk‹qGJI t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ,QKwdkif om;arG;om;a&rsm;jcHKxm;
&if; pum;rajymwwfao;aomarsmuf0Hwpf0ufvlom;wpf0ufowW0grsm; *lwGif;Y0dkif;
xdkifae-uonfhykHrsm;rSm pdwful;,Ofa&;qGJxm;aomykHrsm;omv#if jzpfaeao;onf? urBm
OD;vl&dkif;rsm; r&SdcJhay? ausmufacwfvlrsm;vnf; r&SdcJhacs? ‚if;Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u rD'D,mowif;avmuom;tcsdKŒwdk‹.tultnDjzifh vlawGudk vdrf
vnfvSnfhjzm;onfh vkyf-uHZmwfvrf;rsm;omv#if jzpfayonf?
TcH,lcsufrsm;onf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+rsm;omjzpfa-umif; odyH`ynm=txl;o
jzifh ZD0aA'/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm/ t%kZD0aA'ESifh rsdK;ADZ
aA' ponfhbmom&yfrsm;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ‚if;wifjycsufrsm;udk tjyD;ydkif y,f
zsufypfjyD;avjyD? ,Qif&Sdaeaom owW0grsdK;pdwfrsdK;pkrsm;onf aemufxyfwpfrsdK;tjzpfodk‹
ajymif;vJvmcJhonf [laomtawG;tac:onf w&m;r0if rrSefuefay?
xdkenf;‚if;/ vlom;rsm;onfvnf; arsmuf0HuJhodk‹aomowW0grsm;rS aygufzGm;
qif;oufvmcJhjcif;r[kwfay? vlom;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif toufxif±Sm; ay:aygufcJh
onfhae‹rSpI vlom;rsm;tjzpf tjynfhtpkHjzpfcJhayonf? xdkae‹rSpI ,ae‹txd qef;jym;
±+yfaxG;aom ,Ofaus;r+ &SdcJh-u.? xdk‹a-umifh “tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;” rnfonfhtcgr# r&Sd
cJhbl;acs?
TpmtkyfwGif/ “tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;”cH,lcsuf. rSm;,Gif;r+ESifhvdrfvnfr+wdk‹udk
odyH`enf;usus az:xkwfxm;.? xdk‹tjyif aemufqkH;odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;.taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh zefqif;jcif;ta-umif;udk az:jyygrnf? vlom;rsm;onf TurBmodk‹ tDAdk
vl;&Sif;enf;jzifh a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif;r[kwf? teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ t&mcyfodrf;udk t-uGif;
rJhodawmfrlaom oAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. csKdŒ,Gif;
csufuif;aomzefqif;jcif;jzifh a&muf&Sdvm-ujcif; jzpf.?
a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ Tta-umif;ESifh ywfoufaom odyH`ynmqdkif
&mESifh ordkif;qdkif&moufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk zwf±+&ygrnf?
12

13. rmwdum
pum;csD; 11
ed'gef; 15
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onfausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk
rajz&Sif;Edkif-uay................................................................ 19
ajymifvufatmif wdkufpm;xm;aomausmufvdrfvnfr+wpfck......... 20
ausmufudk ausmufjzifh yef;ykxkxGif;I r&Edkif ................................ 24
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. pdwful;,OfzefwD;xm;aom ordkif;umvtpOf 25
oufwef;ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd.................... 27
tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif
,Ofaus;aomb0twdkif; aexdkifvmcJh-u.......................... 29
,Ofaus;r+tqifhqifhpkaqmif;vmjcif;onftDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOf
taxmuftxm;r[kwf......................................................... 34
,Ofaus;r+onf qkwf,kwfjcif;ESifhtwl
wdk;wufjcif;vnf;&Sd. 36
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfrS bmawGusef&pfrnfenf;.................... 42
ausmuf*lwGif;rsm;rSwdk;wufaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;................... 53
tHhtm;oifhzG,fa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;r+ t-uGif;tusefrsm; 87
twdwfumvrS wpfpGef;wpfp usef&pfaom vuQ%mrsm;u
tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk jiif;y,fvdkuf............................................. 91
rJ*gvpf=tHzG,frcef;aom vl‹ordkif;rS tEkynmvuf&mrsm; 96
e,l;*&ef;*sf............................................................... .................. 102
pwkH;[ifh*sf............................................................... .................. 104
tHh-ozG,faumif;aom wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ-uD;. t-uGif;tusefrsm; 105
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiH= tEkynmESifh odyH`ynmt&
-uD;us,fcef;em;aom,Ofaus;r+acwf................................ 114
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfaq;ynm. rlvblw.......................................... 114
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS acwfrDaomowWKaA'................................ 117
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfjrdKŒjyESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;............................. 121
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;. txnfvkyfief;wGif atmifjrifr+rsm; 123
tqifhjrifhaom ocsFmbmom&yf.................................................... 124
vd#KŒ0Sufcsufrsm;jzifhjynfheufaeaom aqmufvkyfr+enf;ynm 125
tu,fI wpfOD;wpfa,mufu yD&rpfrsm;udk xyfrHaqmufvdkaomf 126
plrm,Ofaus;r+acwf...................................................................... 136
plrmvlrsdK;rsm; = wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwf.............................. 137
plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹. odyH`ynm............................................................... 140
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm; = vl‹ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk y,fzsufaom
aemufxyf,Ofaus;r+acwfwpfacwf.................................. 147
13

14. rmwdum
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ ocFsmbmomY u|rf;usif-u. ................... 152
rm,HjyuQ'def................... ................... ................... ..................... 152
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;. euQwWaA'ynm..... ................... ..................... 153
wDuvfrS a&S;a[mif;rm,HjrdK‹a[mif;&Sdvrf;qufoG,fr+rsm; ........ 155
rm,Hwdk‹tokH;jyKaom acG;oGm;pdyfvSnf;bD; ............. ................... 157
bmompum;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;wGif acsmifydwfrdjcif; ................... 162
vl‹ordkif;pwifuwnf;u rSefuefaom
bmomt,l0g'&SdvmcJh. 166
rSm;,Gif;onfh “omoemt,l0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;”rnfodk‹ ay:aygufvmcJhoenf; 166
rSefuefaombmomt,l0g'udk vdk&mqGJIajymif;vJjcif; ............... 168
tD*spfESifhr,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;rSa&S;a[mif;okawoe.awG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcsufrsm; 169
tdEdN,rS t,loD;A[kemx0g'. rlvblw............ ....................... 174
Oa&myordkif;wGif bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk npfnrf;apjcif; ............ 175
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf csrSwfay;oem;awmfrlaom ppfrSefonfhomoem 176
ed*kH; ................................................................................. 178
tcsdefuif;rJhjcif;trSefw&m;udk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;rjyKoifh............ 178
tcsdef. ppfrSefaomobm0ESifht,ltq.................................. 179
u|Ekfyfwdk‹. “twdwf”[laom,lqcsufonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹.rSwfOm%f
wGif&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;om jzpf. ........................ 179
urBmhordkif;onfvnf; Ed+if;,SOfcsuft&jzpfaom ,lqcsufjzpf. 181
&dk;om;aom qifjcifokH;oyfr+.................................................. 185
aemufqufwGJ=tDAdkvl;&Sif;. vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+.... 186
14

15. ed'gef;
Introduction
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;enf;t& vlom;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJhonfh
tqifhrsm;[k ydkif;jcm;xm;I vl‹ordkif;udkvnf; xdkenf;ESifESifydkif;jcm;I avhvm-uay
onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkwGif/ ausmufacwf/ a-u;ndKacwf/ oHacwf ponfh
acwftydkif;rsm;onf ta&;-uD;aomtydkif;tqifhrsm;jzpfayonf? T acwftydkif;rsm;udk
jyonfh pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;&kyfykHrsm;udk/ ausmif;rsm;/ &kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
owif;pmrsm;wGifaz:jyonfudk r-umc%awG‹jrif-uojzifh/ vltrsm;pkwdk‹onf ,if;pdwf
ul;,Of&kyfykHrsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfrae-uawmhbJ/ vlom;rsm;onf enf;ynmuif;rJhI
tokH;jyKrnfhvufeufu&d,mudk rod&SdonfhausmufacwfwGif aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uonf
[k vufcHrSwf,lvdkuf-uayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u“ausmufacwf”[k
owfrSwfaomacwfumvrS vlwdk‹wGif/
0wfjyKjcif;/ olwdk‹xHodk‹ ydk‹vmcJhaom
wrefawmfrsm;ydk‹csonfh w&m;a'oem
rsm;udk em;axmifvdkufemjcif;/ tdrfrsm;
udk aqmufvkyfaexdkifjcif;/ rD;zdkacsmif
wGif xrif;[if;rsm;csufjyKwfjcif;/ ol
wdk‹.tdrfaxmifrdom;pkrsm;pk a0;It
vmyovmyajymqdk-ujcif;/ tdrfeD;csif;
rsm;odk‹ vnfywfjcif;/ olwdk‹twGuf t
0wfcsKyfolrsm;u t0wfcsKyfay;jcif;/
aq;q&morm;awmfrsm;u ukoay;
jcif;/ aw;*DwwGif pdwf0ifpm;jcif;/ yef;
csDqJGjcif;/ ausmufwdkifrsm;udk aqmuf
vkyfwnfaxmifjcif;/ ponfwdk‹&SdcJh-u
ayonf? tusOf;tm;jzifh yuwdvlom;
rsm;.aexdkifr+ykHpHtwdkif; aexdkifcJh-u
ayonf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;okawo
ersm;u vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/
enf;ynmrsm;ESifh todynm twwfy
nmrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;&Sda-umif; awG‹&Sd&
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlom;wdk‹onf
ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif vlom;rsm;t
jzpfom aexdkifcJh-uayonf?
Taemufydkif;eDtdkvdwpfacwfrS ausmufESifh c&kcGH
qGJ-udK;onf/ xdkacwfvlom;rsm;. tEkynmcH
pm;wwfr+ESifhtwl/ ,if;uJhodk‹aom qif,ifxkH;zGJ‹
r+taqmifta,mifrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhenf;
ynmrsm; &Sd-ua-umif;udk jyovsuf&Sd.?
15

16. bDpDouU&mZf 7000 rS 11000ESpfr# -umcJhaom
tdk;/ pm;yGJykHpHi,fESifh ZGef;a[mif; rsm;onf/ xdk
acwfu vlrsm;. vlaer+tqifhudk jyqdkvsuf
&Sd.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/ xdkacwfrS
vlwdk‹onf/ ,Ofaus;cgpjzpfI pwiftajccsae
xdkifvmwwf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;onf xdkacwfrSvlrsm;. ,Ofaus;r+
rSm ,ae‹acwfxufaemufrusa-umif;/ ,Of
aus;r+ jynfhpkHpGmaexdkifcJh-ua-umif; jyqdkvsuf
&Sd.? ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹ jyKrlae-uouJhodk‹/ olwdk‹
onfvnf; pm;yGJtokH;jyKIxdkif-uonf? yef;
uef/ "g;ajrmif/ ZGefc&if;rsm;udktokH;jyK-uonf?
{nfhcHa-uG;arG;-uonf? twdkcsKH;I ajymrnfqdkyg
u/ ,ae‹acwfuJhodk‹aom omrefvl‹b0twdkif; aexkdifpm;aomuf-uayonf? wl;az: awG‹&Sdaom
ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;udk avhvm-unfhI jcHKikHokH;oyf-unfhygu/ olwdk‹onf tEkynmvuf&mrsm;/ aq;
0g;ukoa&;qdkif&mynmrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;&Sd-ujcif;vuQ%m tjynfhtpkH&Sda-umif; awG‹&Sd&ay
onf? xdk‹a-umifh eDtdkvdwpf (Neolithic)acwfvlrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tvsifOD;pGmaexdkifcJhaomvlrsm;
ESifhtwl aemufwGifaygufzGm;aexkdifolrsm;uJhodk‹yif omrefvl‹b0twdkif; aexdkifpm;aomufcJh-uay
onf?
ESpfaygif; 12000 -umjyDjzpfaom us,foD;
vuf0J? bDpDouU&mZf 10000 avmufwkH;u
tokH;jyKcJhaom Tt&dk;us,foD;rsm;udk-unfhjcif;
jzifh xdkacwfvlwdk‹onf us,foD;wyfxm;aom
tuôsrsm;0wfqif-ua-umif;jyaeayonf? us,f
oD;okH;aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf t0wfcsKyfjcif;/
tyfcsKyfjcif;ESifh t0wftxnf,ufvkyf jcif;rsm;
vkyfudkif-ua-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
ESpfaygif; 12000-umjyDjzpfaom ykwD;vkH;rsm;
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwdk‹.tqdkt&/
vuf0JykHyg ausmufrsm;onf bDpD 10000ausmf
wkH;u okH;cJhaomykwD;rsm;jzpfonf? tvGefrm
ausmaom ausmufovif;rsm;udk nDnmaom
taygufrsm;azgufxm;jcif;onf/ oH odk‹r[kwf
oHr%dvGefoGm;rsm;udk tokH;jyKI taygufazguf
jcif;om jzpfEdkifayonf?
Ta-u;eDtyfESifh pl;rsm;onf vGefcJhonfh bDpD
ouU&mZf 7000rS 8000 u xdkacwfrSvlwdk‹.
aexdkifykHESifh ,Ofaus;r+udk od&SdEdkifrnfhta&;-uD;
onfhoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfayonf?
tyfESifhpl;rsm;udk tokH;jyKaomvlrsm;onf vl
om;wdk‹. aexdkifykHtwdkif; aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh
-ua-umif; xif&Sm;.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajym
ovdk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ aexdkifcJh-ujcif;r[kwf?
16

17. ESpfaygif; 12000 &Sdaom a-u;eDpl;
bDpDouU&mZf 10000rS a-u;eDpl;onf xdkacwf&Sd
vlrsm; owWKrsm;udkwl;az:It&nf-udKjyD; ykHoGif;
avmif;onfhtwwfynm&Sda-umif; oufaojzpf
ayonf? a-u;eDowWK&dkif;onf ajrESifhouf&ifh
ausmuftxyfv$mrsm;t-um;wGif tr+eftjzpf&Sd.? a-u;eDowWK&dkif;rsm;udkod&SdI ajrESifhausmuf
txyfv$mrsm;-um;rSwl;az:um -udKcsuftokH;jyKEdkifonfh ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xkwfvkyfEdkifaom
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfhenf;ynmrsm;vnf; &Sd-urnfomjzpf.? ,if;odk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹,kH-unf-uovdk/ r-umao;rDurS ,Ofaus;vmolrsm;r[kwfEdkifay?
txufygykHrS ykavGrsm;onf tenf;qkH; ESpfaygif; 95000 -umjrifhcJhavjyD? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;
axmifaomif;rsm;pGmu vlwdk‹onf aw;*Dw &orsm;udk od&SdcHpm;-u.?
wl;az:&&Sdaom ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk odyH`enf;usus avhvmaomtcg/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u trsm;vlxktm;0g'jzef‹&dkufoGif;xm;onfh ykHpHrsm;ESifh tifrwefjcm;
em;aomtjzpfrsm; ay:vGifvmayonf? vlwdk‹tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufypPnf;u&d,mrsm;/
tyfrsm;/ ykavGtptersm;/ udk,fydkiftokH;taqmif tqift,ifrsm;/ ponfwdk‹udk avh
vm-unfhjcif;jzifh/ ,Ofaus;r+ESifh vlr+a&;t&/ vlom;rsm;onf tpOfwpdkuf acwftquf
quf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ,Ofaus;aom vlaer+pepf&SdcJh-ua-umif; od&Sd&ayonf?
TvlokH;ypPnf;onf atmhbfpD'D,Hac: tvGefrm
ausmaom teufa&mifausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;I/
bDpDouU&mZf 10000 ausmfu ypPnf;jzpf.?
atmhbfpD'D,Hausmufudk TykHpHrsKd;&atmif tjcm;
ausmufrsm;jzifh &dkufESufjcif;jzifhfrjyKvkyfEdkifacs?
17

18. Ta&S;a[mif;ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; ZGef;rsm;onf/
xdkacwfu vlrsm;onfvnf; ZGef;rsm;udktokH;jyKI
pm;aomuf-ua-umif; xif&Sm;apayonf? Tt
csufonfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymovdk
acwfa[mif;vlwdk‹onf acwfaemufus-uonf[l
aomtqdk rSm;,Gif;a-umif;xif&Sm;apaom t
axmuftxm;wpfckjzpf.?
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmu vlrsm;onfvnf;/ ,QKacwfvlrsm;uJh
odk‹yif/ tdrfaqmufvkyfIaexdkifjcif;/ pdkufysdK;vkyfudkifjcif;/ t0wftxnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyf
jcif;/ aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;xH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;/ aw;*DwwGifpdwf0ifpm;jcif;/ yef;csDqGJ
jcif;/ vlemrsm;udk uko-unfh±+apmifha&Smufjcif;/ bmom,kH-unfr+t& 0wfjyKudk;uG,f
jcif;/ ponfh omrefvl‹b0vkyf&dk;vkyfpOftwdkif; aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomufcJh-uayonf?
bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft±Sifjrwfu ydk‹v$wfaomwrefawmfjrwfrsm;. oGefoifcsufrsm;udk
vdkufemolwdk‹onf/ wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjrwfudkom ouf0if,kH-unf-uI/ tjcm;ol
rsm;u &kyfxkrsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uavonf? bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&SifjrwfY ouf
0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf udk,fusifhw&m;oDvapmifhxdef;-uI/ tjcm;olwdk‹onf t,lonf;
r+rsm;jzifh ylaZmfyor+trsdK;rsdK;&Sd-uavonf? ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ ,QKrsufarSmuf
acwfuJhodk‹yif/ bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&SifjrwfY ouf0if,kH-unfolrsm; &Sd-uovdk/ bk&m;
w&m;rJh rdpm>'d@drsm;vnf; &SdcJhavonf?
vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ &dk;&dk;ESifhydkrdka&S;usaomykHpHtwdkif; aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;
aomufolrsm;&Sdovdk/ ydkrdk,Ofaus;wdk;wufonfhykHpHjzifh aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomufonfh
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onfvnf; jydKifwl&SdpjrJjzpfayonf? ,QKrsufarSmufacwfwGif urBmhtydkif;
wpfydkif;wGif tmumoodk‹j*dKvfwkrsm;v$wfI oGm;vmaeonfhtcsdefwGif tjcm;tydkif;wpf
TykHwGifawG‹&aom ESpfaygif; 40000 ausmf-um a[mif;EGrf;jyDjzpfaom
ykavGtydkif;onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymonfh arsmuf0Hwpfydkif;*latmif;
vlrsm; r&SdcJha-umif;oufaoom"uwpfckjzpfayonf? taemufEdkifiHykavG
uJhodk‹ toHedrfhjrifhckepfqifh&Sd TykHrSykavGrsm;udk vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;
axmifaygif; rsm;pGmuwnf;u wDr+wftokH;jyKcJh-ujyDjzpfa-umif; odyH`ok
awoersm;u az:xkwfxm;ayonf?
18

19. ydkif;wGif v#yfppf"gwftokH;jyKjcif;udkyif rodao;olrsm;vnf; &Sdae-uojzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;
ordkif;[k rSnhfac:aomacwfrsm;r&Sda-umif; xif&Sm;aomtaxmuftxm;yifjzpfayonf?
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ xdkj*dKvfwktmumo,mOfrsm;udk aqmufvkyfEdkifolwdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;
(wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf) ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhojzifh todOm%fESifhudk,fum,
tm;jzifh ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;-uonf[k rqdkEdkifacs? tjcm;olwdk‹onfvnf; arsmuf0HADZ
twdkif; usef&pfaeao;onf[k rajymEdkifay? trSefpifppf ‚if;jcm;em;csufwdk‹onf/ ,Of
aus;r+ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk‹. jcm;em;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkif-uay?
Evolutionists Cannot Account for Archaeological Discoveries
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. vl‹ordkif;udk qef;ppf-unhfygu/ vlom;wdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;
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aomtcsufrsm;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k orefum&SHum vufcHvdkuf-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
wdk‹onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;ru-umanmif;cJhonfhtcgor,wGif olwdk‹
udk,fwdkifudk,fus -unfhjrifavhvmcJh-uoa,mifa,mif/ tvGeftao;pdwfI az:jy-uay
onf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;onf rwfwyf&yfEdkif-ujyDjzpfojzifh/ olwdk‹.vufrsm;udk
rnfodk‹qufvuftokH;cs&rnfudk rod-uaoma-umifh/ ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udk vuf
eufud&d,mrsm;jyKvkyf-ujyD;/ aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ausmufESifhopfom;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyf
xm;aom vufeuftokH;taqmifud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-uonf==[k ajymjy-uonf?
aemifESpftwef-umrS olwdk‹onf oH/ a-u;eDESifh a-u;0grsm;udk pwiftokH;jyK-uonf[k
qufI ajym-u.? trSefrSm xdk&Sif;jycsufrsm;onf/ odyH`enf;usaom oufaotaxmuf
txm;r&SdbJ/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuftwGufoufouf bufvdkufI
t"dy`g,faz:jcif;om jzpfayonf?
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;yg&*l aygvf bm;efu ol. Archaeology: A Very Short
Introduction ac:pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;Zmwfvrf;onf odyH`ynmqdkif&m
bmom&yftajrmuftjrm;u tajccH-uaom '¾m&DykHjyifwpfckomv#if jzpfonf[k a&;
om;xm;ayonf? ol‹taeESifh ykHjyif[laompum;udk tjyKoabmtaejzifh okH;xm;jcif;
jzpfaomfvnf;/ trSefwu,fvnf; [kwfaeygonf[k qufvufaz:jyxm;ayonf? xdk‹
aemuf/ vlom;wdk‹ wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif;[lonfh/ csufjyKwfjcif;ESifhrD;ykHrsm;/
arSmifrJaeonfh*lrsm;/ vufeufud&d,mjyKvkyfjcif;/ tdkrif;jcif;/ &kef;uefv+yf&Sm;jcif;ESifh
aojcif;ponfhtpOftvm"avhrsm;udk pmzwfolwdk‹pOf;pm;-unfh&efzdwfac:xm;onf? xdk
tavhtxrsm;udk tpDtpOfwoDwwef;-uD;jzpfatmif rSef;qpDpOfxm;jcif;onf/ rnfr#
aomt&kd;pkrsm;ESifh-uGif;usefaeonfh oJvGefpt&m0wˆKrsm;tay:tajccHxm;-uonf/ odk‹
r[kwf pmaytwdkif;twmt& omv#ifjzpfonf/ ponfwdk‹udkvnf; pOf;pm;oifha-umif;
n$efjyxm;ayonf? bmef;u vlom;rsm;.tDAdk&Sif;onf pmayESifhoufqdkifonfh twdkif;
twmomv#ifjzpfa-umif; olar;xm;aomar;cGef;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tajzray;xm;ay?
19

20. a
ajymifvufatmifwdkufpm;xm;aomausmuf
vdrfvnfr+wpfck
The "Polished Stone" Deception
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;teuf ododomomxif&Sm;aom ausmufypPnf;rsm; ,ae‹txd awG‹&Sd
&ao;onf? xdkuJhodk‹ rmausmaomausmufrsm;udk wdusonfh ykHpH&&Sdatmif xGif;azguf&ef a,bk,s
tm;jzifh oHr%dvufeufu&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfayonf? ausmufcJtokH;jyKI
tjcm;ausmufcJwpfvkH;udk vdktyfonf‹ykHpH&&Sd&ef xkaxmif;jcif; wdkufyGwfjcif;jzifh rjzpfEdkifacs? ESrf;zuf
ausmuf (Granite) avmufrmausmaomausmufudk ykHpHusatmifESifh rsufESmjyifajymifvufatmif aoG;
&efenf;ynmESifhypPnf;rsm;pkHvif&ayrnf?
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awmufajymifvsuf&Sdaeao;onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/ “wdkufpm;jcif;a-umifh ajymifvufae
aomausmufacwf”onf ody`Henf;rusacs? ajymifvufatmifobm0tavsmuf wdkufpm;xm;onfh
ausmufrsm;onf ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI ajymifvufaeEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? xdkausmufrsm; ajymifvufae
jcif;onf/ oHr%duJhodk‹aomu&d,mrsm;jzifh jzwfawmufyGwfwdkufjcif;a-umifh twGif;om;rsm; ay:vmI
ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ajymifvufusefaejcif;jzpfayonf?
txufygykHrS vuf0JbufykHvufaumufonf pusifausmuf(marble) jzpfI/ vufsmbuf vuf aumuf
rSm rD;awmifacsmfausmufeuf(basalt) jzpf.? bDpD 8500 rS 9000 txd-um&Snfa[mif; EGrf;jyDjzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u xdkacwfumvwGif ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfaomud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udkom tokH;jyK
-uonf[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ pusifausmufESifh rD;awmifacsmfausmufeufrsm;onf txl;rmausm
aomausmufrsm;jzpfojzifh/ TuJhodk‹ykHpHwus0dkif;atmifjzwfawmufEdkif&ef oHr%dtoGm;rsm;ESifh vdktyf
onfhpufypPnf;rsm;&Sd&ayrnf? oHr%dtoGm;ESifhpufypPnf;rsm;r&SdbJ TuJhodk‹wduspGmjzwfawmufEdkif
&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? tu,fI vlwpfa,muftm; ausmufcJwpfvkH;ay;I TuJhodk‹aomvufaumufwpf
uGif;&atmif vkyfcdkif;ygu rnfr#txd atmifjrifygrnfenf;? ausmufjzifhyGwfwdkufjcif;jzifh TuJh
odk‹aomvufaumufwpfuGif; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk‹xufru/ Tvufaumufrsm;udk jyKvkyf
olonf/ vSyjcif;.&oudk aumif;pGm cHpm;wwfI/ em;vnfoabmaygufa-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?
20

21. txufygykHwGif atmhbfpD'D,HausmufESifh t&dk;rsm;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom vufokH;ypPnf;ud&d,m
rsm;udk jyxm;.? ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom csdwfrsm;/ ZGef;rsm; ykwD;rsm;yg0ifaeonf? T
uJhodk‹wdusacsmrGwfonfhykHpHygaom ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzifh xkaxmif;
yGwfwdkufjcif;jzifh r&Edkifa-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdayonf? ausmufcJjzifh xkjcif;jzifh t&dk;rsm;
onf vdktyfonfhykHpHrxGufvmbJ uGJtufausrGoGm;&kHom&Sdayrnf? trmausmqkH;ausmuf
rsm;udkokH;I jyKvkyfv#ifyif wduspGmajzmifhwef; c|efxufaeatmifvnf; rvkyfEdkifay? T
ausmufrsm;onf rmausmaomud&d,mjzifh toD;rsm;udk vSD;ouJhodk‹ vSD;jzwfxm;ykHxGufae
onf? rsufESmjyifonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;ajymovdk yGwfwdkufaq;a-umjcif;jzifhom ajymif
vufaejcif;r[kwfbJ vdktyfonfh ykHpH&atmif xufjrufonfh u&d,mjzifhjzwfawmufjcif;
a-umifh ajymifvufaea-umif;xif&Sm;aeayonf?
TypPnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfolonf/ olvdktyfonfh
ykHpH&atmif jyKvkyf&ef oHodk‹r[kwfoHr%dypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;&Sd&rnf? rmausmaomausmufwkH;
ausmufcJrsm;udkoHr%duJhodk‹aomt&m odk‹r[kwf
‚if;xufrmonfh t&mrsm;jzifhom ykHpHusatmif
jzwfawmufEdkifayonf?
21

22. T
&kyfykHrsm;xGif;xm;aom ausmufjym;
onf oufwef;ESpfaygif; 11000 &Sdav
jyD? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&xdk
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vkyfudk ausmuftcsif;csif;omyGwfwdkuf
I rvkyfEdkifacs? TuJhodk‹ jywfom;
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I/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;uoifhawmfonfh
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udkvnf; ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKI azgufEdkifrnfr[kwfay? ‚if;ypPnf;
rsm;tay:wGif ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufI vSyonfhykHpHrsm;xGif;&ef r
jzpfEdkifacs? ,if;ypPnf;rsm;wGif &Sdaeonfh wdusjywfom;aomykHpHrsm;uyif xdkausmuf
rsm;xuf rmausmaomowWKvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKa-umif; jyvsuf&Sdayonf?
22

23. edcgwuaA'ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynmyg&*ltajrmuft
jrm;wdk‹uvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. rSef;qcsuftwdkif;
xdkypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifjcif;&Sdr&Sd prf;oyfcJh-uay
onf? Oyrm/ ygarmuQuavmhpf &Srd'fu wl&uDEdkifiH *dk
abuvD awyD t&yfY tvkyform;rsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g
'Dwdk‹wifjyonfhausmufvufeufud&d,mrsdK;ay;I/ ouf
wef;ESpfaygif; 11000cef‹&Sdonfh ausmufudk ykHpHaz:cdkif;
avonf? 2em&Dcef‹tywfwukwf vkyfaqmifcJh-u&m
wGif/ rxif&Sm;onfhtem;om;rsm;omygaom ypPnf;udk &
&Sdavonf?
ykqdefoGm;ESifhwlaom T
ausmufonf oufwef;
550000ESpf&Sd.? TuJh
odk‹ xufjrufatmif jzwf
Edkif&ef oHr%dtoGm;rsm;
udktokH;jyK&rnf?
rnfolrqdk/ rdrdtdrfwGif xdkprf;oyfcsufudk vkyfEdkif
ygonf? ESrf;zwfausmufwpfwkH;avmufudk,lI/ vGefcJh
onfh ESpf 100000cef‹u vlrsm;tokH;jyKonfqdkaom vSH
oGm;wpfckudk/ xdkESrf;zwfausmufESifh ausmufcJuvGJI
tjcm;oHypPnf;ud&d,mudk rokH;bJ jyKvkyf-unfhyg? toif
rnfr#atmifjrifEdkifrnf[k xifygoenf;? xdka&S;a[mif;
ypPnf;rsm;uJhodk‹/ tem;om;xufjrufI/ ykHpHusus acsm
rGwfc|efxufaom vSHoGm;odk‹r[kwf ud&d,mwpfckckudk vkyfEdkifygrnfavm? tvsm;
teHwpfrDwmpDavmuf&Sdonfh ESrf;zwfausmufwkH;wpfwkH;ay:wGif/ wd&pm>efwpfaumifykH
ay:atmif aemufxyfausmufwkH;wpfwkH;jzifh yGwfwdkufIxGif;-unfhyg? oHr%dtoGm;uJh
odk‹ rmausmaomypPnf;ud&d,mrokH;bJ c|efxufonfh vSHoGm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wd&pm>efykH
udkvnf;aumif; xkxGif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay?
ausmufjzwfjcif;/ ausmufxGif;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm olwdk‹ydkifqdkifaom twwfynm
jzpfonf? xdktwwfynmudk taumiftxnfaz:&ef wHpOf;rsm;/ wGifckHrsm;ESifh tjcm;ud&d
,mypPnf;rsm; vdktyfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh TypPnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaomacwfwGif “a&S;
a[mif;”enf;ynmonfvnf; wdk;wufaejyD;jzpf&rnf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/
ausmufudkomtokH;jyKwwfI tjcm;twwfynmenf;ynmrsm;r&Sdao;yg [laomtqdk
onf/ pdwful;,Of '¾m&Domv#ifjzpfayonf? olwdk‹ajymonfh “ausmufacwf” r&SdcJhbl;
acs?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkausmufypPnf;rsm;udk ykHpHusatmifvkyfEdkifonfh oHr%dESifhoH
ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;onf/ ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfumvtxd rusef&pfaejcif;rSmvnf;
,kwWd&Sdayonf? obm0tavsmuf pdkxdkif;r+ESifh i&JrD;tcsOf"gwfygonfh ywf0ef;usifwGif
owWKypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;onf atmufqdk'ftjzpf"gwfajymif;oGm;jyD; aysmufuG,foGm;ay
onf? ausmufypPnf;rsm;onf xdkodk‹aysmufuG,foGm;&ef tcsdefydkrdk-umanmif;ojzifh/
aemufqkH;usef&pfrnfhypPnf;twdktprsm;rSm/ olwdk‹jyKvkyfaom ausmufypPnf;rsm;om jzpf
ayonf? xdktydkif;tprsm;udkom-unhfjyD;/ xdkacwfumvwGif ausmufrsm;udkom tokH;
jyKwwf-uonf[k ed*kH;csKyfjcif;onf odyH`enf;rusacs?
23

24. ausmufudk ausmufjzifh yef;ykxkxGif;I r&Edkif
You Can't Curve Stone With stone
f
bDpDouU&mZf 11000rS
usnfayG‹rsm;
bDpDouU&mZf 10000rS ykHpH'DZdkif;
xGif;xm;aom ausmufrsm;?
bDpDouU&mZf 10000ckESpfavmufu xdyfcsdKifhI
jr‡KyfoGif;pDjc,fxm;aom/ oyfESifhwlonfhausmuf? bDpDouU&mZf 10000ckESpfavmufu wl?
TypPnf;u&d,mrsm;onf y#rf;r#tm;jzifh bDpDouU&mZf 10000 rS 11000ckESpftxda[mif;
EGrf;aomypPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;rsm;.tqdktwdkif; xdkacwfuvlrsm;u ausmufjzifhvkyf
aom ud&d,mrsm;udkomtokH;jyKovdk/ ausmuftcsif;csif;wdkufyGwfI vkyfEdkifrvkyfEdkifudk awG;prf;
-unfhyg? ykHtrSwf 3 rSmuJhodk‹ nDnmonfhtaygufudk azguf-unfhyg? oifhvufay:wGif t-udrf
aygif;rnfr#&dkufaomfvnf; TuJhodk‹nDnmaomtaygufudk &Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? Todk‹aomtayguf
&Edkif&ef oifonf oHr%duJhodk‹ ydkIrmausmaomypPnf;ud&d,m udk tokH;jyK&ygrnf?
rmvmudkuf(ygv'kwˆm)aq;cs,fxm;
aom bDpD 9000=10000rS ausmuf
om;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomypPnf;?
24

25. trSefpifppf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;u
'g0if0g'udk vkH;0axmufcHjcif;r&Sda-umif;udk vufcH0efcH-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sif &pfcsm'fvDuDu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzifh/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ausmufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk ajz±Sif;aeIrjzpfEdkifa-umif;
atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf?
trSefrSm/ 'g0ifawG;qcsuf. ravsmfuefrjzpfEdkifjcif;twGuf tcdkifvkHqkH;oufaotaxmuf
txm;onf/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awG‹&SdEdkifayonf? tu,fI 'g0if.t
qdkrsm;onf rSefuefygu/ ajcESpfacsmif;jzifhpwifvrf;av#mufvmcJhonfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
rsm;/ enf;ynmtqifhqifhrsm;ESifh OD;aESmuf-uD;xGm;vmonfhtqifhrsm;.ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
rsm;udk awG‹&Sd&rnfomjzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rawG‹&yg? ordkif;OD;acwfrSwfwrf;wpfckwnf;
uyif 'g0if.awG;qcsuf (hypothesis) rSm;a-umif; oufaojy&ef vkHavmufayonf? ‚if;
rSm ausmufvufeufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;yif jzpf.?
1
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. pdwful;,OfzefwD;xm;aom ordkif;umvtpOf
The Fictitious Evolutionist Chronology
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ ordkif;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwf&mwGif/ t&m0wˆKrsm;udk t"d
y`g,faz:&mY olwdk‹.w&m;ao,kH-unfonfhoDtdk&Drsm;ESifh udkufnDatmif az:-uonf?
a-u;ndKvuf&mypPnf;tajrmuftrsm;xkwfvkyfaomacwfudk a-u;ndKacwf[k owfrSwf
I/ oHudkrl r-umao;rDurS pwiftokH;jyKonf[k t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? vGefcJhonfh
a&S;ya0oeD,Ofaus;r+acwfwGifrlum; owWKypPnf;rsm;udk rod&Sd-u[k tqdkjyK-uonf?
txufuaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ oH/ oHr%dESifh tjcm;owWKrsm;onf ausmufrsm;
xuf oHacs;wufysufpD;aysmufuG,f&efrsm;pGmydkrdkvG,fulayonf? a-u;ndKuJhodk‹aom
owWKa&mrsm;onf atmufpD*sif"gwfpm;ojzifh acs;wufaysmufuG,f&ef ydkI-umjrifho
jzifh tjcm;owWKrsm;xuf ydkI-um&SnfcHEdkif.? xdk‹a-umifh wl;az:&&Sdaom ausmufypPnf;
rsm;onf a-u;ndKrsm;xuf oufwef;ydkrsm;I/ a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;onf oHypPnf;rsm;xuf
oufwef;ydkrsm;rnfrSm obm0tavsmufyifjzpfayonf? Ttcsufa-umifh oHjzifhjyKvkyf
aomud&d,mypPnf;rsm;onf taESmif;qkH;oufwef;&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf?
a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyftokH;jyKaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ oHypPnf;rsm;udk
roda-umif;/ a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyftokH;jyKaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf oHESifh
tjcm;owWKypPnf;rsm;udk tokH;rjyKa-umif;/ ponfhtqdkrsm;onf ,kwWdr&Sday?
a-u;eDY oGwf/ tmqDepf/ tifwD
rdkeDESifh 'efowWKrsm;udk a&mpyfay;jcif;jzifh
a-u;ndKowWKa&mudk&&Sd.? a-u;ndKypPnf;
xkwfvkyfolonf oGwf/ tmpDepf/ tifwDrdk
eDESifh 'efowWKrsm;udk od&Sdonfhjyif/ xdko
wWKwpfckcsif;udk t&nfaysmfaprnfh tylcsdef
t &nfaysmfapjyD; aemufqkH;a&mpyfrnfhtdk;
udkvnf; od&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? xdkowWKrsm;
udkvnf;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? Ttodynm
Ta-u;eDtprsm;onf bDpD 8000rS 10000
ckESpftxd a[mif;EGrf;I/ ykwD;tjzpftokH;jyKcJh
onf[k xif&.? xdkacwfu vlrsm;onf
a-u;eDowWK&dkif;udk &SmazGwl;az:xkwf,lI
‚if;udk -udKcsuftokH;jyKonfh twwfynm &Sd
-ua-umif; xif&Sm;.?
twwfynmrsm;r±SdbJ vdktyfonfhowWKa&mudk atmifjrifpGmxkwfvkyfEdkifrnf r[kwfay?
25

26. a-u;eDowWK&dkif;onf ausmufv$mtxyfrsm;wGif tr+efrsm;ESifhykHaqmifcJtoGifrsm;
jzifhwnf&Sdonf? ,if;udk obm0a-u;eD[kac:-uonf? a-u;eDudk tokH;jyKonfh vl‹
tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ ausmufv$mrsm;t-um;±Sd Ta-u;eDr+efrsm;udk cGJjcm;od&ayrnf? xdk‹
aemuf ausmufv$mrsm;rSwl;az:,laqmifvmI -udKcsufppfxkwfwwf&ayrnf? ausmuf
ESifh opfom;rsm;jzifhom jyKvkyfxm;aomvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzifh Todk‹wl;az:xkwfvkyf
Edkifrnfr[kwfa-umif;rSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?
a-u;eDowWK&dkif;udk t&nfaysmfap&ef tylcsdef 1084 'D*&DpifwD*&dwf (1984 'D*&D
zg&if[dkuf)txd tylay;&.? vkHavmufIuef‹owfonfh avudkvnf;tpOfay;ae&.?
a-u;eDypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfhtylay;wwfjyD;/ vdk
tyfaom owWK-udKtdk;rsm;/ -udKcGufrsm;ESifh rD;n‡yfrsm;&Sd&ayrnf?
Tum;/ a-u;eDowWK-udKcsufenf; tusOf;csKyfomjzpfygonf? a-u;eDonf yifudk
tm;jzifh aysmhajymif;aomowWKjzpfojzifh tylay;xm;ygu ‚if;udk c|efxufaomu&d,m
rsm;jzifh -um&SnfpGm udkifn‡yfxm;Ir&acs? xdk‹xufru/ oGwf/ 'efESifhtwl tjcm;owWK
rsm;udk xyfa&may;&efvnf;/ xdkowWKtoD;oD;wdk‹udk ay;&rnfhtylcsdefESifh udkifwG,fenf;
wdk‹onfvnf; wpfckcsif;twGuf uGJjym;jcm;em;ayonf? Ttcsufrsm;uyif/ owWKESifh
owWKa&m xkwfvkyfonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfh tao;pdwftwwfynm&Sd&ay
rnf? xdkuJhodk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ oHESifhoHypPnf;rsm;udk rawG‹&Sd tokH;rjyKwwf
ao; [laomtawG;onf vkH;0,kwWdr&Sdacs?
TowWKvkH;onf awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdonfh
ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm a[mif;jyDjzpfaom &maygif;
rsm;pGmaomypPnf;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf? ykHpHwus
jzpfaeaom csdrfhta-umif;ESpfa-umif;onf/ obm0t
avsmuf tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfEdkifay? TawG‹&Sd
csufonf/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;
upI/ vlwdk‹onf owWKay:wGif t&mta-umif;rsm; xGif;
Edkif-ujyDjzpfa-umif; jyvsuf&Sd.?
1912ckESpfwGif OuUvm[dkrm;jynfe,f aomrwfjrdKŒrS jrLeDpDy,f
v#yfppfpuf&kHrS tvkyform;ESpfa,mufonf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wif
aepOf tokH;jyKEdkif&efxuf-uD;vGef;aeonfh ausmufrD;aoG;wkH;wpf
wkH;udk &dkufcGJvdkuf&m/ twGif;Y oHtdk;wpfvkH;udk awG‹-u.? xdktdk;
udk xkwf,lvdkufaomtcg/ ausmufrD;aoG;twGif;Y tdk;.ykHpHudk
twdkif;om; awG‹&ayonf? xdkausmufrD;aoG;udk ppfaq;-unfh&m/
oufwef;ESpfaygif; oef;aygif; 300 rS 325 txd&SdjyDjzpfa-umif;
awG‹&Sd&.? vlom;wdk‹onf bDpDouU&mZf 1200ckESpfavmufrS p
wifI oHudk tokH;jyKwwfonf[k qdkaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
TawG‹&Sdcsufudk rnfodk‹r# &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd-uacs?
26

27. oufwef;ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd
Pieces Millions of Years Old That Evolutionists Cannot Account For
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt&/ ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ausmfvGefcJh&onf[k qdk.?
Oyrm/ bufwD;&D,m;ydk;rsm;rSpI vlom;jzpfvmonfhtxd/ ESpfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm-um
&SnfcJhonf[k pdwful;,Of-u.? TZmwfvrf;wGif/ vlom;onf qifhuJqifhuJajymif;vJvmcJh&mY/
vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 20000cef‹txd-umanmif;cJhjyD[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ,ae‹wdkif xdkuJh
odk‹zGH‹jzdK;ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;udk oufaocHEdkifonfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wpfckwavr#yif rawG‹&Sd
ao;ay? trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹ajymif;vJcJhjcif;rjzpfEdkifa-umif;udkom jyvsuf&Sd.?
tjcm;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;rSm/ oufwef;ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh vlokH; vufeuf
ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ESifh qif,ifxkH;zGJ‹r+qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;jzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;oef;aygif; 50 rS 500 avmuftcsdefumvudk -xdKifvdkbdkufacwf[k trnf
ay;xm;jyD;/ ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;ray:aygufao;aomumv[k ac:xm;&m/ xdkacwfumvrSvlom;
wdk‹ESifhoufqdkifonfh urBmajr-uD;ay:wGif aygufzGm;qif;oufr+pdwful;,OftpOfpm&if;udk ra&;qGJ
Edkif-uawmhay? trSefrSmvnf;/ olwdk‹u xdkodk‹aomtpOfpm&if;udk a&;qGJEdkif&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs?
bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ vlom;rsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;Y/ tjcm;ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;udk
zefqif;ouJhodk‹ “jzpfap”[laomtrdef‹jzifhzefqif;cJhjcif;a-umifhyif jzpf.? xdk‹a-umifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹
onf/ vGefcJhonfhESpfoef;aygif; 100 u vlrsm;aexdkifpm;aomuf-uolrsm;uJhodk‹aom vGefcJhonfh
ESpfoef;aygif; 500 u vlawG. ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tavmif;rsm;udkvnf;/ wl;az:&&SdEdkifonfh
tvm;tvm±Sdaeayonf? Avmewdˆˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS t&mcyfodrf;udk zefqif;awmfrlaom tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfonf/ t&Sifjrwftvkd&Sdawmfrlonfh rnfonfhouf&SdowW0grsdK;udkrqdk/ t&Sifjrwftvdk&Sd
awmfrlonfh rnfonfhordkif;acwfumvtcgor,wGifrqdk/ &Sdatmif zefqif;Edkif pGrf;&Sdawmfrl.?
Todk‹jyKvkyf&efrSm/ teEWwefcdk;tmEkabmfESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaomtv†m[ft&Sif jrwftwGuf vG,ful
aomudpPwpf&yfom jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf/ TtrSef w&m;udk &SmIrawG‹
rjrif-uacs? ,if;tcsufuyif olwdk‹twGuf zefqif;jcif;.oufaoom"uudk xyfrHr&Sif;Edkif-u
jcif;yifjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmu y,fzsufjyD;jyDjzpfaomolwdk‹.vkyf-uHZmwfvrf;udkomjyefaumuf
&efuvGJI tjcm;a&G;p&mtajzr&Sd-uawmhay? odk‹aomfvnf; ae‹pOfESifhtr# aemufxyfwl;az:
&&Sdonfhoufaoom"utaxmuftxm;rsm;u olwdk‹.w&m;ao0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk xyfrH
Iom acszsufvsuf&Sdayonf?
27

28. 1852ckESpf ZGefv 5&ufae‹xkwf Scientific American r*~Zif;wGif
oufwef; ESpfaygif;wpfodef;&Sdaom owWKtdk;cGufwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd
&a-umif; owif;wpfyk'f a&;om;xm;onf? oGwfta&mifxGufae
jyD; aiGowWKtawmfrsm;rsm;yg0ifonf[kxif&aom owWKa&mwpf
rsdK;jzpfonf[k rSef;q&a-umif;/ ‚if;.tjyifydkif;rsufESmjyifrsm;Y
wdusjywfom;aom yef;cufyef;EG,fykHrsm; yg&Sda-umif;/ az:jyxm;
.? tvGefa&S;usonfhacwfrsm;wGif owWKrsm;udk tokH;rjyK-u[k
twnfwusajymonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u TawG‹&Sdcsufudk rnf
odk‹r# &Sif;rjyEdkif-uacs? TypPnf;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhvlrsm;onf
owWKESifh owWKa&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfudkifwGifEdkifonfh twwfynm
&Sd-ua-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sd.?
TykHyg usDayG‹ESifhqkHwdk‹udk 1877 ckESpfwGif/ Table
Mountain ac:awmifatmuf&Sd a&S;a[mif;jrpfatmufajr
jyifwGif awG‹&SdcJh.? xdka&S;a[mif;jrpfatmufajrjyifonf
oufwef;ESpfaygif; 33 oef;&SdavjyD? vlom;wdk‹onf t
pOftjrJ vlom;tjzpf aexdkifaygufzGm;vmcJh-ua-umif;
taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf?
Tausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;bdeyfckHudk oufwef;ESpf 213 oef;
&Sd ausmufaqmifwGif;rS &cJhonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;
aygif;rsm;pGmwGif vlwdk‹onf bdeyfpD;cJh-u.? xdk‹a-umifh
t0wfvnf; 0wf-urnfrSm rvGJ{uefjzpf.? tcsuft
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28

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aygif; wpfodef;&SdonfhowWKtdk;/ oufwef;ESpfaygif; 3oef;eD;yg;&Sd owWKvkH;rsm;/ ouf
wef;ESpfaygif;oef;300cef‹&SdjyD[k cef‹rSef;&aomoHtdk;/ oufwef;ESpfaygif; 27000&Sdaom
ajrap; wGifuyfaeonfh t0wftxnfprsm;/ vGefcJhonfh r-umao;rDtcsdefurS atmif
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tersm;udk oufwef;ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;ru&Sdonfh ypPnf;rsm;ESifhtwl awG‹&Sd&jcif;/
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tacsmowfausmufacwf/ a-u;ndKacwf/ oHacwf ponfh cGJjcm;xm;jcif;rsm;udk vkH;0acs
zsufvdkufayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk acszsufonfh ,if;uJhodk‹aom
oufaotaxmuftxm;pmayrsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DodyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u *&krpdkuf ypfy,f
xm;cJhjcif; odk‹r[kwf jywdkufajratmufcef;rsm;Y 0Sufxm;v#dKxm;jcif;rsm;jyKcJh-uykHay:
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;vl‹ordkif;ykHjyifrsm;udkom wifjycJh-uayonf?
tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif
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Believers Have Led Civilized Lives Throughout History
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refawmfrsm;udk apv$wfcJhayonf? vltcsdKŒwdk‹onf
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onfhta-umif; rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf?
29
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wdkif; xrf;aqmifcJh-u.?

30. vlom;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf (rlvu)wpfoif;wpfzGJ‹wnf; jzpfcJh-u.? t"Gef‹um
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30

31. vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfr+&SdI/ wrefawmfrsm;.
oGefoifcsuftwdkif; aexdkifolwdk‹onf ,Ofaus;aomtajctaejzifh tqifhjrifhonfhb0
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31
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32. 0if,kH-unfolrsm; jzpf-uayonf? wrefawmf qlvdkifrmef(tvdkifa[hqvmrf). vuf
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&Sifjrwf. jypf'%fonf jyif;xefvSa-umif;/ odapawmfrlavownf;?
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awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹
jrGwfxm;awmfrl.?
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32

33. aomf rvGJ{uef igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkoltm; oef‹&Sif;pif-u,faomtouf&Sif
jcif;rsdK;jzifh touf&Sifapawmfrlayrnf? xdkrSwyg;/ rkcspifppf igt&Sifjrwfonf
xdkolwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹.tusdK;udk ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlaqmufwnfvsuf&SdcJh-uukefaom
aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvESifh avsmfnDpGm ay;qyfawmfrlayrnf?
(pl&mtvfe[fvf 16;97)
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onf? (pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;9)
33

34. ,Ofaus;r+tqifhqifhpkaqmif;vmjcif;onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOftaxmuftxm;r[kwf
Cultural Accumulation Is No Evidence of Any Evolutionary Process
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34

35. wefqmyvmtopftqef;rsm;onfvnf; &Sdvm&rnfjzpfonf? odyH`ynmqdkif&mawG‹&Sd
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35

36. ,Ofaus;r+onf qkwf,kwfjcif;
ESifhtwl wdk;wufjcif;vnf;&Sd.
Civilizations Retreat As Well As Advance
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36

37. 37

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38

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39

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2
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rsm;onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ twnfjyKxm;onfhtqdkESifh twdtusqef‹usifvsuf&Sday
onf?) t&kd;pktydkif;tprsm;onf/ a&S;acwfvlwpfa,muf. cHpm;csufrsm;/ ae‹pOfoGm;
vmv+yf&Sm;ykHrsm;/ olwdk‹tcsif;csif; tvkyfwm0efrsm;udkcGJa0aqmif&GufykHrsm;/ ponfwdk‹
udk jyqdkjcif;r&Sday?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;rsm;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifhywfoufI xdkodk‹aompdwful;,Of
Zmwfvrf;rsm;ESifh &kyfykHaz:jycsufrsm;onf/ ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif a0a0qmqm
tokH;jyK-uayonf? Twpf,loeftDAdkvl;&Sif;w&m;aovufcHxm;aom0g'rS/ ,if;oDtdk
&Dpwifay:aygufvmonfhae‹rSpI/ &kef;xGufIr&Edkif-uojzifh txufwGifaz:jycJhouJh
odk‹aom Zmwfvrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk wDxGif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹. &nf&G,fcsuf
rSm/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrSefuefa-umif;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;&Sif;vif;jy&efr[kwfbJ/ a&S;u
rBmOD;ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;trSefwu,f&Sdonf[k vltrsm;,kH-unfatmif twif;0g'
jzef‹jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;onf/ taxmuftulay;rnfhtcsuftvufr&Sd aomfvnf;
olwdk‹.tqdkudk oufaoxlEdkifrnf[kxifonfh Zmwfvrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk pdwf ul;jzifh
wDxGif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufwdkif;onf/ bufvdkufjcif;
r&SdbJt"dy`g,faz:ygu/ tcsufwpfckckudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfvsuf&Sdayonf?
40

41. ,if;tcsufrSm/ vlom;onf urBmajray:wGif pwifaygufzGm;uwnf;u/ tpOfojzifh vl
om;rsm;omv#if jzpfvmcJh-ujcif;jzpfayonf? todOm%f&Sdjcif;ESifh tEkynmpGrf;yum;
rsm;onf/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif vlom;wdk‹&SdcJh-uonfh yifudkt&nftcsif; rsm;jzpfay
onf? a&S;ya0oeDacwfwGif aexdkifaygufzGm;-uaomvlwdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
u|Ekfyfwdk‹udkt,kHoGif;onfh/ urBmOD;vlrjzpfao;aom/ vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf 0ufowW
0grsm;r[kwf-uacs? olwdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹uJhodk‹yif pOf;pm;Om%f&Sdolrsm;/ pum;ajymol
rsm;/ tEkynmESifh,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJholrsm;/ udk,fusifhw&m;xkH;
"avh&Sdolrsm;/ jzpf-uayonf? a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;wGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifh a&S;a[mif;
ypPnf;qdkif&mokawoeawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u/ 'Gd[oHo,r±SdEdkifatmif/ oufaoxlxm;onf
udk awG‹-uygrnf?
41

42. u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfrS bmawGusef&pfrnfenf;
What Will Remain From Our Own Civilization?
aemufvmrnfh ESpfaygif;odef;aygif;rsm;pGmwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+acwfrS
rnfuJhodk‹aom ypPnf;rsdK;awG usef&pfrnfudk pOf;pm;-unfhyg? u|Efkyfwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+
qdkif&m pkaqmif;r+rsm;jzpfonfh/ yef;csDum;rsm;/ -uD;rm;aom&kyfxkrsm;/ eef;awmfrsm;/
ponfwdk‹tm;vkH; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? vuf&Sdenf;ynmwufEdkvdk*sDrsm;. oJvGefp
rsm;vnf; r&SdoavmufaysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? wdkufpm;aqG;ajrŒjcif;rsm;udk umuG,f
xm;onfh ypPnf;rsm;onfvnf;/ obm0.ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk t±+H;ay;oGm;-u
vdrfhrnf? oHr%donfvnf; oHacs;wufukefvdrfhrnf? aumifu&pfbdvyfajrjzihfvkyfxm;
aomt&mtm;vkH;onfvnf; aqG;ajrŒoGm;vdrfhrnf? ajratmufwGifaqmufvkyfxm;aom
t&mrsm;vnf; ysufpD;ukefvdrfhrnf? t&m0wˆKypPnf;tm;vkH;onf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
r+vdktyf.? ESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ausmfvGefcJhjyD[k pOf;pm;-unfhyg? ‚if;ypPnf;
rsm;tay:wGif rdk;a&*gvHaygif; odef;oef;csDI &GmoGef;xm;vdrfhrnf? ESpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm
twGif; -urf;wrf;onfh avwdkufjcif;udkvnf;cH&vdrfhrnf? t-udrf-udrftcgcgaom a&
v$rf;rdk;jcif;ESifh ajrivsifv+yfjcif;vnf; cH&ayvdrfhrnf? -uD;rm;onfh ausmufjym;rsm;t
ay:wGif xkxGif;xm;aom yef;yktEkynmvuf&mrsm;ESifhausmufpmrsm;/ taqmufttkH
-uD;rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonfh wGif;rSwl;xkwfcGJjcrf;,lvmaom ausmufom;rsm;ESifh &kyfxkt
rsdK;rsdK;/ pojzifh a&S;,QifuypPnf;rsm; ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹xH usef&pfouJhodk‹ usef&pfayvdrfh
rnf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif&Sdonfh wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom,Ofaus;r+acwfudk twdtusod&Sd
oabmaygufEdkifrnfh oJvGefprsm;yif usef&pf&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf? tmz&duwdkufESifh
tmz&duwdkufrS vlrsdK;rsm;/ tjcm;urBmhae&mtcsdK‹rS vlrsm;tokH;jyKonfh ausmufESifhvkyf
onfhypPnf;(Oyrm ausmufi&kyfqkHusDayG‹rsm;) ponfwdk‹tenf;i,fusef&pfygvdrfhrnf?
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹&Sdaeonfh enf;ynmrsm;jzpfonfh/ &kyfjrifoH-um;puf
rsm;/ uGefjyLwmrsm;/ rdkufu&dka0hAfzdktdk;rsm;/ rdkAdkif;zkef;rsm;/ tifwmeufenf;ynmrsm; tp
&Sdonf)wdk‹ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhoJvGefpr# usef&pfrnfr[kwfay? taqmufttkHeH&H
ESifhyeuf&mrsm;tjyif/ ausmuf&kyfxktydkif;tptcsdKΠusef&pfayvdrfhrnf? aemifvmrnfh
odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u/ ‚if;ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;udk -unfhjyD;/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfonf “,Of
aus;r+t& acwfaemufusonf”[k qdkygu/ trSefw&m;rS wvGJwacsmfjzpfrnfr[kwfyg
vm;?
odk‹r[kwf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu rif;'&if;w&kwfpmjzifh a&;om;xm;aomausmuf
jym;udk awG‹&Sdygu/ xdkpmwpfckwnf;udk-unfhI w&kyfvlrsm;rsm;onf &kyfykHrsm;jzifh tcsif;
csif;qufoG,f-uI tvGefacwfaemufusonf[k ed*kH;csKyfygu/ Todk‹ajymjcif;onf rSef
uefonfhtcsufudk az:xkwfjcif; jzpfygrnfavm? wurBmvkH;od-uonfh/ -o*wfpfaw &dk
'if. “tawG;orm;”yef;ykvuf&mudk Oyrmwpfcktjzpf pOf;pm;-unfh&atmif? Tyef;yk
&kyfxkudk aemifESpfaygif;axmifaomif;aemufydkif;wGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwpf
OD;u awG‹&Sdonfqdkygpdk‹? tu,fI xdkokawoeynm&Sifwdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;&Sd ,kH-unfr+ESifh aer+xdkifr+pepfudk wiful;rSef;qxm;jcif;&SdI/ ordkif;taxmuft
xm;r&SdbJ/ xdkausmuf&kyfwpfckwnf;udk -unfhygu/ tjcm;t"dy`g,ftrsdK;rsdK;az:rnfom
jzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹acwfvlwdk‹onf pdwful;,OfpOf;pm;aeolwpfOD;udk udk;uG,f-u
onf[k vnf;qdk-uayrnf? odk‹r[kwf pdwful;,Of'¾m&Dewfbk&m;wpfqlqljzpfrnf[k
vnf; ajym-uayrnf?
42

43. jyifopfEdkifiH ydkif&ifeD;awmifajcrS -o'dkbwfausmuf*lwGifawG‹&Sd&aom Oa&mytarG;&SnfEGm;&dkif;ykH xk
xGif;xm;onfh&kyfykHonf/ &dk'if.ausmuf&kyfxkrsm;xuf vuf&majrmufjcif;Y aemufrusaomfvnf;/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okawoejyKolu OD;aESmufzGH‹jzdK;r+rjynfhpkHao;aomurBmOD;vl&dkif;
wdk‹ a&;qGJxm;ykHjzpfonf[k qdkonf? xdkyef;yk&kyfrsm;udk xGif;xkolonf ,ae‹acwfrSyef;ykq&mrsm;
ESifh ,SOfEdkifonfh pdwful;pdwfoef;&Sda-umif;/ udk,fum,tm;jzifhvnf; edrfhusjcif;r&Sda-umif; jyqdk
vsuf&Sdayonf?
,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u xdk“pOf;pm;ol”&kyfxkonf/ tEkynmokckr&oouf
ouftwGufjzpfa-umif;udk od-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ aemufESpfaygif;aomif;odef;t
csdefrS okawoeynm&SifwpfOD;onf/ ,if;&kyfxkESifhywfoufonfh ta-umif;pkHtcsuft
vufrsm;r&SdbJ/ rdrd. wiful;rSef;qcsufrsm;jzifhom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkygu/ trSefw&m;udk
&&Sdrnfr[kwfay? ol.wiful;rSef;qcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDatmifom pdwful;,OfZmwf
vrf;rsm;udk wDxGifrnfjzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rdrd.vufwGif;&Sdtcsuftvufrsm;udk
qef;ppf&mwGif/ wiful;rSef;qjcif;/ bufvdkufjcif;rsm;r&SdapbJ us,fjyef‹pGmawG;ac:qef;
ppf&ef txl;ta&;-uD;ayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfqifhrSwpfqifh ajymif;vJvm
cJhjcif;ESifh a&S;ya0oeDuvlrsm;onf acwfrrDS vlrjzpfao;olrsm;jzpfjcif;/ ponfhtqdk
rsm;twGuf cdkifvkHonfhoufaotaxmuftxm;r±Sdao;a-umif;udk rarhoifhyg? Ttqdk
rsm;onf/ xifa-u;rSef;qcsufrsm;omjzpfjyD;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHtm;ay;ae
onfh ordkif;yg&*lrsm;ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm±Sifrsm;. tqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?
Oyrm/ ausmuf*lwGif;Y a&;qGJxm;aomyef;csDvuf&ma[mif;wpfckckudk awG‹v#ifawG‹csif;/
ppfaq;jcif;r&SdbJ/ ausmufacwfvlom;wdk‹a&;qGJxm;onf[k csufcsif;aumufcsufcs-u
43

44. tu,fI &dk'if. “pOf;pm;ol”&kyfxkudk aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif; 6000 t-umwGifawG‹&SdI/ xdk
umvrSvlwdk‹onfvnf;/ bufvdkufonfh ,ae‹odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;uJhodk‹ awG;-uygu/ 20&mpkESpf
vlwdk‹onf pOf;pm;aeolwpfOD;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uI/ vlr+qufqHa&; rodem;rvnf-u
ao;[k t"dy`g,faz:ayvdrfhrnf? olwdk‹onf/ trSefw&m;ESifh rnfr#eD;pyf-urnfenf;?
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkyef;csDrsm;onf/ xdkacwfrS vlwdk‹. tEkynmokckr&oESifh
ywfoufI tajrmuftjrm;udk az:jyaeayrnf? xdktEkynm&Sifonf/ acwftrSDqkH;
t0wftjynfhtpkH 0wfqifxm;olvnf;jzpfayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; tEkynm&owpfck
wnf;twGuf/ a&;qGJjcif;/ xkxGif;xm;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf? trSefrSm/ ,ae‹acwfrS ody`Hynm
&Siftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u/ xdkyef;csDrsm;onf acwfaemufusonfh *latmif;vlwdk‹.pdwful;
jzifh a&;qGJxm;aomykHrsm; rjzpfEdkifa-umif;udk tav;xm;tom;ay;I ajymqdkae-u
ayonf?
tjcm;OyrmwpfckrSm/ xufjrufaom ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzpfI/ ‚if;
ypPnf;rsm;onf “arsmuf0Hwpf0ufvlwpf0ufowW0g”rsm;tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufud&d
,mrsm;jzpfonf[k t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? TypPnf;rsm;onf ,if;owW0grsm; tokH;jyKcJh
aomvufeufu&d,mjzpfa-umif; jyqdkonfhoufaoom"uwpfckr#r&Sdacs? ,lqcsuf
wpfckom jzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u/ xdkoufaoypPnf;rsm;udk wl;
az:&&SdpOfwGif bufvdkufonfh±+axmifhjzifh ppfaq;cJh-ujcif; jzpfayonf? wl;az:&&SdcJh
onfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ypPnf;rsm;udk olwdk‹.oDtdk&D rSefuefa-umif;oufaoxlEdkif
onfh ±+axmifhtwdkif;om ppfaq;I/ tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl rodusKd;u|efjyKxm;-u
ayonf? ordkif;ajymif;vJr+&SdcJha-umif; jyoEdkifatmif xdkenf;ESifESif jc,fvnf-ujyef
44

45. onf?3
tar&duefvlrsdK; rEkaA'yg&*l rJvfAD;vf [mpudkApfu “ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;”
okawoepmwrf; rnfuJhodk‹ay:aygufcJha-umif;ESifh oufaocHa&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;udk
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u rnfuJht"dy`g,faz:-uonfhta-umif; atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;
ayonf?
,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;udk axmufcHEdkifonfh,lqcsufwdkif;udk/ ol‹taejzifhawG;ac:xm;
aom vlom;wdk‹wdk;wufvmcJhonfhtpOftqufykHpHwGif/ tpOfwpdkufrjzpfonfhOyrmrsm;udk
rSwfom;xm;onf? xdkwdk;wufajymif;vJr+tcsdKŒonf ,Ofaus;r+±+axmifhwpfckwnf;wGif tH
0ifaeayonf===
4
[mpudkApf.tjrifudk twnfjyKEdkifonfh ta&;-uD;aomOyrmwpfckrSm/ tDAdkvl;
&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;ESifh,Ofaus;r+o&kyfcGJjcif;ynm±Sifjzpfol vl;0pf[if&Darmf*if. vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;wpfcku a,mufsm;-uD;pdk;r+ESifh wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfykHpHtxd ausmfv$m;vmcJh&
onfh ajymif;vJwdk;wufjzpfay:r+tqifhavhvmcsuf jzpfayonf? ol‹taejzifh a&S;usI
rwdk;wufao;aomurBmOD;vl&dkif;tqifhrS ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;onfhtqifhtxd “ajymif;vJ”
vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyKxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TokawoejyK&mwGif/ oltokH;
jyKaomOyrmrsm;onf/ wurBmvkH;tESH‹tjym;ae&mwumwdkif;u wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK;quf
pyfr+r&Sdonfh vlrsdK;rsm;.xkH;pHrsm;jzpfaeonf? ‚if;Oyrmrsm;udk olvdkcsifonfh tajzrsdK;
&atmif pDpOfayonf? wurBmvkH;rS aomif;ESifhodef;ESifhcsDaom ,Ofaus;r+xkH;pHrsm;teuf
ol wiful;rSef;qxm;aom ykHpHwGif tH0ifEdkifonfh xkH;pHrsm;udkom ola&;om;onfh pm
wrf;twGuf a&G;,lxm;onf?
armf*ifu ol.tawG;tac:rSefuefa-umif; oufaoxlEdkif&ef ordkif;udk rnfuJh
odk‹ jyefvnfpDpOfa-umif; [mpudkApfu az:jyxm;ayonf? olu tvGefa&S;usaom-op
aw;vsrS rdef;r-oZmanmif;aomxkH;pHrStjyKpI/ tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. a,m
ufsm;-oZmanmif;aomxkH;pHtxd rsOf;qGJxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ol.tpDtpOfudk a,m
ufsm;OD;pD;aomfvnf; wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfowfrSwfjcif;r&Sdao;onfh ordkif;OD;*&dvlrsdK;
wdk‹.acwfodk‹ ckeful;oGm;onf? ol.aemufqkH;tpDtpOfydkif;wGif/ ,ae‹,Ofaus;r+acwf
&Sd a,mufsm;.trsdK;udkvdkufI wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfudk wduspGmowfrSwfxm;aom
xkH;pHudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf?
[mpudkApfu TtpDtpOfudk/ atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsufcsuf a&;xm;ayonf?
ordkif;±+axmifhjzifh-unfhygu/ TtpDtpOfonf pdwful;,OfwDxGifr+omv#if jzpf.?==
5
45

46. ordkif;rSefudk zkH;uG,fxm;.
True History Covered Up
u|Ekfyfwdk‹od&Sdxm;onfh ordkif;a-umif;trsm;tm;jzifh pmtkyfrsm;rSwqifh od&Sd-u
jcif;jzpfonf? pmzwfolwdk‹onf pmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk oHo
,uif;&Sif;pGmyif zwf±+-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vl‹ordkif;ESifhywfoufvmaomtcg/
ZD0aA'/ armvD-uLqdkif&mZD0aA'/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm=edcgwuaA'/ rsdK;ADZaA'/
ZD0rsdK;ADZaA'ESifh rEkaA' ponfhbmom&yfrsm;u todtrSwfrjyK vufrcHawmhonfh
tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;jzifh ykHpHoGif;xm;aom oDtdk&Drsm;udk xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;-u
ayonf? odyH`ynmt&/ ysufokOf;oGm;jyDjzpfaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifhtwl/ ‚if;oDtdk&D
udk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom ordkif;rsm;onfvnf; w&m;r0ifawmhay?
ordkif;yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfol tuf'Gwf at z&D;rif;u/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. ordkif;qkdif&mod&Sd
r+rsm;onf/ “trSefw&m;”udk rnfodk‹xif[yfaponfhta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;
xm;ayonf?
ordkif;avhvmcsufwGif/ &&Sdxm;onfhtcsuftvufrSefor#onf/ vlom;. pdwfxm;ESifhvl
om;. ajymif;vJvG,fjcif;wGif rlwnfvsuf&Sdayonf? xdkordkif;tcsuftvufudk ay;olu
rnfr#,kH-unfxdkufonfhtay:wGif rlwnfaeayonf? xdkolonf/ wrifwumvdrfIvnf;
ajymEdkifovdk/ trSwfwrJhvnf; vSnfhpm;jcif;vnf; &SdEdkifayonf? vlwpfOD;onf vdrfvnfEdkif
ovdk/ rSm;,Gif;jcif;vnf; &SdEdkifayonf?
6
xdk‹a-umifh/ u|Efkyfwdk‹vufxJodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfh ordkif;rsm;onf rSefuefonf[k
pdwfcsEdkifygrnfavm?
yxrOD;pGm/ u|Efkyfwdk‹xH ordkif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;
qdkif&mynm&Sifwdk‹. "rR'd@mefusaomaocsmr+udk ppfaq;&ayrnf? pdwful;oufouf
jzpfaomt,ltqtrsm;tm;jzifhuJhodk‹yif/ rwlnDaomvlrsm;twGuf ordkif;udk t"dy`g,f
aumuf&Sif;vif;&mwGifvnf; uGmjcm;Edkifayonf? tjzpftysufwpfckwnf;udk jyefvnf
&Sif;vif;jy&mY rnfolu &Sif;jyonf [laomtcsufay:wGifvnf; rlwnfayonf? xdkt
jzpftysufudk rsufjrifoufaor[kwfolwdk‹u jyefvnf&Sif;jyonfhtcgwGif wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;.tqdkonf ydkrdkI uGJjym; jcm;em;ayrnf?
“ordkif;”qdkonfrSm jzpf&yfrsm;udk umvtvdkufpDpOfjcif;[k t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk.?
xdkjzpf&yfrsm;teuf t"dy`g,f&Sdaomjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;aomjzpf&yfrsm;onf ordkif;
q&m. wifjycsufay:wGif rlwnfayonf? Oyrm/ ppfyGJwpfyGJESifhywfoufI tEdkif&onfh
bufu rSefuefjcif;&Sdr&SdrSm ordkif;a&;ol. oabmxm;wGifrlwnfayonf? tu,fI
ol‹taejzifh vdkvm;aombufonf wpfbufom;.e,fajrudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufI/
&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ajrmufjrm;pGmusL;vGefonfyifjzpfap “vGwfajrmufjcif;twGufol&J
aumif;” jzpfvdrfhrnf?7
Oyrm/ tu,fI &efbufjzpfaeonfhEdkifiHESpfEdkifiH. ordkif;pm
tkyfrsm;udk avhvm-unfhaomtcg/ jzpfpOfwpfckwnf;udk wpftkyfpDwGif az:jyxm;csuf
rsm;onf vkH;0uGmjcm;aeonfudk awG‹&ayrnf?
,if;onfum;/ ,ae‹ tDAdkdvl;&Sif;0g'Dordkif;yg&*lrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹. vkyf
&yfyifjzpfayonf? wdusrSefuefonfh oufaocHtaxmuftxm;wpfckr#r&SdbJ/ vlom;
wdk‹. tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;udk rSefuefoa,mifa,mif wifjyxm;-uayonf? olwdk‹.oDtdk&D
udk y,fzsufxm;aom cdkifvkHonfhoufaorsm;udk rodusdK;u|efjyKxm;um/ oufaot
46

47. axmuftxm;rsm;udk olwdk‹vdk&modk‹qGJI t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? xdk‹aemuf ,if;oDtdk&Dudk
tcsdKŒodyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u rSefuefonfhtawG;tac:tjzpf/ Oya'oed,mrtjzpf vufcH
xm;-uayonf?
tu,fI 'kwd,urBmppfordkif;udk pDppfolordkif;yg&*lwpfOD;onf/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g't
jrifudk vufudkif,kH-unfoljzpfygu/ [pfwvmudk tay:ydkif;wGifjyxm;aom ykHudkom tajccHI
tifrwef-uD;us,fcHhnm;aomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf az:jyayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ atmuf
ykHrSm bGwfcsifa0gvf'ftusOf;pcef;wGif &dkufxm;aom"gwfykHjzpfI/ [pfwvm. &ufpuf-urf;
-uKwfpGm owfjzwfcJhaom xdwfvef‹a-umufrufzG,fjrifuGif;udk jyovsuf&Sd.?
47

48. aemifESpfaygif;odef;oef;-umjyD;aemuf rnfonfht&mrsm;
usef&pfrnfenf;?
What Will Remain In Tens of Thousands of Year' Time?
aqmufvkyfa&;/ pufr+vkyfief;ESifh enf;ynmqdkif&mxkwfvkyfr+rsm;wGif tokH;jyK
aomypPnf;rsm;tjyif ae‹pOfokH;ypPnf; tajrmuftjrm;udkjyKvkyfonfh0wˆKypPnf;rsm;.
oufwef;onf/ vl‹ordkif;ESifhE+dif;,SOfvdkufaomtcg tawmfuav;wdkawmif;aeayonf?
tu,fI vlwdk‹onf/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;axmifaomif;tvsifu tvGefw&macwfrD
vSyaomopfom;taqmufttkHwGif aexdkifcJhygu/ ,ae‹tcsdefwGif ,if;wdk‹ESifhywfouf
I -uGif;usefrnfh oufaocHypPnf;rsm; tvGefenf;vdrfhrnfjzpfa-umif; em;vnfoabm
aygufEdkifayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfonf a-umufrufzG,faomab;Oyg'f
wpfckckuyfqdkufonf[k pOf;pm;-unfh-uygpdk‹? aemifvmrnfh ESpfaygif;wpfodef;avmuf
wGif rnfr#aomt&mrsm; usef&pfygrnfenf;? tu,fI aemifvmrnfhvlom;rsm;u/
t&dk;pktcsdKŒESifh aqmufvkyfa&; tkwfjrpftcsdKŒudktajccHI u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk acwfrrDao;aom
a&S;OD;vlom;rsm; jzpfonf[k t"dy`g,faz:ygu/ rnfr#rSefuefygrnfenf;?
48

49. 49

50. aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif;wpfodef;avmufwGif/ ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.taqmuft
tkHrsm;rS ausmufwkH;tcsdKŒavmufom usef&pfvdrfhrnf? opfom;jzifhvkyfxm;aom
ypPnf;rsm;onf aqG;ajrŒoGm;I/ oHypPnf;rsm;onfvnf; oHacs;wufIausrGukefay
rnf? Oyrm/ qD&m*ifeef;awmf. vSyonfheH&Huyfyef;csDrsm;/ vSyx,f0gaomy&d
abm*rsm;/ cef‹nm;onfhuef‹vef‹umESifhaumfaZmrsm;/ rD;qdkif;ya'omrsm;ESifhrD;vkH;
rD;tdrfrsm;/ ponfwdk‹onfvnf; usefaeawmhrnfr[kwfay? tm;vkH;aysmufuG,f
ukefvdrfhrnf? qD&m*ifeef;awmfysuf-uD;udk cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS -unfholonf/ ausmuf
wkH;tpktykHrsm;ESifh eef;awmftkwfjrpfykHpHrsm;udkomawG‹&ayvdrfhrnf? TykHpHtwdkif;
awG‹jrifolonf/ u|Efkyfwdk‹acwfrS vlrsm;onf/ tajcwusaexdkifjcif;r&Sd-u
ao;bJ/ ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udk pkykHxm;I cdkatmif;aexdkif-uonf[k aumuf
csufcsygu/ xdkqef;ppfcsufonf vkH;0rSm;,Gif;rnfom jzpf.?
50

51. 51
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qD&m*ifeef;awmfuJhodk‹ vSywifhw,fonfhtaqmufttkHrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifayonf?
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vSyonfh uvumrsm;/ aumfaZmrsm;/ ponfwdk‹jzifh wefqmqifvdkufygu wzefpdwf
0ifpm;zG,f jyefvnfvSyvmayrnf?
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jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ynmA[kokwtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tajrmuftjrm;ydkrdkwdk;wufcJh-u
a-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf? uk&ftmeftm,wfawmf wpf
ydk'fwGif/ a&S;tvsifrSvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf tvGefw&mtqifhjrifha-umif; trdef‹&Sdxm;
.?
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jyKcJh-uv#if/ ‚if;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tvsif &SdcJh-ubl;-uaomolwdk‹. aemufqkH;
tusdK;onf rnfodk‹rnfykH &SdcJhonfudk jrif-u&ayrnf? xdka&S;ola[mif;wdk‹onf
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onf? odk‹wapvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹. jypfr+
'kp&dkufwdk‹a-umifh zrf;qD;uGyfrsufawmfrlcJh.? ‚if;wdk‹Y tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
jypf'%frS vGwfajrmufaprnfhol[lIvnf; wpfOD;wpfa,mufr#yif r&SdcJhay?
(pl&m tvfrktfrifef 40;21)

52. a&S;tvsif ESpfwpfoef;cGJuvlrsm;onf
tdkrif;rpGrf;olrsm;udk jyKpkcJh-u.?
People Living 1.5 Million Years Ago
Looked After Their Elderly
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8
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jyqdkonfh TawG‹&SdcsufESifhywfouf
I ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;,lxm;.?
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aom vlom;tjynfht0jzpf-ua-umif;yif jzpfayonf?
52