Information About Banks In Pakistan. Information About Islamic Banking.

1. ISLAMIC BANKING
Submitted by
Anas Abbasi R1F17ASCM0047
Haroon Bin Yaser R1F17BSCM0018
Hamza Ali Zafar R1F17BSCM0014
Fawad Talat R1F17BSCM0002
FEBURARY 13 2018

2. Submitted to
Prof. Amjad

3. What is a 'Bank?'
A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks
may also provide financial services, such as wealth management, currency exchange
and safe deposit boxes. There are two types of banks: commercial/retail banks and
investment banks. In most countries, banks are regulated by the national government
or central bank.
State Bank
A financial institution that has been chartered by a state to provide commercial
banking. A state bank is not the same as a central or reserve bank because those banks
are primarily concerned with influencing a government's monetary policy. In the
United States, state banks are not regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency (OCC) which is the federal agency that oversees banks that operate
nationally. Some state banks are regulated by the Federal Reserve, and those that are
not are regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
What is a 'Commercial Bank'
A commercial bank is a type of financial institution that accepts deposits, offers
checking account services, and makes business, personal and mortgage loans, and
offers basic financial products like certificates of deposit (CDs) and savings accounts
to individuals and small businesses. A commercial bank is where most people do their
banking, as opposed to an investment bank.

4. Characteristics / Features of a Bank ↓
1. Dealing in Money
Bank is a financial institution which deals with other people's money i.e. money given
by depositors.
2. Individual / Firm / Company
A bank may be a person, firm or a company. A banking company means a company
which is in the business of banking.
3. Acceptance of Deposit
A bank accepts money from the people in the form of deposits which are usually
repayable on demand or after the expiry of a fixed period. It gives safety to the
deposits of its customers. It also acts as a custodian of funds of its customers.
4. Giving Advances
A bank lends out money in the form of loans to those who require it for different
purposes.
5. Payment and Withdrawal

5. A bank provides easy payment and withdrawal facility to its customers in the form of
cheques and drafts, it also brings bank money in circulation. This money is in the
form of cheques, drafts, etc.
6. Agency and Utility Services
A bank provides various banking facilities to its customers. They include general
utility services and agency services.
7. Profit and Service Orientation
A bank is a profit seeking institution having service oriented approach.
8. Ever increasing Functions
Banking is an evolutionary concept. There is continuous expansion and diversification
as regards the functions, services and activities of a bank.
9. Connecting Link
A bank acts as a connecting link between borrowers and lenders of money. Banks
collect money from those who have surplus money and give the same to those who
are in need of money.
10. Banking Business
A bank's main activity should be to do business of banking which should not be
subsidiary to any other business.

6. 11. Name Identity
A bank should always add the word "bank" to its name to enable people to know that
it is a bank and that it is dealing in money.
History:
The history of banking began with the first prototype banks where the merchants of
the world, who made grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between
cities. This was around 2000 BC in Assyria and Sumeria. Later, in ancient Greece and
during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples made loans, while accepting
deposits and performing the change of money. Archaeology from this period in
ancient China and India also shows evidence of money lending activity.
Many histories position the crucial historical development of a banking system to
medieval and Renaissance Italy and particularly the affluent cities of Florence, Venice
and Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi Families dominated banking in 14th century
Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. The most famous
Italian bank was the Medici bank, established by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The oldest
bank still in existence is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, headquartered in Siena,
Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472.
The development of banking spread from northern Italy throughout the Holy Roman
Empire, and in the 15th and 16th century to northern Europe. This was followed by a
number of important innovations that took place in Amsterdam during the Dutch

7. Republic in the 17th century, and in London since the 18th century. During the 20th
century, developments in telecommunications and computing caused major changes to
banks' operations and let banks dramatically increase in size and geographic spread.
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 caused many bank failures, including some of the
world's largest banks, and provoked much debate about bank regulation.
Banking began with the first prototype banks of merchants of the ancient world,
which made grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities and
this system is known as a barter system. This began around 2000 BC in Assyria and
Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in
temples made loans and added two important innovations: they accepted deposits and
changed money. Archaeology from this period in ancient China and India also shows
evidence of money lending activity.
The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy,
to the rich cities in the center and north like Florence, Lucca, Siena, Venice and
Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence,
establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. One of the most famous Italian
banks was the Medici Bank, set up by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in 1397. The
earliest known state deposit bank, Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), was
founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy.
Modern banking practices, including fractional reserve banking and the issue of

8. banknotes, emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their
gold with the goldsmiths of London, who possessed private vaults, and charged a fee
for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued
receipts certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a Bailee; these
receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored
goods.
The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694).
Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend the money out on behalf of the depositor,
which led to the development of modern banking practices; promissory notes (which
evolved into banknotes) were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith.
The goldsmith paid interest on these deposits. Since the promissory notes were
payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were
repayable over a longer time period, this was an early form of fractional reserve
banking. The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could
circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise
to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of default. Thus, the
goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money
based on credit.
The Bank of England was the first to begin the permanent issue of banknotes, in 1695.

9. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728. By the
beginning of the 19th century a bankers' clearing house was established in London to
allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschild pioneered international
finance on a large scale, financing the purchase of the Suez Canal for the British
government.
Capital and risk
Banks face a number of risks in order to conduct their business, and how well these
risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much
capital a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of equity, retained
earnings and subordinated debt.
After the 2007-2009 financial crisis, regulators force banks to issue Contingent
convertible bonds (CoCos).These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in
accordance with their contractual terms when the capital of the issuing bank falls
below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalization gets a boost.
Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy
regulatory capital requirement.
Some of the main risks faced by banks include:

10. Credit risk: risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as
promised.
Liquidity risk: risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in
the market to prevent a loss (or make the required profit).
Market risk: risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a
trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors.
Operational risk: risk arising from execution of a company's business functions.
Reputational risk: a type of risk related to the trustworthiness of business.
Macroeconomic risk: risks related to the aggregate economy the bank is operating in.
The capital requirement is a bank regulation, which sets a framework within which a
bank or depository institution must manage its balance sheet. The categorization of
assets and capital is highly standardized so that it can be risk weighted.
Size of global banking industry:
Assets of the largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008/2009
financial year to a record US$96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$115
billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of
recapitalization. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008/2009,

11. down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14%
during the year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee
revenue generated by global investment banking totaled US$66.3 billion in 2009, up
12% on the previous year.
The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of
2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the
geography and regulatory structure of the USA, resulting in a large number of small to
medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of November 2009, China's top 4
banks have in excess of 67,000 branches (ICBC: 18000+, BOC: 12000+, CCB:
13000+, ABC: 24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined
number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany,
France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double the 15,000
branches in the UK.
Types of Banking:
Banks' activities can be divided into:
Retail banking, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses;
Business banking, providing services to mid-market business;

12. Corporate banking, directed at large business entities;
Private banking, providing wealth management services to high-net-worth individuals
and families;
Investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets.
Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by
government, or are non-profit organizations.
Types of banks:

13. National Bank of the Republic, Salt Lake City 1908

14. ATM Al-Rajhi Bank

15. National Copper Bank, Salt Lake City 1911

16. Commercial banks: the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an
investment bank. After the Great Depression, the U.S. Congress required that banks
only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to capital
market activities. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some
use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly
deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses.
Community banks: locally operated financial institutions that empower employees
to make local decisions to serve their customers and the partners.
Community development banks: regulated banks that provide financial services and
credit to under-served markets or populations.
Land development banks: The special banks providing long-term loans are called
land development banks (LDB). The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was
started at Jhang in Punjab in 1920. The main objective of the LDBs are to promote the
development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs
provide long-term finance to members directly through their branches.[24]
Credit unions or co-operative banks: not-for-profit cooperatives owned by the
depositors and often offering rates more favourable than for-profit banks. Typically,

17. membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined
area, members of a certain union or religious organizations, and their immediate
families.
Postal savings banks: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
Private Banks: banks that manage the assets of high-net-worth individuals.
Historically a minimum of USD 1 million was required to open an account, however,
over the last years many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to USD
350,000 for private investors.[citation needed]
Offshore banks: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation.
Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
Savings bank: in Europe, savings banks took their roots in the 19th or sometimes
even in the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible
savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were
created on public initiative; in others, socially committed individuals created
foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure. Nowadays, European savings
banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits and
insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this
retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralized
distribution network, providing local and regional outreach – and by their socially

18. responsible approach to business and society.
Building societies and Landesbanks: institutions that conduct retail banking.
Ethical banks: banks that prioritize the transparency of all operations and make only
what they consider to be socially responsible investments.
direct or internet-only bank is a banking operation without any physical bank
branches, conceived and implemented wholly with networked computers.
Types of investment banks
Investment banks "underwrite" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, trade for
their own accounts, make markets, provide investment management, and advise
corporations on capital market activities such as mergers and acquisitions.
Merchant banks were traditionally banks which engaged in trade finance. The
modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form
of shares rather than loans. Unlike venture caps, they tend not to invest in new
companies.
Both combined
Universal banks, more commonly known as financial services companies, engage in
several of these activities. These big banks are much diversified groups that, among

19. other services, also distribute insurance – hence the term bancassurance, a
portmanteau word combining "banque or bank" and "assurance", signifying that both
banking and insurance are provided by the same corporate entity.
Other types of banks
Central banks are normally government-owned and charged with quasi-regulatory
responsibilities, such as supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash interest
rate. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as the lender of
last resort in event of a crisis.
Islamic banks adhere to the concepts of Islamic law. This form of banking revolves
around several well-established principles based on Islamic canons. All banking
activities must avoid interest, a concept that is forbidden in Islam. Instead, the bank
earns profit (markup) and fees on the financing facilities that it extends to customers.
Globalization in the banking industry
In modern time there has been huge reductions to the barriers of global competition in
the banking industry. Increases in telecommunications and other financial
technologies, such as Bloomberg, have allowed banks to extend their reach all over
the world, since they no longer have to be near customers to manage both their
finances and their risk. The growth in cross-border activities has also increased the
demand for banks that can provide various services across borders to different
nationalities. However, despite these reductions in barriers and growth in cross-border

20. activities, the banking industry is nowhere near as globalized as some other industries.
In the USA, for instance, very few banks even worry about the Riegle–Neal Act,
which promotes more efficient interstate banking. In the vast majority of nations
around the globe the market share for foreign owned banks is currently less than a
tenth of all market shares for banks in a particular nation. One reason the banking
industry has not been fully globalized is that it is more convenient to have local banks
provide loans to small business and individuals. On the other hand, for large
corporations, it is not as important in what nation the bank is in, since the
corporation's financial information is available around the globe.
Total Number of Schedule Banks on June 30th, 2017:
1. Al Baraka Bank (Pakistan) Limited.
2. Allied Bank Limited.
3. Askari Bank Limited.
4. Bank Alfalah Limited.
5. Bank Al-Habib Limited.
6. BankIslami Pakistan Limited.
7. Citi Bank N.A.
8. Deutsche Bank A.G.

21. 9. The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ
10. Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited.
11. Faysal Bank Limited.
12. First Women Bank Limited.
13. Habib Bank Limited.
14. Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan) Limited.
15. Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited.
16. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
17. Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan.
18. JS Bank Limited.
19. MCB Bank Limited.
20. MCB Islamic Bank Limited.
21. Meezan Bank Limited.
22. National Bank of Pakistan.
23. S.M.E. Bank Limited.
24. Samba Bank Limited.

22. 25. Silk Bank Limited.
26. Sindh Bank Limited.
27. Soneri Bank Limited.
28. Summit Bank Limited.
29. The Bank of Khyber.
30. The Bank of Punjab.
31. The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Limited.
32. United Bank Limited.
33. Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited.
34. NIB Bank Limited. (Now merged with MCB Bank on July 7th, 2017)
Public Sector Schedule Banks
1. National Bank of Pakistan
2. The Bank of Punjab
3. Sindh Bank
4. Bank of Khyber

23. 5. First Women Bank
Specialized Schedule banks
1. Industrial Development Bank
2. SME Bank
3. The Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank
4. Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited
Private Banks:
1. Askari Bank
2. Allied Bank Limited
3. MCB Bank Limited
4. Bank Alfalah
5. Bank Al Habib
6. Faysal Bank
7. HBL Pakistan

24. 8. Habib Metropolitan Bank
9. NIB Bank
10. Samba Bank Limited
11. Silk Bank Limited
12. Standard Chartered Pakistan
13. Soneri Bank
14. Summit Bank
15. United Bank Limited
16. JS Bank
Islamic banks:
There are many Islamic banks working in Pakistan. The list of banks is given below:
1. Meezan Bank Limited
2. Dubai Islamic Bank
3. Al Baraka Bank
4. Bank Alfalah Islamic
5. BankIslami Pakistan Limited

25. 6. Askari Bank Ltd
7. MCB Islamic Baking
8. UBL Islamic Banking
9. HBL Islamic Banking
10. National Bank of Pakistan
11. Bank Al Habib Islamic Banking
12. Emirates Global Islamic Bank Limited
13. Allied Bank Islamic Banking
These are the names of Islamic banks having accreditation license from the state bank
of Pakistan.
Foreign Banks:
1. Deutsche Bank AG
2. Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFG
3. Citi Bank N.A
4. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited

26. 5. Standard Chartered Pakistan
6. Bank of China
7. Samba Bank Limited
Micro-finance Banks:
1. OPP-OCT Microfinance Bank (Km Khoso)
2. NRSP Microfinance Bank
3. Apna Microfinance Bank Ltd
4. FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited
5. Mobilink Microfinance Bank Limited
6. Pak-Oman Microfinance Bank Ltd
7. Telenor Microfinance Bank Limited (TMFB)
8. The First Microfinance Bank Ltd (FMFB)
9. Sindh MicroFinance Bank Ltd (SMFB)
10. U Microfinance Bank Limited
11. Advans Pakistan Microfinance Bank Limited

27. Development Finance Institutions:
1. House Building Finance Company Limited
2. Pak Brunei investment Company Limited
3. Pak-China Investment Company Limited
4. PAIR Investment Company Limited
5. Pakistan Kuwait Investment Company Limited
6. Pak Libya Holding Company Limited
7. Pak Oman Investment Company Limited
9. Saudi Pak Industrial & Agricultural Investment Company Limited
State Bank of Pakistan
The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank of Pakistan. While its
constitution, as originally laid down in the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948,
remained basically unchanged until January 1, 1974, when the bank was nationalized,
the scope of its functions was considerably enlarged. The State Bank of Pakistan Act
1956, with subsequent amendments, forms the basis of its operations today. The
headquarters are located in the financial capital of Pakistan, Karachi with branch
offices in 15 cities across Pakistan, including the capital city, Islamabad and the four
provincial capitals.

28. History
Before independence on 14 August 1947, during British colonial regime, the Reserve
Bank of India was the central bank for both India and Pakistan. On the 30th of
December 1948 the British Government's commission distributed the Reserve Bank of
India's reserves between Pakistan and India −30 percent (750 M gold) for Pakistan
and 70 percent for India.
The losses incurred in the transition to independence, the small amount taken from
Pakistan's share (a total of 230 million). In May 1948 Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(Founder of Pakistan) took steps to establish the State Bank of Pakistan immediately.
These were implemented in June 1948, and the State Bank of Pakistan commenced
operation on July 1, 1948.
Under the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, the state bank of Pakistan was charged
with the duty to "regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view
to securing monetary stability in Pakistan and generally to operate the currency and
credit system of the country to its advantage".
Initially, a large percent of the state bank was funded by industrial families, who
Quaid-e-Azam promoted. They would allot a percentage of their annual profit towards
the functioning of the bank. Most notably, the Valika Family would allocate the
largest share amongst these families, who also possessed good ties with the Quaid,
since September 1947 when the Quaid laid the foundations of the first textile mill of

29. Pakistan, Valika Textile Mills.
A large section of the state bank's duties was widened when the State Bank of
Pakistan Act 1956 was introduced. It required the state bank to "regulate the monetary
and credit system of Pakistan and to foster its growth in the best national interest with
a view to securing monetary stability and fuller utilization of the country’s productive
resources". In February 1994, the State Bank was given full autonomy, during the
financial sector reforms.
On January 21, 1997, this autonomy was further strengthened when the government
issued three Amendment Ordinances (which were approved by the Parliament in May
1997). Those included were the State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956, Banking
Companies Ordinance, 1962 and Banks Nationalization Act, 1974. These changes
gave full and exclusive authority to the State Bank to regulate the banking sector, to
conduct an independent monetary policy and to set a limit on government borrowings
from the State Bank of Pakistan. The amendments to the Banks Nationalization Act
brought the end of the Pakistan Banking Council (an institution established to look
after the affairs of NCBs) and allowed the jobs of the council to be appointed to the
Chief Executives, Boards of the Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) and
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs). The State Bank having a role in their
appointment and removal. The amendments also increased the autonomy and
accountability of the chief executives, the Boards of Directors of banks and DFIs.

30. The State Bank of Pakistan also performs both the traditional and developmental
functions to achieve macroeconomic goals. The traditional functions may be classified
into two groups:
1) The primary functions including an issue of notes, regulation and supervision of the
financial system, bankers’ bank, lender of the last resort, banker to Government, and
conduct of monetary policy.
2) The secondary functions including the agency function like management of public
debt, management of foreign exchange, etc., and other functions like advising the
government on policy matters and maintaining close relationships with international
financial institutions.
The non-traditional or promotional functions, performed by the State Bank include the
development of a financial framework, institutionalization of savings and investment,
provision of training facilities to bankers, and provision of credit to priority sectors.
The State Bank also has been playing an active part in the process of Islamization of
the banking system.
The Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of
the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory
institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the
Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico.
Regulation of liquidity

31. The State Bank of Pakistan has also been entrusted with the responsibility to carry out
monetary and credit policy in accordance with Government targets for growth and
inflation with the recommendations of the Monetary and Fiscal Policies Co-ordination
Board without trying to effect the macroeconomic policy objectives.
The state bank also regulates the volume and the direction of flow of credit to
different uses and sectors, the state bank makes use of both direct and indirect
instruments of monetary management. During the 1980s, Pakistan embarked upon a
program of financial sector reforms, which lead to a number of fundamental changes.
Due to these changed the conduct of monetary management which brought about
changes to the administrative controls and quantitative restrictions to market based
monetary management. A reserve money management program has been developed,
for intermediate target of M2, which would be achieved by observing the desired path
of reserve money – the operating target.
State Bank of Pakistan has changed the format and designs of many bank notes which
are currently in circulation in Pakistan. These steps were taken to overcome the
problems of fraudulent activities.
Banking
The State Bank of Pakistan looks into many ranges of banking to deal with changes in
the economic climate and different purchasing and buying powers. Here are some of

32. the banking areas that the bank looks into:
State Bank’s Shariah Board approves essentials and model agreements for Islamic
modes of financing
Procedure for submitting claims with SBP in respect of unclaimed deposits
surrendered by banks/DFIs
Banking sector supervision in Pakistan
Microfinance
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
Minimum capital requirements for Banks
Remittance facilities in Pakistan
Opening of foreign currency accounts with banks in Pakistan under new scheme
Handbook of corporate governance
Guidelines on risk management
Guidelines on commercial paper
Guidelines on securitization
SBP Scheme for agricultural financing
Bank assets and liabilities

33. This is a chart of trend of major assets and liabilities reported by scheduled
commercial banks to the State Bank of Pakistan with figures in millions of Pakistani
rupees.
Legal services
Library
Payment system
Real time gross settlement system (RTGS system)
Small and medium enterprises
Training and Development Department (TDD)
Treasury operations
Strategic and corporate planning
Microfinance
Pakistan remittance initiative
Remittances
Information Systems and Technology Department
Risk Management Department
Governor

34. The principal officer of the SBP is the Governor. Since 7 July 2017, the Governor has
been Tariq Bajwa.
Board of Directors
The Board (previously known as the Central Board) consists of ten members: the
Governor (who is Chairman), the Secretary, Finance Division, Government of
Pakistan – and eight Directors, including one Director from each Province, to be
nominated by the Federal Government. The Directors (and the Governor) are
appointed for a term of three years. Traditionally, these directors (other than Secretary,
Finance Division) are re-appointed for a second term, though this is not a requirement
of the law, and there have been a few exceptions to this practice.
The current Board of Directors consists of the following (there being two vacancies):
1. Tariq Bajwa (Governor SBP)
2. Waqar Masood Khan (Secretary Finance)
3. Tariq Hassan
4. Hafiz Mohammad Yousaf
5. Zubyr Soomro
6. Khawaja Iqbal Hassan
7. Ardeshir Khursheed Marker

35. 8. Bairum Khan
9. Sarmad Amin