This document summarizes a study that examines the websites of the 20 largest cities in the US to analyze their use of e-government and e-governance applications. The study finds that while e-government functions like paying bills and accessing information are prominently featured, e-governance applications that promote civic participation are only marginally present. The document provides context on the concepts of e-government and e-governance and different theories of how technology is managed in the public sector. It also outlines examples of common e-government and e-governance applications that were examined in the municipal websites.
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study.
Towards a sustainable e-Participation implementation model ePractice.eu
Author: M. Sirajul Islam.
This paper proposes a framework for an effective e-Participation model that can be suitable under certain socio-economic settings and applicable to any country. Most of such previous initiatives were experimental in nature and lacked in both public awareness and clearly defined expected outcomes.
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study
A Mediating Role of Knowledge Management System in the Relationship between I...Editor IJCATR
This paper as a qualitative paper attempts to review extant research in term of e-government performance, knowledge
management system, and information technology infrastructure. Nowadays, various countries are trying to improve their performance
by using information technology. In this regard, knowledge management can be considered an influential factor which plays a vital
role in the relationship between IT infrastructure and e-government performance. In the sequel, this paper proposes a framework which
can be applied for future study.
Towards a sustainable e-Participation implementation model ePractice.eu
Author: M. Sirajul Islam.
This paper proposes a framework for an effective e-Participation model that can be suitable under certain socio-economic settings and applicable to any country. Most of such previous initiatives were experimental in nature and lacked in both public awareness and clearly defined expected outcomes.
The Contribution of Information Technology Infrastructure in the Information ...IJRES Journal
There are some great innovations in e-government during the past decade. And there is intense competition between some governments and leaders in the supply of services on the Internet. Some countries do not want to stay behind in this area, where many governments have developed detailed strategies to realize the e-government programs. Despite differences in goals behind these programs from one country to another, but there are still many points of convergence between them particularly in information technology infrastructure field. However, Problems associated with the process of application and adoption of e-government due to poor systems and infrastructure construction, which negatively affects the adoption of the public services through the e-government portal, in particular in developing countries. This study argued contribution the information technology Infrastructure in Information Systems success in e-government agencies. Where there are weaknesses in the understanding of this contribution and its importance in many developing countries, so the researcher proposed a model to clarify this contribution, and expected a positive relationship between the information technology infrastructure factors and information systems success, and this affects positively or negatively the adoption of e-government.
Dona.d F. NorrisUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore County.docxmadlynplamondon
Dona.d F. Norris
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Christopher G. Reddick
University of Texas at San Antonio
Local E-Government in the United States: Transformation
or Incremental Change?
The findings of this article
indicate that e-government has
developed incrementally and
has not been transformative, as
many early writers envisioned.
In this article, the authors address the recent trajectory of
local e-gouernment in the United States and compare it
with the predictions of early e-govemment writings, using
empirical data from two nationwide surveys of e-govern-
ment among American local governments. The authors
findtha: local e-government has not produced the results
that those writings predicted. Instead, its development
has largely been incremental, and local e-government is
mainly about delivering information and services online,
followed by a few transactions and limited inter activity.
Local e-government is also mainly one way, from govern-
ment to citizens, and there is little or no evidence that it
is transjormatiue in any way This disparity between early
predictions and actual results is partly attributable to the
incremental nature of American public administration.
Other reasons include a lack of attention by earl) writers
to the history of information technology in government
and the influence of technological determinism on those
writings.
For much of the past two decades, govern-ments across the globe have been adopt-ing and expanding an innovative means of
delivering government information and services to
citizens (G2C), businesses (G2B), and governments
(G2G). This phenomenon has come to be known as
electronic government or e-government. Today, all
national governments, nearly all subnational govern-
ments, and most local govern-
ments of any size have official
Web sites through which they
deliver information and services
electronically, 24 hours per day,
seven days per week. By almost
any standard, this is an incred-
ible story of technology adop-
tion by governments over a very
short period of time.
As we will discuss in the literature review, in the early
days of e-government, numerous predictions were
made about its development or evolution, many
of which were highly optimistic, suggesting that
e-government would be not only ever expanding but
also ever progressive. E-government, so the claims
went, would improve the effectiveness and efficiency
of government information and service delivery. It
would also lead to an end state that would include
the integration of information and service delivery
both within and among governments, would trans-
form governments themselves, would fundamentally
transform relations between governments and the
governed, and, ultimately, would produce electronic
democracy.
Empirical studies conducted in recent years have
increasingly called into question the validity and accu-
racy of such predictions, suggesting that they were not
informed by relevant prior literature, were te ...
The current economic and social environment is pushing governments to transformational change in order to meet increasing public expectations of public-sector value and cost effective outcomes. Modern information and communication technology (ICT) has shown its potential to enable government service availability and delivery, but governments are relying on their agencies to create their own value systems without reference to national-level service and value oriented agendas. This article explores the role of technology in developing more effective and joined up government. It proposes a framework for governments and policy makers to guide them in the field of service provision and overall governance. The components of the proposed framework reflect fields of practice that in which governments should engage to ensure that their agencies comply with strategic national information technology (IT) objectives.
2Running Head THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.docxrhetttrevannion
2
Running Head: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
2
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Name
Institution Affiliations
Abstract
Social media include blogs, microblogs and even electronic social networks. They are generally believed to have transformed the manner in which individuals relate with each other. This applied research assessment which therefore explore on the influence of social media in the public sector. Within the public sector, there are prevalent evidences which justify the impact of the social media in the public sector. There have been numerous cases in which individuals have a norm to communications within the noticeable one-way fashion for several decades. This applied research will explore various aspects on how social media has influenced the public sector. Besides, it will navigate how social media has entirely contributed to the growth of the public sector both in negative and positive effects. This will include the review of the literature of what other researchers have done on the topic. Comment by Tiffany H: This applied research assessment explores the influence of social media in the public sector. Comment by Tiffany H: And will navigate through how social media Comment by Tiffany H: Should this start with besides?
Table of Contents
· Problem or Issue Statement.
· Introduction.
· Review of Literature.
· Research Methodology.
· Findings.
· Analysis.
· Recommendations.
· References.
Problem or Issue Statement
Government agencies have gradually but progressively adopted social technologies to execute their tasks better. Such social technologies can accumulatively reengineer the old model of the public sector. This is due to the fact they facilitate substantial chances to accelerating the transparency as well as prevalence within the government agencies and its departments. It besides can increase the trustworthy in government from its respective citizens. Through social media, there can be creation of new forms of participation of citizens as well as the engagement in public issues. Besides, social media has enhanced both intra-organizational and inter-organizational collaboration. There is therefore an essential need to look into various ways that the social media have really enhanced an achievement of such empirical formalities within the government structure hence developing the citizen-government relationship. Comment by Tiffany H: Accelerate the transparency of what? Comment by Tiffany H: Remove Comment by Tiffany H: has
From a contextual perspective, it is evident to state that the relationship and collaboration between the government and the citizen have been greatly altered, advanced by the use of social media. In addition, this has heightened the participation of the citizens in most of the government projects which have been overseen and controlled by the government offices. The .
Analyzing E-Government Development in Kudus Local Government Using SWOT AnalysisEdhie Wibowo
E-government is an important tool for public sector transformation and a force for effective governance, and the Government of Indonesia has been trying to utilize the advances of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) for the public. This research tries to analyze the e-government developments in Kudus Local Government to find the strength and weakness within the organization, as well as the opportunity and threat outside the organization.Using qualitative analysis method, a field research has been done in Kudus Local Government. All findings then analyzed to find the best using SWOT Analysis.The result of this research shows us, that e-government development in Kudus Local Government could be improved in the future by using the precise analysis in the development process to create the best strategic plans based on the analysis and could be used as an insight to develop a new system more effective and efficient in the future.
The Contribution of Information Technology Infrastructure in the Information ...IJRES Journal
There are some great innovations in e-government during the past decade. And there is intense competition between some governments and leaders in the supply of services on the Internet. Some countries do not want to stay behind in this area, where many governments have developed detailed strategies to realize the e-government programs. Despite differences in goals behind these programs from one country to another, but there are still many points of convergence between them particularly in information technology infrastructure field. However, Problems associated with the process of application and adoption of e-government due to poor systems and infrastructure construction, which negatively affects the adoption of the public services through the e-government portal, in particular in developing countries. This study argued contribution the information technology Infrastructure in Information Systems success in e-government agencies. Where there are weaknesses in the understanding of this contribution and its importance in many developing countries, so the researcher proposed a model to clarify this contribution, and expected a positive relationship between the information technology infrastructure factors and information systems success, and this affects positively or negatively the adoption of e-government.
Dona.d F. NorrisUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore County.docxmadlynplamondon
Dona.d F. Norris
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Christopher G. Reddick
University of Texas at San Antonio
Local E-Government in the United States: Transformation
or Incremental Change?
The findings of this article
indicate that e-government has
developed incrementally and
has not been transformative, as
many early writers envisioned.
In this article, the authors address the recent trajectory of
local e-gouernment in the United States and compare it
with the predictions of early e-govemment writings, using
empirical data from two nationwide surveys of e-govern-
ment among American local governments. The authors
findtha: local e-government has not produced the results
that those writings predicted. Instead, its development
has largely been incremental, and local e-government is
mainly about delivering information and services online,
followed by a few transactions and limited inter activity.
Local e-government is also mainly one way, from govern-
ment to citizens, and there is little or no evidence that it
is transjormatiue in any way This disparity between early
predictions and actual results is partly attributable to the
incremental nature of American public administration.
Other reasons include a lack of attention by earl) writers
to the history of information technology in government
and the influence of technological determinism on those
writings.
For much of the past two decades, govern-ments across the globe have been adopt-ing and expanding an innovative means of
delivering government information and services to
citizens (G2C), businesses (G2B), and governments
(G2G). This phenomenon has come to be known as
electronic government or e-government. Today, all
national governments, nearly all subnational govern-
ments, and most local govern-
ments of any size have official
Web sites through which they
deliver information and services
electronically, 24 hours per day,
seven days per week. By almost
any standard, this is an incred-
ible story of technology adop-
tion by governments over a very
short period of time.
As we will discuss in the literature review, in the early
days of e-government, numerous predictions were
made about its development or evolution, many
of which were highly optimistic, suggesting that
e-government would be not only ever expanding but
also ever progressive. E-government, so the claims
went, would improve the effectiveness and efficiency
of government information and service delivery. It
would also lead to an end state that would include
the integration of information and service delivery
both within and among governments, would trans-
form governments themselves, would fundamentally
transform relations between governments and the
governed, and, ultimately, would produce electronic
democracy.
Empirical studies conducted in recent years have
increasingly called into question the validity and accu-
racy of such predictions, suggesting that they were not
informed by relevant prior literature, were te ...
The current economic and social environment is pushing governments to transformational change in order to meet increasing public expectations of public-sector value and cost effective outcomes. Modern information and communication technology (ICT) has shown its potential to enable government service availability and delivery, but governments are relying on their agencies to create their own value systems without reference to national-level service and value oriented agendas. This article explores the role of technology in developing more effective and joined up government. It proposes a framework for governments and policy makers to guide them in the field of service provision and overall governance. The components of the proposed framework reflect fields of practice that in which governments should engage to ensure that their agencies comply with strategic national information technology (IT) objectives.
2Running Head THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.docxrhetttrevannion
2
Running Head: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
2
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Name
Institution Affiliations
Abstract
Social media include blogs, microblogs and even electronic social networks. They are generally believed to have transformed the manner in which individuals relate with each other. This applied research assessment which therefore explore on the influence of social media in the public sector. Within the public sector, there are prevalent evidences which justify the impact of the social media in the public sector. There have been numerous cases in which individuals have a norm to communications within the noticeable one-way fashion for several decades. This applied research will explore various aspects on how social media has influenced the public sector. Besides, it will navigate how social media has entirely contributed to the growth of the public sector both in negative and positive effects. This will include the review of the literature of what other researchers have done on the topic. Comment by Tiffany H: This applied research assessment explores the influence of social media in the public sector. Comment by Tiffany H: And will navigate through how social media Comment by Tiffany H: Should this start with besides?
Table of Contents
· Problem or Issue Statement.
· Introduction.
· Review of Literature.
· Research Methodology.
· Findings.
· Analysis.
· Recommendations.
· References.
Problem or Issue Statement
Government agencies have gradually but progressively adopted social technologies to execute their tasks better. Such social technologies can accumulatively reengineer the old model of the public sector. This is due to the fact they facilitate substantial chances to accelerating the transparency as well as prevalence within the government agencies and its departments. It besides can increase the trustworthy in government from its respective citizens. Through social media, there can be creation of new forms of participation of citizens as well as the engagement in public issues. Besides, social media has enhanced both intra-organizational and inter-organizational collaboration. There is therefore an essential need to look into various ways that the social media have really enhanced an achievement of such empirical formalities within the government structure hence developing the citizen-government relationship. Comment by Tiffany H: Accelerate the transparency of what? Comment by Tiffany H: Remove Comment by Tiffany H: has
From a contextual perspective, it is evident to state that the relationship and collaboration between the government and the citizen have been greatly altered, advanced by the use of social media. In addition, this has heightened the participation of the citizens in most of the government projects which have been overseen and controlled by the government offices. The .
Analyzing E-Government Development in Kudus Local Government Using SWOT AnalysisEdhie Wibowo
E-government is an important tool for public sector transformation and a force for effective governance, and the Government of Indonesia has been trying to utilize the advances of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) for the public. This research tries to analyze the e-government developments in Kudus Local Government to find the strength and weakness within the organization, as well as the opportunity and threat outside the organization.Using qualitative analysis method, a field research has been done in Kudus Local Government. All findings then analyzed to find the best using SWOT Analysis.The result of this research shows us, that e-government development in Kudus Local Government could be improved in the future by using the precise analysis in the development process to create the best strategic plans based on the analysis and could be used as an insight to develop a new system more effective and efficient in the future.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. SPAEF
A STUDY OF E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF
MUNICIPAL WEBSITES
Author(s): MARIA J. D'AGOSTINO, RICHARD SCHWESTER, TONY CARRIZALES and JAMES
MELITSKI
Source: Public Administration Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1 (SPRING 2011), pp. 3-25
Published by: SPAEF
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804540
Accessed: 23-01-2019 21:20 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804540?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
SPAEF is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Public
Administration Quarterly
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
2. PAQ SPRING 2011 3
A STUDY OF E-GOVERNMENT AND
E-GOVERNANCE: AN EMPIRICAL
EXAMINATION OF MUNICIPAL WEBSITES
MARIA J. D'AGOSTINO
RICHARD SCHWESTER
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
TONY CARRIZALES
JAMES MELITSKI
Marist College, School of Management
ABSTRACT
Website progression has been rapid in the public sector, especially in
terms of functionality and performance. Public sector websites have
sought to go beyond the static dissemination of contact information
The following study highlights two constructs of information
technology and the public sector: e-government and e-governance. A
examination of websites for the 20 largest cities in the U.S. reveals th
e-government is prominently practiced. However, e-governanc
applications are only marginally practiced via the Internet. The resear
further highlights the most popular website functions offered
municipalities.
INTRODUCTION
Website progression has been rapid in the publi
sector, especially in terms of functionality and
performance. Public sector websites have sought to
beyond the static dissemination of contact information. T
following study highlights two constructs of informati
technology and the public sector: e-government and
governance. We approach this study with understand
that the use of technology by government has two disti
functions. These two functions of the governmen
technology relationship are distinctly identified as e
government and e-governance. E-government focuses
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
3. 4 PAQ SPRING 20 11
government services that are
citizens. In contrast, e-govem
dynamic between government
paper therefore examines the
populous cities in the U.S. are
e-governance applications.
Literature Review
In recent years, the study of technology and
management in public organizations has involved the
examination of how government agencies present
themselves to citizens and other stakeholders on the
Internet. This study furthers such approaches, but it also
recognizes the competing paradigms involved in the
formulation, implementation, and subsequent evaluation of
government websites. Much like the field of public
administration itself, technology management researchers
in government have debated whether their normative
purpose should be to automate and make the operation of
government more efficient, or whether the purpose of
technology in government lies in the promotion of
participatory management techniques that engage citizens
in decision-making and builds trust in government. Further
complicating matters, recent scholars, eager to describe
government attempts to utilize nascent internet
technologies, failed to link their efforts to previous
technology management or public administration theories.
As a result, early e-government research that describes
governmental websites conflates the relationships between
what Calista and Melitski (2007) define as e-government
and e-governance.
Early e-government researchers describe the
development of government websites as a series of stages
(Layne and Lee, 1998; Moon, 2002). As such, they
describe a process that began when agencies developed
websites and began populating Internet sites with
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
4. PAQ SPRING 2011 5
information. After master
online, government units mo
transactions; presumably m
focus on e-commerce. Upo
processing, agencies move
engaged citizens online in a p
hierarchical or linear appro
First, similar to Maslow's (1
presumes that agencies mu
hierarchy before progressing
It also makes the normat
administrative efficiencie
transactions online are a p
participation needed for
administration terms, this is
management (administrati
important than commitmen
practices (politics). After mor
the Wilson (1866) dichotom
that managing public organ
and administration. The debate still occurs when we seek
to determine which is more important, or rather, what the
balance should be between politics and administration. The
politics/administration dichotomy is similar to the current
e-government dilemma which suggests that agencies must
master the ability to process online transactions before
moving on to engage citizens through online participation
in government. In other words, e-government researchers
state that while online participation is the goal sitting atop
their hierarchy, the more pressing need lies in engineering a
more efficient online government.
Fortunately, researchers are now beginning to
recognize their dilemma and see theories that account for
multiple competing values (Yang and Melitski 2006).
Garson (2006, 7) applies a theoretical framework derived
from competing theories of information technology and
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
5. 6 PAQ SPRING 2011
change, and this article aim
proposing a technology man
framework examines technol
proposes sociotechnical and
suggest human factors influen
Sociotechnical theory is t
should advance society. In Table 1 below, the
sociotechnical theory is akin to participatory technology
management strategies where managers seek to engage
citizens, build trust and ultimately increase accountability
with government through technology-mediated means.
Participatory management of technology involves utilizing
technology networks for the egalitarian purposes of
increasing equity and democratic discourse. It espouses
greater organizational integration, breaking-down cultural
barriers between stakeholders and engaging in
decentralized decision-making.
Like sociotechnical theory, reinforcement theory is
also shaped by human factors, however; it proposes that
technology reinforces existing power structures in society.
That is, technology is value neutral and a means to either
totalitarian or democratic ends depending on which is in
power. Reinforcement theory is similar to status-quo
technology management in Table 1 below. Status-quo
management of technology occurs when technology is
adopted to support existing management styles and
organization cultures. Unlike participatory management,
which asserts decentralized management techniques as
preferable to hierarchical, status-quo management suggests
that technology is a value neutral tool for reinforcing
existing management practices whether they are
hierarchically bureaucratic or decentralized and
empowering.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
6. PAQ SPRING 2011 7
Table 1
Technology Management in Go
Operational Assimilation
Technology Technology
Management Management _
Nor
Technology Technology
Management | Management
Egalitarian
Technological, not human factors, differentiate
systems theory and technological determinism. Systems
theory proposes that technology should be used to create a
more rational society. Applied to technology management,
the systems theory perspective holds that public
organizations should be managed in a more scientific
manner, like that of the field of operations management.
Much like Simon (1945) who purported that managers
should seek to become rational by identifying possible
alternatives to a given decision. The operational
management of technology approach in table 1 suggests
that organizations should seek efficiency by utilizing
technology to automate existing procedures. Similar to the
participatory management approach, the operational
management of technology is normative, but for utilitarian
instead of egalitarian purposes. In other words, operational
management of technology presupposes the elitist
perspective that a manager's role is to increase efficiency
by taking a scientific approach to the management of
technology in the public sector.
Finally, technical determinism asserts that
technology is sought as a solution because it represents
newness and change. Technical determinism suggests that
technology is a tautological goal to itself. Unlike systems
theory, which presumes rationality as a goal, technological
determinism and its focus on utilizing technology to
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
7. 8 PAQ SPRING 20 11
advance technology is rep
management in table 1 . Assim
contend that rational efficienc
asserts that organizations s
technology as a catalyst for
While the assimilation manag
make normative assumption
management, it is normative i
technological solutions are fav
technological solutions.
These four technology m
provide a framework for our
and e-governance. The framew
to the linear stages approach to
for both e-government an
without a hierarchy. As defi
(2007, 12), e-government "prov
electronically, usually over th
reduce their physical character
Cloete (2003) argues that e
function of accepting techno
words, implementing Intern
technological service deliver
effective and efficient means
meet their service delivery goa
Although service delivery
of e-government, West (
government "has fallen short
government" in the area of se
various characteristics of e-go
Some of the earliest develo
regulatory information si
thereafter, government for
download from municipal we
earliest dimensions of e-gover
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
8. PAQ SPRING 2011 9
communications of citizens
information via e-mail or elec
More recent examples of e
include more interactive se
proprietors can now apply f
Municipal taxes, utilities an
available for online payme
violations or submit service d
their city website. More a
government services have r
from municipal governm
increase in resources to e-g
attributed to citizens transfer
performance from commer
websites. Table 2 below provides examples of e-
government applications.
Table 2
E-government Applications
1-3. Pay utilities, taxes, f
4. Apply for permits (FAQs)
5. Online tracking system 15. Request information
6-7. Apply for licenses 16. Customize the main city
8. E-procurement homepage
9. Property assessments 1 7. Access private information
10. Searchable databases online
1 1 . Complaints 1 8. Purchase tickets
12-13. Bulletin board about 19. Webmaster response
civil applications 20. Report violations of
A second function of government's use of
technology is e-governance. As defined by Calista and
Melitski (2007), e-governance deals with changing the
manner by which governments interact democratically with
citizens. The emphasis is on fostering transparency and
participation. E-governance is not a new concept, as its
early foundations can be traced to the 1960s whereby
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
9. 10 PAQ SPRING 2011
scholars, activists and polit
technological utopias (Bryan, T
1998). The current interest in e
attributed to the lack of perfo
used for democracy (Shane
technology-democracy relatio
potential of telecommunication
television and telephone conf
1988; Becker 1993; McLean 1989). There has been,
however, a recent shift in focus to the Internet (Bellamy
and Taylor 1998; Browning 2002; Kamarck and Nye 2003;
Loader 1997; Gattiker 2001; Wilhelm 1998; Witschge
2002; Westen 2000).
Korac-Kakabadse and Korac-Kakabadse (1999)
point out that information and communications
technologies (ICTs) provide the possibility for direct-
democracy on a larger scale. Proponents of e-governance
argue that an end result will be greater government
transparency and openness. Increased government openness
can then lead to increased accountability and reduced
government corruption. Seoul, South Korea's Online
Procedures Enhancement for Civil Application (OPEN)
system exemplifies a successful practice of transparency
and decreased corruption in government via the use of the
internet (Holzer and Kim 2004). Online discussion boards
are another example of an opportunistic use of technology
for developing e-governance. Online discussion boards
provide for political discussions without requiring
participants to share space and time. The subsequent result
is an increase in access to political debate (Malina 1999). In
addition, the potential for online participation by citizens in
decisions and policy-making is growing through initiatives
such as "Regulations.gov" (Skrzycki 2003; Holzer et al.
2004). Regulations.gov is a federal clearinghouse that
allows citizens to post electronic comments regarding
proposed regulatory changes.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
10. PAQ SPRING 2011 11
Weber (2002) holds that e-
take full advantage of Intern
apparent, however, that some m
practice early developments o
examples of e-governance incl
pertinent to government deci
potential for two-way commun
on the municipal website represent information
dissemination, while providing feedback and comments to
elected official is another. More advanced e-governance
applications include online discussion boards and online
policy forums. Municipal performance measures and
reporting has also increased slightly in online presence.
Table 3 below outlines the key e-governance applications.
Table 3
E-governance Applications
1 -2. Comments or feedback 12-13. Online survey/ polls
3-5. Newsletter 14. Synchronous video
6. Online bulletin board or chat 15-16. Citizen satisfaction survey
capabilities 17. Online decision-making
7-9. Online discussion forum 18-20. Performance measures,
on policy issues standards, or benchmarks
10-11. Scheduled e-meetings
for discussion
In addit
governm
study w
2004. W
index for
dichotom
e-govern
website.
informat
and as a
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
11. 12 PAQ SPRING 2011
technology and assimilation
government), as compared to
measures (e-governance).
The second city level e-governm
by the E-governance Institute
and 2006 (Holzer and Kim 2
2003; Carrizales et al. 2006). T
surveys utilize a more complex
to the West survey in utilizin
governance Institute studie
around the world - each in a
examined four key areas: pr
services and participation. As
of our research is U.S. based
however, the instrument used f
E-governance Institute inst
government) and participation
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
12. PAQ SPRING 2011 13
Table 4
West. 2003 and 2004 E-government Rankings
City
Denver
San Diego
New York City
Washington, DC 4
Los Angeles
Virginia Beach
Boston
Charlotte
Houston
Seattle
Albuquerque
Salt Lake City
Phoenix
Long Beach
El Paso
Austin
Columbus
Memphis
San Francisco
New Orleans
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This paper examines websites throughout the
most populated U.S. cities in the contexts of e-governm
and e-governance. Previous studies note that populatio
determinant of Internet-based information techno
sophistication. Larger municipalities tend to have am
financial resources, a key factor in Internet IT perform
as well as larger technological capacity given the prese
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
13. 14 PAQ SPRING 2011
of expansive IT department
focusing on larger U.S. citie
many externalities that in
implementation.
This study uses a derivat
(2003) E-Governance Perfo
used to evaluate international websites. Carrizales et al.
(2006) has since used this instrument to replicate Holzer
and Kim's (2003) research. We have adapted the E-
Governance Performance Index, which originally consisted
of five components: Security and Privacy; Usability;
Content; Services; and Citizen Participation. Our survey
instrument utilizes 40 additive measures, of which the
majority is derived from their Service and Citizen
Participation components (refer to Tables 2 and 3). For
questions that were not dichotomous, each measure was
coded on a four-point scale ranging from zero to three. The
scale for measurement begins with a score of "0" in which
the data or function related to the specific question does not
exist. The highest possible score of "3" reflects complete
online transaction or interaction. Table 5 below,
exemplifies the scoring scale used. As noted above, the
survey instrument allows for specific areas to be evaluated
in depth, utilizing a scaling system of performance. In
developing an overall score for each municipality, we have
equally weighted each of the two categories of e-
government and e-governance. The overall possible raw
score for e-government is 59 and the overall possible raw
score for e-governance is 55. In the summary data below,
the scores are weighted down to a possible score of 50 for
each function. The survey of each municipal website was
conducted by two researchers. The evaluations were
completed in August 2007. The two evaluation scores for
each website were compared for discrepancies (over a five
percent difference between the two scores). In cases of
discrepancies, a third evaluator was used. All evaluations
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
14. PAQ SPRING 20 11 15
were averaged into one score f
and subsequently combined f
Given that the e-government
are examined using different s
different practices, their comp
Table 5
Scoring Scale
Scale Description
0 Information about a given topic does
j Information about a given topi
(including links to other information
2 Downloadable items are availabl
audio, video, and other one-way tran
Services, transactions, or inter
3 completely online (credit card tran
permits, searchable databases, , restr
FINDINGS
Overall, the data indicate that New York
significantly outperformed the other cities, having received
a total weighted score of 53.99 out of a possible 100.
Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Dallas scored well
comparatively, each having received scores of 43.47, 42.67,
and 42.06, respectively. Detroit and Baltimore scored
lowest with overall performance scores below 26.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
15. 16 PAQ SPRING 2011
Table 6
Website Overall Scores ( Out of a possible 100)
Ì.New York (NY)
2. Philadelphia (PA)
3. Los Angeles (CA)
4. Dallas (TX) 42.06
5. San Francisco (CA)
6. Indianapolis (IN)
7. San Diego (CA)
8. Boston (MA)
9. Phoenix (AZ)
10. Houston (TX)
11. San Jose (CA)
12. Columbus (OH)
13. Chicago (IL)
14. Austin (TX)
15. Jacksonville (FL)
16. Memphis (TN)
17. Milwaukee (WI)
18. San Antonio (TX)
19. Detroit (MI)
20. Baltimore (MD)
Regarding e-government performance, P
scored the highest, having received a score of
a possible 50. New York, Columbus, San Fr
Indianapolis complete the top five, all of w
scores ranging from 30.93 to 32.63. In contr
Detroit, and San Antonio all received e-govern
below 2 1 .
Some of the distinguishing functions between the
high performers and low performers in e-government
revolve around online licensing, property assessments, and
the ability to track permits. The opportunity to apply for a
license or permit online is greater in the high ranking
municipalities. A survey question which addresses the
number of possible licensing forms made available online,
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
16. PAQ SPRING 2011 17
regardless of whether they
transmittable, indicates t
municipalities scored an ave
3.0. On the other hand, the bottom ten ranking
municipalities scored an average of 1.8 on the same
question. A similar disparity was found among the top ten
municipalities and the bottom ten municipalities in the
ability to track permits. The top ten municipalities averaged
a 1.85 out of a possible 3.0, while the bottom ten
municipalities averaged a 0.85. Finally, the services
provided in regards to accessing property assessments also
indicated differences among top and bottom ranked
municipalities. The top ten municipalities averaged a 1.7
out of a possible 3.0, while the bottom ten municipalities
averaged a 1.05.
New York rated highest in terms of providing e-
governance applications via the Internet (21.36 out of
possible 50). New York is closely followed by Phoenix,
which received an e-governance score of 20.91. This is
followed by a significant decline in scores, as Los Angeles,
Dallas, and San Diego round out the top five with scores of
16.82, 14.09, and 13.64, respectively.
Similar to e-government, there are some distinguishing
functions between the high performers and low performers
in e-governance. Three areas of significant difference
include communicating with elected officials, online
surveys/polls and synchronous video accessibility. The
opportunity to provide feedback to elected officials is
greater in the high ranking municipalities. The survey of
websites indicates that a medium for communicating with
elected officials, regardless of whether it is done through
online forms or e-mail addresses, is most prominent in the
top ten ranking municipalities with an average score of 2.70
out of a possible 3.0. On the other hand, the bottom ten
ranking municipalities scored an average of 1.95. In
addition, there exists a disparity among the top ten
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
17. 18 PAQ SPRING 2011
Table 7
E-government Performance Scores (Out of a possible 50)
1 . Philadelphia (PA)
2. New York (NY)
3. Columbus (OH)
4. San Francisco (CA)
5. Indianapolis (IN)
6. Boston (MA)
7. San Jose (CA) 29.24
7. Chicago (IL)
9. Dallas (TX)
9. Houston (TX)
11. San Diego (CA)
12. Jacksonville (FL)
1 3. Los Angeles (CA)
14. Austin (TX)
14. Memphis (TN)
16. Milwaukee (WI)
16. Baltimore (MD)
18. San Antonio (TX)
19. Detroit (MI)
20. Phoenix (AZ)
municipalities and the bottom ten mun
presence of online polls or surveys
municipalities averaged a 1.00 out of a p
the bottom ten municipalities averaged a
function of synchronous video, used
showings of government meetings or
differences among top and bottom ranked
The top ten municipalities averaged a 1.6
3.0, while the bottom ten municipalities a
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
18. PAQ SPRING 20 11 19
Table 8
E-governance Performance Scores ( Out of a possible 50)
1. New York (NY) [21.36
2. Phoenix (AZ)
3. Los Angeles (CA)
4. Dallas (TX)
5. San Diego (CA)
6. San Francisco (CA)
6. Indianapolis (IN)
6. Houston (TX)
9. Philadelphia (PA)
10. Boston (MA)
10. Milwaukee (WI)
12. Austin (TX)
12. San Antonio (TX) 9.09
14. Memphis (TN) Xl8
15. San Jose (CA)
16. Jacksonville (FL) 6.36
17. Detroit (MI)
18. Columbus (OH)
18. Chicago (IL)
20. Baltimore (MD) 3.64
DISCUSSION
The data suggest that the 20 U.S. cities examine
are providing more components of e-government tha
governance. In other words, providing access to
information and allowing citizens to transact business via
the Internet appear to have taken hold more quickly.
Interactive web-based applications that, for example, afford
citizens opportunities to provide feedback on existing
policies or influence the debate regarding proposed
governmental actions have not been implemented at the
same pace. Such findings are supported by the literature.
The explanation for the observed difference may be
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
19. 20 PAQ SPRING 20 11
threefold. First, given the gr
resources, more emphasis has be
and eliminating duplicative
government applications have em
and cost-effective means of
importance of municipal governm
to do more with less has made the Internet an attractive
service delivery alternative. Second, the balance of e-
government and e-governance initiatives at the municipal
level may represent a conscious management decision -
one that values management efficiency over citizen
participation. Thirdly, the data may simply reflect the
paucity of citizen participation mechanisms in municipal
government in general. According to Kadkabadse,
Kadkabadse and Kouzmin (2003), existing societal
inequalities and deficiencies risk being accentuated with
information technology. Therefore, barriers in face to face
government-citizen relations may be translated online. The
lack of e-governance may not be a weakness of the Internet
or technology, rather a more profound lacuna of effective
municipal citizen involvement - the implications of which
may have profound impacts as they relate to citizen trust in
government (Berman 1997).
On the other hand, providing fewer e-governance
applications could reflect citizen demand; that is, it could
be that citizens perceive themselves as merely "customers"
and the function of municipal websites is to provide
requested services. Furthermore, the presence of
information technology does not automatically translate
into citizen involvement, as education and training are
needed to transform the traditional relationship between the
individual and their computer (Kadkabadse, Kadkabadse
and Kouzmin 2003). The Internet as a communication
medium tends to favors individuals with good writing
skills, and these individuals also tend to have greater access
to financial resources and education. Similarly, e-
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
20. PAQ SPRING 20 11 21
governance applications may b
experts who are well versed in t
This could alienate average citi
As municipal websites pro
government function, the c
technologies are accentuated.
involve citizens, the willingness
as the role of citizens in the d
unresolved. These questions go
providing services to citizen
governance applications may hel
landscape where people feel mor
and citizens are better able t
making processes, the interactiv
and government cannot be
technology. E-governance deals w
by which governments interact
(Calista and Melitski 2007) with
transparency and participatio
governance are unlimited. How
Weber's (2002) assumption tha
take full advantage of Inter
Citizens, elected officials and
redefine their roles in democrat
be translated into e-governance.
REFERENCES
Arterton, F. Christopher. 1987. Can Technology Pr
Democracy? Newbury Park: SAGE Publications
Arterton, F. Christopher. 1988. Political Participati
Teledemocracy. PS: Political Science and Polit
21(3): 620-626.
Becker, Ted. 1993. Teledemocracy: Gathering Mom
in State and Local Governance. Spectrum:
Journal of State and Government 66(2): 14-19.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
21. 22 PAQ SPRING 2011
Bellamy, Christine, and Joh
in the Information Age
University Press.
Berman, Evan M. 1997. Dea
Public Administration Revi
Browning, Graeme. 2002. El
the Internet to Transfo
Medford: CyberAge Books
Bryan, Cathy, Roza Tsagarou
1998. Electronic Democracy and the Civic
Networking Movement in Context. In
Cyber democracy: Technology, Cities, and Civic
Networks, edited by Roza Tsagarousianou, Damian
Tambini, and Cathy Bryan, 1-17. New York:
Routledge.
Calista, Donald, and James Melitski. (2007). E-government
and E-governance: Converging Constructs of Public
Sector Information and Communications
Technologies. Public Administration Quarterly,
31(1).
Carrizales, Tony; Marc Holzer, Seang-Tae Kim, and Chan-
Gon Kim (2006) Digital Governance Worldwide: A
Longitudinal Assessment of Municipal Websites.
International Journal of Electronic Government
Research, 2(4).
Cloete, Fanie. 2003. Assessing Governance With
Electronic Policy Management Tools. Public
Performance and Management Review 26(3): 276-
290.
Garson, G. D. 2006. Public information technology and e-
governance: Managing the virtual state. Sudbury,
MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Gattiker, Urs. E. 2001. The Internet as a Diverse
Community: Cultural, Organizational, and Political
Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
22. PAQ SPRING 201 1 23
Ho, Alfred T.-K. 2002. Reinv
and the E-government Initiative. Public
Administration Review 62(4): 434-444.
Holden, Stephen H., Donald F. Norris, and Patricia D.
Fletcher. 2003. Electronic Government at the Local
Level. Public Performance and Management
Review 26(4): 325-344.
Holzer, Marc and Seang-Tae Kim. 2003. Digital
Governance in Municipalities Worldwide: An
Assessment of Municipal Web Sites Throughout the
World. Newark, NJ: National Center for Public
Productivity.
Holzer, Marc and Byong-Joon Kim, eds. 2004. Building
Good Governance: Reforms in Seoul. Newark, NJ:
National Center for Public Productivity.
Holzer, Marc, James Melitski, Seung-Yong Rho, and
Richard Schwester. 2004. Restoring Trust in
Government: The Potential of Digital Citizen
Participation. Washington, DC: IBM Endowment
for the Business of Government.
Kamarck, Elaine. C. and Joseph S. Nye, eds. 1999.
Democracy.com? Governance in a Networked
World. Hollis: Hollis Publishing.
Kaylor, Charles, Randy Deshazo, and David Van Eck.
2001. Gauging E-government: A Report on
Implementing Services Among American Cities.
Government Information Quarterly 18: 293-307.
Korac-Kakabadse, Andrew and Nada Korac-Kakabadse.
1999. Information Technology's Impact on the
Quality of Democracy: Reinventing the
'Democratic Vessel.' In Reinventing Government in
the Information Age: International Practice in IT-
Enabled Public Sector Reform, edited by Richard
Heeks. London: Routledge.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
23. 24 PAQ SPRING 2011
Layne, K. & Lee, J. 2001. Dev
government: A four stag
Information Quarterly, 18(2
Loader, Brian D., ed. 1997. The Governance of
Cyberspace: Politics, Technology and Global
Restructuring. London: Routledge.
Malina, Anna. 1999. Perspectives on Citizen
Démocratisation and Alienation in the Virtual
Public Sphere. In Digital democracy: Discourse
and Decision Making in the Information Age, edited
by Barry N. Hague, and Brian D. Loader, 23-38.
London: Routledge.
McLean, Iain. 1989. Democracy and the New Technology.
Cambridge: Polity Press.
Moon, M. J. 2002. The evolution of E-government among
municipalities: Rhetoric or reality? Public
Administration Review, 62(4), 424-433.
Scott, James K. 2006. "E" the People: Do U.S. Municipal
Government Web Sites Support Public
Involvement? Public Administration Review 66(3):
341-353.
Scott, James K. 2005. E-Services: Assessing the Quality of
Municipal Government Web Sites. State and Local
Government Review 37(2): 151-165.
Shane, Peter M. 2002. The Electronic Federalist: The
Internet and the Eclectic Institutionalization of
Democratic Legitimacy. Paper Presented at the
Prospects for Electronic Democracy Conference,
Carnegie Mellon University, September 20-22,
Pittsburgh, PA.
Simon, Herbert A. 1945. Administrative Behavior. Simon
and Shuster. New York, NY.
Skrzycki, Cindy 2003. U.S. Opens Online Portal to
Rulemaking; Web Site Invites Wider Participation
in the Regulatory Process. The Washington Post,
January 23, EOI.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
24. PAQ SPRING 2011 25
Weber, Lori. M. 2002. A Surv
Internet and Democracy. P
Prospects for Electronic D
Carnegie Mellon Univers
Pittsburgh, PA.
West, Darrell M. 2001. Urba
Inside Politics, Brown University.
http://www.insidepolitics.org/ Accessed on July 20,
2005.
West, Darrell M. 2004. E-government and the
Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen
Attitudes. Public Administration Review 64(1): 15-
27.
West, Jonathan. P., and Evan M. Berman. 2001. The
Impact of Revitalized Management Practices on the
Adoption of Information Technology. Public
Performance and Management Review 24(3): 233-
253.
Westen, Tracy. 1998. Can Technology Save Democracy?
National Civic Review 87(1): 47-56.
Westen, Tracy. 2000. E-democracy: Ready or Not, Here it
Comes. National Civic Review 89(3): 217-227.
Wilhelm, Anthony G. 1998. Virtual Sounding Boards: How
Deliberative is On-line Political Discussion.
Information, Communication and Society 1(3): 313-
338.
Witschge, Tamara. 2002. Online Deliberation: Possibiliti
of the Internet for Deliberation. Paper Presented at
the Prospects for Electronic Democracy
Conference, Carnegie Mellon University,
September 22-22, Pittsburgh, PA.
Yang, K., Melitski, J. 2007. Competing and
complementary values in information technology
strategic planning. Public Performance and
Management Review. 30(3), 426-452.
This content downloaded from 146.111.30.35 on Wed, 23 Jan 2019 21:20:23 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms