2. Oilseed crops based intercropping
Name of Speaker
Patel Hardik A.
3rd Sem. M.Sc.(Agri.) Agronomy
Reg. No.: 2010115082
N. M. College of Agriculture
N.A.U., Navsari-396 450
Major Guide
Dr. A. D. Raj
Subject Matter Specialist
(Agronomy)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Navsari Agricultural University
Dediapada, dist. Narmada
Minor Guide
Dr. G. G. Patel
I/c. Professor and Head
Dept. of Soil Science and
Agril. chemistry
N. M. College of Agriculture
N.A.U., Navsari-396 450
3. Introduction
Objectives of intercropping
Principles of intercropping
Types of intercropping
Requirements of intercropping
Advantage and disadvantage of intercropping
Review of research work
Conclusion
Contents
4. Oilseed crops are grown primarily for the oil contained in the
seed.
India has the largest area about 28.05 million hectares and
production about 32.74 million tons of oilseeds in the world.
Among the nine oilseed crops grown in the country, seven are of
edible oil (soybean, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard sunflower,
sesame, safflower and niger) and two are of non-edible oils (castor
and linseed).
Introduction
4
5. Among the oilseed crops, rapeseed-mustard ranked next to
ground nut and soybean in contribution to the oilseed production.
Oilseeds are mainly used for extraction of edible oils and it is the
chief source of fats and proteins.
In general oilseed crops are grown as a sole crop. Cultivating
oilseed crops as a sole crop with wide spacing is usually found to
be risky and less remunerative.
Intercropping in oilseed crops is of significance because of higher
profit and stabilized yield advantage, especially under adverse
weather conditions.
5
6. The basic concept of intercropping system involves growing
together two or more crops with the assumption that two crops can
exploit the environment better than one and ultimately produce the
higher yield (Reddy and Willy, 1981) because the component crops
differ in resources use and when grown together they complement
each other and make overall better use of resources.
This practice leads to some benefit like yield advantage as
compared to sole cropping and greater stability of yield over
different seasons.
Intercropping system utilizes resources efficiently and increases
the productivity. 6
7. Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation. September 20, 2015.
7
8. Table 1: Major oilseed crops area, production and productivity
in India (2013-2014).
Crop
Area
(m ha)
Production
(m tonnes)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Soybean 11.716 11.861 1012
Mustard/Rapeseed 6.646 7.877 1185
Groundnut 5.505 9.714 1764
Sesame 1.679 0.715 426
Castor 1.063 1.727 1624
Sunflower 0.672 0.504 750
Niger 0.299 0.098 328
Linseed 0.293 0.142 484
Safflower 0.178 0.113 638
Oilseed all 28.051 32.749 1168
Source: IIOR, Rajendranagar (Hyderabad) 2013-14
8
9. Crop
Area
(lakh ha)
Production
(lakh M.T.)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Groundnut 18.42 54.45 2956
Castor 6.27 12.92 2060
Mustard/Rapeseed 2.82 4.46 1581
Sesame 2.36 1.24 525
Others 0.31 0.14 451
Total Oilseeds 30.18 73.21 2425
Table 2: Oilseed crops area and production and productivity in
Gujarat (2013-14).
Source: Agriculture & Cooperation Department, Govt. of Gujarat (2013-14)
9
10. Major oilseed crops are grown in India
Groundnut Safflower Sunflower
Soybean MustardLinseed
Castor Sesame Niger
10
11. Soybean based
Soybean + Groundnut
Soybean + Pigeon pea
Soybean + Pearl millet
Soybean + Sorghum
Soybean + Cotton
Soybean + Castor
Castor based
Castor + Sesame
Castor + Pearl millet
Castor + Groundnut
Castor + Mung bean
Castor + Urdbean
Castor + Pigeon pea
Groundnut based
Groundnut + Castor
Groundnut + Pigeon pea
Groundnut + Sunflower
Groundnut + Sesame
Sesame based
Sesame + Groundnut
Sesame + Black gram
Sesame + Pigeon pea
Sunflower based
Sunflower + Ground nut
Sunflower + Castor
Mustard based
Mustard + Chick pea
Mustard +Groundnut
Safflower based
Safflower + Wheat
Safflower + Chick pea
Safflower + Linseed
Linseed based
Linseed + Chick pea
Linseed + Wheat
Linseed + Safflower
Intercropping system following in India
11
12. Intercropping
Intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on
the same piece of land with a definite row pattern.
It is the intensification of cropping in time and space dimension
12
13. Why intercropping ?
1. Stability: Intercropping adds diversity to the cropping system and
diversity tends to lead to stability.
2. Reduced chemical use: Intercropping may allow for lower input
levels in cropping system by reducing fertilizer and pesticide
requirements.
3. Over yielding: Over yielding occurs when the yield produced by an
intercrop is larger than the yield produced by the component crops
grown in monoculture on the same total land area.
Over yielding is calculated using the Land Equivalency Ratio.
When the LER is greater than 1, over yielding is occurring and
the intercrop is more productive than the component crops grown as
sole crops.
When the LER is less than 1, no over yielding is occurring and
the sole crops are more productive than the intercrop.
13
14. Objectives of intercropping
To utilize the space between two rows of main and intercrop
per unit area.
Insurance against total crop failure under aberrant weather
conditions or pest epidemics.
Judicious utilization of resources such as land, labour and
inputs.
Increase in total productivity per unit land area.
14
15. Principles of intercropping
Should have complementary effects rather competitive effects.
Should be shorter duration and of faster growing habits.
Should have similar agronomic practices.
Erect growing crops should be intercropped with cover crops.
The component crops should have different root depth.
Select crops as per the characteristics and constraints of soils.
15
17. Row intercropping:
Growing two or more crops
simultaneously where one or more
crops are planted in rows.
Strip intercropping:
Growing two or more crops
simultaneously in different strips wide
enough to permit independent
cultivation but narrow enough for the
crops to interact agronomically. 17
18. Relay intercropping:
Growing two or more crops
simultaneously during part of the life
cycle of each. A second crop is planted
after the first crop has reached its
reproductive stage but before it is ready
for harvest.
18
19. Parallel cropping:
Cultivation of such crops which have
different natural habit and zero
competition.
Eg.- Maize + Greengram
Companion cropping:
Such intercropping where the
production of both intercrops is equal
to that of its solid planting.
Eg.- Sugacane + Musturd/Potato/Onion
19
20. Intercropping: on the basis of percent of plant population :-
1. Additive series
2. Replacement series
Additive series intercropping
In such type of intercropping, one crop is main crop or base crop
and another crop is intercrop
Intercrop introduced into the base crop by adjusting or changing
crop geometry, i.e., addition of intercrop to the base crop
The plant population of base crop is same to recommended
population in pure stand where as that of intercrop is less.
20
21. Replacement series intercropping
Both the crops are component crops. Neither is the base crop
or is the inter crop
It means the plant population of both component crops is less
than their recommended population in pure stand
This type of intercropping is widely adopted in western
countries
21
22. The time of peak nutrient demands of component crops should
not overlap.
Competition for light should be minimum among the
component crops.
Complementarily should exist between the component crops.
The differences in maturity of component crops should be at
least 30 days.
Important requirements for
successful intercropping
22
23. 1. Solar Radiation
2. Water and Nutrients
3. Allelopathy
4. Annidation
Annidation in Space
Annidation in Time
5. Other complementary effects
Interactions in Intercropping
23
24. Additional yield is obtain from unit area of land .
Additional care is not needed for the companion crop because
principle crop supplement the requirement of the companion crop.
Helps to restore soil fertility, if legumes are included as inter crops.
Control the weed as well as soil erosion is possible.
Intercrop provide shade and support to the other crop.
Practiced as an insurance against crop failure under rainfed
condition.
Utilizes resources efficiently and productivity is increased.
Intercropping with cash crops is highly profitable.
Advantages of intercropping
24
25. Disadvantages of intercropping
Yield decreases because of adverse competition effect.
Allelopathic effect.
Creates obstruction in the field operations.
Higher amount of fertilizer or irrigation water cannot be utilized
properly as the component crops vary in their response of these
resources.
Harvesting is difficult.
25
50. Table 20: Effect of various weed management practices and intercropping
systems on sunflower yield, SEY and economics.
Treatment
Sunflower
yield
(kg/ha)
Sunflower
equivalent
yield (kg/ha)
Net income
(kg/ha)
B : C ratio
Cropping systems
Sole sunflower 1169 1169 7975 1.70
Sunflower + blackgram (1: 1) 1485 1941 19368 2.60
Sunflower + sesame (1: 1) 1377 1653 15634 2.35
LSD (P=0.05) 79 - - -
Weed management practices
Unweeded control 860 1016 7190 1.76
Hand weeding twice 1560 1855 17715 2.37
Fluchloralin 1 kg /ha 1355 1568 13874 2.22
Fluchloralin 1 kg/ ha + 1HW 1598 1911 18524 2.50
LSD (P=0.05) 91 - - -
Hand weeding
Vedharethinam et al.(2004)Annamalainagar (Tamilnadu)
50
51. Table 21: Effect of Sunflower + French bean intercropping system on sunflower
equivalent yield and economic (mean data of 2 years)
Treatment
Sunflower
equivalent
yield (q/ha)
Net income
(Rs./ha)
B : C ratio
T1: Sole sunflower 9.82 8662 1.67
T2: Sole french bean 10.06 9474 1.74
T3: Sunflower + french bean (1:1) 11.22 10720 1.76
T4: Sunflower + french bean (2:2) 12.31 13138 1.95
CD (P=0.05) 0.41 542 0.07
Wadura (Jammu and Kashmir) Singh (2007)
51
52. Conclusion
Introduction of various intercrop in oilseed
crops not only improve the yield of crops, but
also improve the soil fertility, WUE and
suppress weeds to increase income.
52