History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn. History of Architecture book describing various eras that emerged in the starting phase of architecture. from where it started and what it is doing rn.

1. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
1.1.1. History of Architecture
It is a record of man’s effort to build
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth
and decline of architectural styles
which have prevailed lands and ages.
1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture
The particular method, characteristics,
manner of design which prevailed at a
certain place and time.
1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture
1.2.1. History
1.2.2. Society
1.2.3. Religion
1.2.4. Geography
1.2.5. Geology
1.2.6. Climate
2.PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
2.1. Influences
2.1.1. History
Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to
3000 B.C.)
Hunting and food gathering
2.1.2. Religion
No organized religion
Burial rituals and monuments
2.2. Architectural Character
2.2.1. Construction System
Megalithic structures – large stones
2.2.2. Materials
Animal skins, wooden frames and
bones
2.2.3. Orientation
Faces toward cardinal points
2.3. Examples
2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths)
Single, large upright monolith,
sometimes arranged in parallel rows
reaching several miles
2.3.2. DOLMENS
Several large stones capped with a
covering slab
2.3.3. TRILITHON
Organized groups of three stones, two
vertical and a horizontal one at their top
2.3.4. CROMLECH
A circle of monoliths / trilithons;
enclosure formed by huge stones
planted on the ground in circular form
(Most imposing example: Stonehenge,
England – 2000 B.C.)

2. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
2
2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave)
An artificially constructed mound of
earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral
chamber
2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
Natural and artificial caves
Beehive hut
Trullo
Wingwam or tepee
Hogan
Igloo
3.EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS)
3.1. Influences
3.1.1. History
3200 B.C. to 1 A.D.
Centralized omnipotent authority of the
pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling
on earth, sole master of its country and
people
Subdivision of ancient Egypt:
The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X
The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII
The New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX
3.1.2. Religion
Cult of many gods representing nature
Deep concern for immortality amounted
to near obsession; First requirement of
immortality- Mummification
Egyptians wished for fine burial
embalmment and funeral rites, a
permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling”
3.1.3. Geography and Geology
Nile River – travel and trade route
It consists of narrow strip of fertile,
alluvial soil along both banks of the
River Nile. Natural products like timber,
clay, brick and stone.
Includes limestone, granite and
alabaster.
For constructive/decorative
architectural work and vases and
personal ornaments
3.1.4. Climate
Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine
(simplicity in design)
3.2. Architectural Character
3.2.1. DESCRIPTION
Monumental, immortal, permanent;
Classify them as:
Tomb architecture
Temple architecture
Obelisks
Dwellings
Tomb architecture
The Mastaba
The Royal Pyramid
The Rockhewn Tombs
Two types of Temples
Mortuary Temples
Cult Temples
Known Architects
Imhotep – under king Zoser
Semnut – worked for Queen
Hatshepsut
3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Columnar and trabeated
3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals
Square pillar
Polygonal column
Palm-type column
Bud-and-bell column
Foliated capital column
Hathor-headed column
Osiris pillars
3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude
heat
3.2.5. WALL

3. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
3
Massive walls to protect from fierce
heat of the sun and space for
Hieroglyphics
Batter wall – diminishing in width
towards the top
3.2.6. OPENING
No windows; skylights; roof slits;
clerestories
3.2.7. DECORATION
“Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings
Hieroglyphics
Sphinxes
Solar disc and vulture with spread
wings
Scarab – symbol of resurrection
Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing
fertility
Grapes symbolizes eternity
3.2.8. ORIENTATION
Towards the cardinal points
3.3. Examples
3.3.1. MASTABAS
Arabic for “bench”
A rectangular brick or stone structure
with sloping flat or recessed sides,
erected over a subterranean tomb
chamber that was connected with the
outside by a vertical shaft
Length is between 20 – 50 meters
Width is 15 – 37 meters
Chapel with a false door for offerings
to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber
for the statue of the deceased.
Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,
Saqqara
Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara
Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara
Mastaba at Giza
Mastaba at Beit Khallaf
3.3.2. PYRAMIDS
A sepulchral monument in the form of
huge stone structures with a square
base and four sloping sides meeting at
an apex
Types : step, slope and bend
The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara
(near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.)
The Pyramids at Gizeh
(finest rue pyramids)
(near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C
These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV
dynasty:
Khufu (Greek - Cheops)
Khafre (Greek.- Chepren)

4. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
4
Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus)
3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS
Built along hillside the nobility, not
royalty
3.3.4. PYLONS
Monumental gateway to temples,
usually composed of two masses of
masonry with sloping sides flanking the
entrance portal
3.3.5. OBELISKS
Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually
granite, monolithic, square in plan with
an electrum-capped pyramidion on top
symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis
Came in pairs fronting temple
entrances
Height of nine or ten times the diameter
at the base with four sides featuring
Hieroglyphics
3.3.6. TEMPLES
Mortuary temples – In honor of
pharaohs
Cult temples – In honor of god
Temple of Hatshepsut
Designed by the royal architect
Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut
Great Temple of Abu Simbel

5. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
5
The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia,
lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses
II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C.
Example of rock-cut temple
4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses
4.NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE
4.1. Influence
4.1.1. History
5000 B.C. to 641 A.D.
3 Periods:
Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean)
Assyrian
Persian
4.1.2. Geography and Geology
3 zones:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the
Fertile Crescent
Mountains and plateaus from west to
east
4.1.3. Religion
Worshipped nature gods
4.1.4. Society
Religion determined society
City-state was under the protection of
the god of the city
The king is the representative and
steward
Socio-political system – “Theocratic
Socialism”
4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture
“Land between the Rivers”
Mesopotamia was located between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the
present-day Middle Eastern country of
Iraq.
4.2.1. Architectural Character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated
MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil
ORIENTATION: Four corners towards
cardinal points
4.2.2. EXAMPLES:
ZIGGURATS
Rough pyramidal structures consisting
of stages, each succeeding stage
stepped back from the one beneath. It
supports an altar or temple.
“artificial mountains” of tiered
rectangular stages with temple at
summit
Ziggurat at Bulsippa
Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu
Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen
15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller
stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine
Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each
4.3. Assyrian Architecture
4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Materials: some stone and timber are
available
DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding
chief portals
glazed bricks in blue, white,
yellow and green
Low relief sculpture in stone
Murals
4.3.2. EXAMPLES
Temples: With or without ziggurat
Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat
4.4. Persian and Median Architecture
4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was
used mostly for fire-temples and palace
platforms
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians
introduced the use of columns
4.4.2. EXAMPLES
DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house
with entrance at end rather than on the
long sides.

6. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
6
Columned portico as entrance or
vestibule
Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis
Palace of Darius
Palace of Xerses
Hypostyle Hall of Xerses
Hall of Hundred Columns (by
Darius)
5.GREEK ARCHITECTURE
5.1. Influences
5.1.1. History
Aegean Period
2 major cultures
Minoan (flourished in Crete)
Mycenaean (mainland and others)
Minoan architecture
Mycenean architecture
Ancient Greek architecture
Archaic Greek architecture
Classical Greek architecture
Late Classical Greek
architecture
Hellenistic Architecture
5.1.2. Religion
Nature worship, religious rites, sacred
games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their
gods live in nature, mountains,
assumed human form and was not free
from human weakness
5.1.3. Geography and Geology
Mainland: mountainous hinterlands
separated inhabitants into groups,
clans, and states
Archipelago and islands: sea was the
inevitable means of trade and
communication
5.1.4. Climate
Between rigorous cold and relaxing
heat
Clear atmosphere and intense light
5.2. AGEAN PERIOD
5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive
structures
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part
capital: square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below
Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no
mortar, clay bedding
Polygonal wall – advanced
technique, Hellenic
period, no pith or tar
Rectangular – no dowels
Cyclopean wall
5.2.2. EXAMPLES
Minoan Architecture:
Houses
Megaron – single-storeyed house of
deep plan, columned entrance porch,
anteroom with central doorway, living
apartment or megaron proper, central
hearth, columns supporting roof ,
thalamus, or sleeping room behind
The Megaron
Palaces: Palace of King Minos,
Knossos, Crete 1600-1400
B.C.

7. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
7
Mycenean Architecture:
Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenea
Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive
shaped type of subterranean
tomb constructed as a
corbelled vault and found on
pre-historic Greek sites
Treasury of Atreus
The best preserved “beehive
tomb”
Built into a hill and
approached by a long
passage, the dromos, leading
to the beehive shape round
tomb chamber, tholos
5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic)
5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: mostly religious
architecture
“carpentry in marble” – timber forms
imitated in stone with remarkable
exactness
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns
and entablature were made of timber
and terra cotta decorations
stone columns in 600 B.C.
THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base,
column shaft, horizontal entablature
(architrave, frieze, cornice)
DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN
DECORATION: Refinements used to
correct optical illusions; sculpture,
colors, mural painting
ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column
to correct the optical illusion
that it is thinner in the middle
5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic)
5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for
Roman building types not religious in
character, but civic
Dignified and gracious structures
Symmetrical, orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders
OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof
and upper wall

8. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
8
Skylight – made of thin
translucent marble
Temple door – on the east
DECORATION: Mouldings - In
architecture, a continuous narrow
surface either projecting or recessed,
plain or ornamented, whose purpose is
to break up a surface, to accent, or to
decorate by means of the light and
shade it produces
Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa
(Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like)
Fillet Cavetto Scotia
Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak
ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings
laid out symmetrically and orderly
Doors oriented towards east
5.4.2. EXAMPLES:
TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure,
sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an
established cult centre, sometimes it
incorporates many buildings
Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos)
Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in
the 5th century B.C.
Foremost among world –famous
building sites
10 structures:
Propylaea – the entrance gateway to
an enclosure (usually temple precincts)
as on the Acropolis, Athens
Pinacotheca - building containing
gallery of painted pictures
Statue of Athena Promachos
Erectheion (group of buildings)
Parthenon
Temple of Nike Apteros
Old Temple of Athena
Stoa of Eumeses
Theater of Dionysos
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon

9. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
9
TEMPLES – not intended for internal
worship; altar was outside, on the east
front
Parts:
COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to
the rows of columns
PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled
room opening into the cella.
CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of
the god or goddess was placed
REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR
EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the
cella, often added for reasons of
symmetry. Its place might alternatively
be occupied by an enclosed adytum
(treasure room, sometimes interpreted
as a "holy of holies”
STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the
stepped foundation of a Greek temple
(known as the crepidoma)
CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually,
three levels upon which the
superstructure of the building is erected
STYLOBATE - The upper step of the
base of a Greek temple, which forms a
platform for the columns
PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a
portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally
behind a screen of columns.
Typical Greek temple plan
Temples: Column number terminology:
Technical term number of columns
at front
distyle - 2 columns
tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used
by Vitruvius
hexastyle - 6 columns, term used
by Vitruvius
octastyle - 8 columns
decastyle - 10 columns
Temples: Planned by column
arrangement
In-antis – between anta and the front
Amphi-antis – at front and rear
Prostyle – portico at front
Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and
rear
Peripteral – on all sides
Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns
attached to naos
Dipteral – double line of columns
surrounding naos
Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but
inner columns
omitted on flanks on
naos.

10. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
10
DORIC TEMPLES
DORIC COLUMN: stands without base
directly on stylobate; simplest
Had a timber origin
H=4 – 6 X base diameter
ENTABLATURE: H = 1 & ¾ the height of
Order
The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C.
Sculptor and general director: Phidias
Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates
Temple of Hera, Paestum
IONIC TEMPLES
IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute
and scroll capital; derived from
Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most
elegant; slender than Doric
H = 9 X base diameter
24 flutes separated by fillets

11. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
11
ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of
Order
Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in
asianic examples), cornice
Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C.
The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.
Ionic building named after a mythic
Athenian hero Erechtheus; with
Caryatid porch
CARYATID – A female figure that
functions as a supporting column
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates
Sculpted by Scopas
CORINTHIAN TEMPLES

12. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
12
CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft
resembling the Ionic; more slender
H = 10 X base diameter
CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 &
1/6 diameter high; designed by
Callimachus, inspired by basket
surrounded by acanthus leaves over
the grave of a Corinthian maiden
ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic
3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
THEATERS: An open-air structure in the
form of a segment of a circle,
frequently excavated from a hillside,
with the seats arranged in tiers behind
and above one another
Parts:
ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front
of the stage in a theater, where the
chorus stood
THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place)
Alternate name koilon. Originally
referred to the audience space of the
Greek theatre, but later became
synonymous with the entire auditorium
consisting of the spaces for both the
audience as well as the performance;
corresponds to Roman cavea.
SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind
the orchestra originally used for
storage but provided a convenient
backing for performances; corresponds
to the Roman scaena or scaenae
PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl.
parodoi) Side entrance into the
orchestra of a Greek theater (one on
each side); the space between the
audience seating and the skene
building; primary entrance/exit for the
chorus and used by audience for
entrance and exit from theatre; also the
song sung by chorus as it first enters
the orchestra.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS:
PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end
of skene
PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as
speaking place or locelon
EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the
2-storey skene building
DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata)
Horizontal walkway separating upper
and lower sections of theatron (Latin
cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in
Greek theatres concentric with the
outer wall; corresponds to Roman
praecinctio
Greek theater plan

13. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
13
Theater of Epidaurus
Designed by Polycleitos
Most beautiful Greek theater
DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS
PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8)
Propylaea, Athens
AGORA: An open square space used for
public meetings or business/social life
STOA: covered walkways or porticos,
commonly for public usage
The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens.
PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for
entertaining distinguished visitors and
citizens
BOULEUTERION: Council house with
banked seats facing inwards
ODEION: building similar to theater used
for musical performance in Sparta, built
in the 7th or 6th century B.C.
STADIUM: foot race course
HIPPODROME: course provided by the
Greeks for horse racing and chariot
racing
PALAESTRA: Wrestling school
GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training
facility for competitors in public games
and all types of physical exercises
TOMBS:
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
Most famous of all tombs
one of seven wonders of
ancient world; for king
Mausolos from his widow
Artemisia
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
6.ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
6.1. INFLUENCES
6.1.1. History
Centrally-located on the
Mediterranean, was able to serve as
intermediary in spreading art and
civilization in Europe, West Asia and
North Africa
ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.)
ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.)
6.1.2. Religion
Roman mythology slowly derived
attributes from Greek gods
6.1.3. Geography and Geology

14. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
14
Italian peninsula; central and
commanding position on
Mediterranean Sea
6.1.4. Climate
Temperate climate in the North
Sunny in Central Italy
Almost tropical in south
6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE:
6.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: great builders and large
scale undertakings
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of
true and radiating arch
MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino,
travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel
Earth for making terra cotta and bricks;
first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) –
stone or brick rubble and mortar or
pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth
material
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan
Order
CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the
cardo (north-south) and the
decumanus (east-west)—a grid of
smaller streets dividing the town into
blocks, and a wall circuit with gates.
6.2.2. EXAMPLES:
TOMBS: existed in great numbers
outside city walls in special necropolis
sites
DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome
ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia
TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita,
Lanuvium
6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:
6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical,
economic use of materials
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders
of architecture used as decorative
features which could be omitted
Adopted columnar and trabeated style
of Greeks
Developed arch and vault system
started by Etruscans
Combined use of columns, beam and
arch
KEYSTONE – the central stone of an
arch or rib vault; sometimes carved
IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually
formed of a projecting bracket-like
moulding, on which the end of an arch
rests
VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element,
typically a stone, used in building an
arch
EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an
arch
INTRADOS – the interior curve of an
arch taken from the inside of the
voussoirs
SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on
each side of an arch, where the vertical
support for the arch terminates and the
curve of the arch begins.
MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white
Concrete – to build vaults of a
magnitude equaled until 19th century
steel construction
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th
Orders: Tuscan and Composite
TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of
Doric Order
H = 7 X diameter
Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital,
plain entablature
COMPOSITE ORDER: combines
prominent volutes of Ionic with
acanthus of Corinthian
voussoirs

15. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
15
Composite Order
ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/
tunnel vault, wagon vault with
intersecting vault, cross vault,
hemispherical dome/ cupola
WALL:
Opus Quadratum
Opus Incertum
Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum
Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum
OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular
blocks, with or without mortar joints
OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose
pattern resembling polygonal walling
OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect
with fine joints running diagonally
OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing
OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork
and small squared stone blocks
6.3.2. EXAMPLES:
Rectangular temples
The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best
preserved; Corinthian Order
CIRCULAR TEMPLE
The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect
preservation of roman buildings)
Temple of Vesta, Rome
FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek
Agora; central open space usually
surrounded by public building and
colonnades

16. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
16
Trajan’s Forum
BASILICAS: large public hall where law-
suits were heard; hall of justice;
commercial exchange
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Usuall plan: length twice the width
THERMAE: Roman public baths,
containing large halls, with water at
various temperatures and many other
amenities such as libraries, and sports
arenas
3 parts: Main building, open space
outer ring of apartments
Main building: Dominant central hall,
symmetrically arranged rooms
Tepidarium – warm room
Frigidarium – cold water swimming
bath
Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating
room
Apodyteria – dressing room
Unctuaria – Oils room
Thermae of Caracalla
THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit
Roman drama; Semicircular in plan
and consisted of a tall stage building
abutting a semicircular orchestra and
tiered seating area (cavea)
The Theater, Orange
AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double-
theaters) elliptical or circular space
surrounded by rising tiers of seats used
for gladiatorial and animal contests
The Colosseum, Rome

17. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
17
CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing
(from hippodrome)
The Circus Maximus, Rome
TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs
Caemetaria
Monumental tombs
Pyramidal Tombs
Temple-shaped tombs
Eastern Tombs
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch
built to celebrate victorious campaigns;
erected to emperors and generals
Arch of Titus, Rome
DWELLINGS:
Domus – private house
Villa – country house
Insula – apartment block
Republican house, consisted of an
entrance corridor (fauces)
main room (atrium) open to the sky
with a central basin for the collection of
rainwater
Series of small bedrooms (cubicula)
Office area (tablinum)
Dining room (triclinium)
kitchen (culina), and perhaps a
small garden (hortus)
AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for
carrying water, usually an elevated
masonry or brick structure
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
BRIDGES
MEMORIAL COLUMN
PALACES
FOUNTAINS

18. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
18
7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
7.1. INFLUENCES
7.1.1. History
313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from
Judea to Rome; became the official
religion of the Roman Empire
Two Historic Events
The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state
religion)
Transfer of power from Rome to
Constantinople c. 330
7.1.2. Religion
Christianity
7.1.3. Geography and Geology
Roman ruins served as quarries from
which materials were obtained
7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly
influenced by Roman art and
architecture; purpose of the Christian
church was to serve worshippers
2 building types
Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular
building with an apse for the altar at
one end.
Martyrium – Circular building
(Baptistery or mausoleum)
7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as
possible the materials from old Roman
temples which had become useless
7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof
of king and queen post trusses; vaulted
or domed
7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman
construction methods; an architectural
abstraction of the ideal Christian,
simple and plain on the outside, but
with a soul glowing and beautiful within.
(richly decorated interior space and
neglecting the exterior)
7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West
Priest stood behind altar facing East
7.3. EXAMPLES
7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on
ancient Roman basilicas; erected over
the burial place of the saint to whom it
was dedicated
Parts:
ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in
front of and attached to a Christian
basilica
NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a
church, generally colonnaded or
arcaded and preceding the nave
NAVE – part of the church between the
chief entrance and the choir,
demarcated from aisles, by piers and
columns
AMBULATORY – a passageway around
the apse of a church, or for
circumambulating a shrine
APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or
polygonal termination, usually to a
chancel or chapel
BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at
the east end
AISLE – part of the church, parallel to,
and divided by piers or columns from,
the nave, choir or transept
CHOIR – part of the church where the
choir sits; normally the west part of the
chancel (loosely applied to mean as
chancel)
CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a
church in which the main altar is
placed; reserved for clergy and choir
AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle
was read
TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church
whose axis crosses at right angles the
axis running from the chief entrance
through the nave to the apse

19. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
19
Plan
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the
site of St. Peter’s martyrdom)
S. Costanza, Rome
7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX
BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower,
either attached to a church or standing
alone
BAPTISTERY
7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or
part of a church in which the
Sacrament of Baptism is administered
during Easter, Pentecost and
Epiphany; with the advent of infant
baptism, it was replaced by the Font
Baptistery of Constantine, Rome
7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th
century took place in the Catacombs
outside Rome; Christians objected to
cremation and insisted burial on
consecrated ground
Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna
Earliest tomb in cruciform plan;
sarcophagi still remain in the arms of
the cross

20. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
20
8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
8.1. INFLUENCES
8.1.1. History
330-1453 A.D.
Byzantium – Greek colony since 660
B.C.; Constantine, a converted
Christian transferred the empire from
Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D.
Empire was divided: Rome as western
capital and Byzantium (which later
became Constantinople) as eastern
capital (“new Rome”)
8.1.2. Religion
330 A.D. Constantinople became
capital to first official Christian empire
8.1.3. Geography and Geology
Where Asia and Europe meet,
separated by small body of water; most
commanding position and most
valuable part of eastern Roman Empire
8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church
construction; discarded early Christian
style for new domical Byzantine style
(still the official style for Orthodox
churches)
Basilican plan: early Christian
Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine
8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical
construction with classical columnar
style
8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman
Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style,
Cubiform capital, shaped to form a
transition from square abacus to
circular shaft; dosseret block used as
deep abacus invented to enlarge
surface for receiving wide voussoirs of
arches or thick walls
8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes
Simple, Compound and special
designs
8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of
mouldings; decorative arches, internal
marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west
8.3. EXAMPLES
8.3.1. CHURCHES
Centralized type of plan
S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia
Sophia or “divine wisdom”)
Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
Isidorus of Miletus;
One of the supreme achievements in
the history of world architecture;
Structurally the dome rests on
pendentives between the four
supporting arches resting on four main
piers
S. Vitale, Ravenna

21. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
21
9.ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
9.1. INFLUENCES
9.1.1. History
900-1200 A.D.
Decline of the Roman Empire led to the
rise of independent states and notions
of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc.
King Charlemagne crowned emperor
by Pope in 800 A.D. established the
Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted
until 1806;
Religious enthusiasm found physical
expression in magnificent cathedrals
and monastic buildings
9.1.2. Religion
Growth of different religious orders
Monasticism became the most
important institution within the Church
(provided seclusion, assurance of
salvation, only means of receiving
education)
The monasteries were the bearers of
culture and art
9.1.3. Society
Two major social institutions added
coherence: the Christian church and
Feudalism
9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by
classical traditions; concentrated on
beauty and delicacy of ornamental
detail; sober and dignified
Transition from flat wooden ceiling of
the nave to masonry vault
construction
Application of cross-groin vault,
consisting of four curved surfaces
(quadripartite vault)
Use of bay system
Semicircular arches for openings in
walls
Massive enclosing walls and
incorporation of towers into the
church building proper
9.3. NORTH ITALY
9.3.1. INFLUENCES:
History
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia,
Verona, Genoa
Invasions and trade with northern
Europe through alpine passes;
Close alliance with Constantinople,
influence of Byzantine culture, because
of Venice and Ravenna
Geography and Geology
Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for
bricks and marble from hills
Climate
Extremes of heat and cold
9.3.2. EXAMPLES:
CATHEDRALS
Basilican-type churches; flat, severed
facades across whole church, masking
division on nave and aisles
Wheel window
Central projecting porch on façade,
often 2-storey with columns on
crouching beasts
Roughly-carved grotesque figures of
men and beasts
Less refined in character due to use of
stone and brick instead of marble
Ornament shows a departure from
classic precedent, instead its shows
rough northern European grotesque
styles
S. Ambrogio, Milan
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele Como
S. Michele, Pavia
CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque
period; straight tower shafts, generally
standing alone as civic monuments or
symbols of power rather than integral
parts of church

22. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
22
9.4. SOUTH ITALY
9.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine,
Muslim and Norman rule
Geography and Geology
Mountainous with limestone
Climate
Almost sub-tropical
9.4.2. EXAMPLES:
CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in
mosaic decorations; Muslim influence
on use of striped marbles
Monreale Cathedral, Palermo
S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo
La Zisa, Palermo
9.5. CENTRAL ITALY
9.5.1. INFLUENCES:
HISTORY
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa
Rich in pagan influence
Geography and Geology
Great stone and mineral wealth at
Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino,
travertine, marble
Ruins of classical buildings
9.5.2. EXAMPLES:
CATHEDRALS
Concentrated on beauty and delicacy
of ornamental details, instead of new
construction systems
Resembles early basilican churches in
plan
Pisa Cathedral
Forms one of most famous building
groups in the world – campanile and
Campo Santo
Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi
Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of
Pisa”
The wall is covered with white and pink
marble.
The dome at the Crossing is additional
at later period.
The Bell Tower was designed by
Bonanno
9.6. NORTH FRANCE
9.6.1. INFLUENCES
Geography and Geology
Fine Caen stone
Pumice and tufa
Climate
Wintery in north
9.6.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Remains of old buildings were less
abundant, greater freedom of
developing new style

23. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
23
The Abbey S. Denis
The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen
S. Nicholas, Caen
9.7. SOUTH FRANCE
9.7.1. INFLUENCES
Geography and Geology
Abundant good stone, easily quarried
and freely used
Climate
Sub-tropical in south
9.7.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Cruciform plan
Semi-circular east end, as an
ambulatory with radiating chapels, is
common
Use of old Roman architecture features
St. Sernin, Toulouse
Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port
Angouleme Cathedral
9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE
9.8.1. INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Stone from mountains along Rhine
Timber from Baltic shores
Brick from Elber in the north
Climate
Summer and winter
9.8.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS:
Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard
influence
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral
Worms Cathedral, Germany
Church of the Apostles, Cologne
Speyer Cathedral

24. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
24
9.9. SPAIN
9.9.1. INFLUENCES
History
Moors in southwest Europe, until 732
A.D.; continuous warfare against moors
gave a certain unity to the peninsula
Christian influence
Royal ties with France and England
Geography and Geology
Iberian Peninsula is a great rock
massif – granite, limestone, red
sandstone, semi-marble, no timber
9.9.2. EXAMPLES
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
Used both Basilica and Greek-cross
forms
Sta. Maria, Ripoll
St. Tirso, Sahagun
La Lugareja, Arevalo
St. Martin de Fromista
Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque
architecture in Spain
CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS
City Walls of Andalusia
Loarre in Aragon
Finest Romanesque Castle in
Spain
Complex of circular towers, curtain
walls
City Walls of Avila, Castile
9.10. ENGLAND
9.10.1. INFLUENCES
History
Subject to roman conquest, preceded
by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55
A.D.
Ruled by Roman legions
Geography and Geology
Remote from rest of Europe,
dependent on sea routes
Hardwood forest and stone
Climate
Low lighting, severe cold
9.10.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
3 foundations:
Old foundation – served by secular
clergy
Monastic foundation – served by
regular clergy or monks, later by
secular canons
New foundation – to which bishops
had been appointed
Norwich Cathedral
St. Albans Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral
Carlisle Cathedral
Chichester Cathedral
Exeter Rochester
Oxford
Worcester
Canterbury Cathedral
Durham Cathedral

25. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
25
MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
CASTLES
1500 castles in England, in 1100 to
1200 A.D.
Began as motte and bailey earthworks,
later citadels with stone and curtain
walls
Windsor Castle
The largest inhabited castle in the
world and, dating back to the time of
William the Conqueror, is the oldest in
continuous occupation
Tower of London
Castle Hedingman, Essex
Orford, Suffolk
Conisborough, Yorkshire
10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
10.1. INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Gothic age originated in France around
1150
Originally- Gothic- first used by
Renaissance critics as a derogatory
term for all art and architecture of the
middle ages-works of the barbarian
Goths.
Considered as one of Europe’s
outstanding artistic eras.
This age saw the rise of new cities or
built on the foundations of old Roman
cities
Religion
Strongly influenced by religious men
and saints; extreme power and wealth
led to serious abuses in the church
10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION:
The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of
architecture, sculpture and painting
The pointed arch, flying buttress and
rib vault
Colored glass and tracery, rhythm
columns and bundled piers
Towers and spires-transcendental
character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Transverse section

26. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
26
Sexpartite Vault
10.3. FRANCE
10.3.1. INFLUENCES
History
1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453
A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began
with England; restlessness
Feudal system, tyranny of lords over
common people
Religious zeal – Christianity was united
against Muslims; Crusades
10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in
reproach to this style – a departure
from classic lines
General use of “Pointed Arch” “L
‘architecture Ogivale”
3 periods:
PRIMARIE(1200 AD)
“A lancettes”
Pointed arch and geometric traceried
windows
SECONDAIRE (1300 AD)
“Rayonnant”
Circular windows, wheel tracery
TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD)
“Flamboyant”
Flame-like window tracery
10.3.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Erected out of funds provided by the
laity – not as part of monastic
establishments
Served as a library for illiterate
townspeople; biblical stories told, with
stained-glass and statuary
Point of departure from classic
Vaulting framework of intersecting
pointed arch ribs, which supports thin
stone panels
Difficulty of vaulting oblong
compartments – overcome by using
pointed arches over shorter span and
sometimes retaining semi-circular
arches for diagonal or longer spans
Downward and outward pressures from
vault were collected by meeting of ribs
at angles; oblique pressure was
counter-acted by buttresses or flying
buttresses weighted by pinnacles
Walls – less needed supports, released
from load-bearing function; invention of
colored, stained glass window to adorn
window-walls.

27. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
27
Notre Dame de Paris
One of the oldest French cathedrals;
begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
“flying buttress”
Reims Cathedral
Chartres Cathedral
Beauvais Cathdral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
HOTEL DE VILLE
Few examples because little municipal
life under the Feudal system
Hotel de Ville, Arras
PALAIS DE JUSTICE
Great halls in which kings and nobles
dispensed justice to their vassals
Palais de Justice, Rouen
CASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers with thick
walls and small windows to resist
attack
Later adapted to make convenient
residences
Chateau de Pierrefonds
Chateau de Ambrose
COUNTRY HOUSES
With the development of gunpowder
and new social order, country houses
took the place of fortified citadels
Still called “chateaux”
Chateau de Josselin
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d’O, Mortree
TOWNHOUSES
“Maisons noble” – French nobles
ceased to be feudal lords in castles
and erected, known as “hotels”
House of Jacques Couer, Bourges
Hotel de Cluny, Paris
10.4. ENGLAND
10.4.1. INFLUENCES
History

28. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
28
High Gothic Style gained acceptance in
England under Henry II (1154-1189
A.D.)
10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.)
Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed
arches in Romanesque structures
Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.)
equivalent to high Gothic in France –
also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed”
style
Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also
called “Second Pointed” equivalent
to French “Flamboyant” style
Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also
called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed”
Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing
application of Renaissance detail
Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.)
Renaissance ideas take its mark
THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING
NORMAN
Diagonal segmental rib
Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting
EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century)
Early English groined vaulting
Early English groined
vaulting with
intermediate ribs
DECORATED (14th Century)
Lierne vault
Ceiling Plan
Lierne stellar vaulting
PERPENDICULAR (15th Century)
Fan vaulting
REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow
(2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.

29. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
29
TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS
Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof
Hammer – Beam Roof
Collar –Braced Roof
Aisle Roof
EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES
GOTHIC WINDOWS
GOTHIC DOORWAYS
Early English Gothic doorway
Gothic doorway;
Decorated style
Gothic doorway;
Perpendicular style
REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.

30. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
30
10.4.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
(Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian
church that contains the seat of a
bishop. It is a religious building for
worship, specifically of a denomination
with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as
the Roman Catholic, Anglican,
Orthodox and some Lutheran
churches, which serves as a bishop's
seat, and thus as the central church of
a diocese
Westminster Abbey; most important
medieval building in England; largest
area and width (32 m. inside)
Yorkminster
Wells Cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral
MONASTERIES: Building complex of
monastic order – self – contained
community used by monks
PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church,
Stock Essex
Breamore Church, Hants
Tity church, Essex
CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS
Stronghold, also for administering
justice and dispensing hospitality
SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room
shelters of wood and thatch
townhouses on burgages or narrow
strips of land, limited frontage on main
street
COLLEGES: with chapel; communal
dining hall, library, small rooms,
staircases, storage. Brew houses,
gatehouse
MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and
wealthy trading families
Parts:
Great Hall, (sometimes aisled)
Chapel
Latrine chamber
Service rooms
Kitchens
Central hearth
TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased
number and variety of rooms;
Quadrangular court from which many
rooms entered directly. Battlement
parapets and fortified gateways used
for ornamentation
Penhurst Place, Kent
Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk
Chamey Basset Manor house,
Berkshire
Athelhampton Hall, Dorset
Hampton Court Palace
10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE
10.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Germany was a composition of
many states
10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Style came from France and not from
German Romanesque
10.5.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the
north – totally different external
appearance

31. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
31
Ulm Cathedral
CASTLES: seen everywhere with old
fortified towns
Klingentor, Rothenburg
TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg
CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House,
Nuremburg
HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg
The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house,
Brunswick
10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS
10.6.1. INFLUENCES
History: Basins and delta of Rhine and
other rivers, number of medieval states
and cities; sea power, culturally
dependent on Germany and France
Towns competed with each other in
power and the arts – architecture as
products of civic rivalry in wealth and
splendor
10.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
French Gothic influence – Brabantine
style; German influence – hall churches
10.6.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example
of Gothic in Netherlands;
Antwerp Cathedral
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
Town hall, Bruges
Town hall, Louvain
Town hall, Brussels
Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges
Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent
10.7. SPAIN
10.7.1. INFLUENCES
History; Spanish inquisition in 1477
A.D. – brought national and religious
unity against the Jews and Muslims
Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085
A.D.; Moors were expelled from in
1492 A.D. with fall of Granada
10.7.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence,
horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery,
rich surface decoration of intricate
geometrical and flowing patterns
Gerona Cathedral
Burgos Cathedral
Most poetic of all Spanish
cathedrals
Toledo Cathedral
Salamanca Cathedral
Avila Cathedral
Segovia Cathedral
Granada Cathedral
Barcelona Cathedral
Seville Cathedral
The Cathedral of Seville, formally
Catedral de Santa María de la Sede
(Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See)
was begun in 1402, with construction
continuing into the 16th century. It is
the largest of all Roman Catholic
cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not
being a cathedral) and also the largest
Medieval Gothic religious building, in
terms of both area and volume
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
Puerta Serranos, Valencia

32. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
32
The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo
College of Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid
Palacio de la Audencio, Barcelona
Ducal Palace, Guadalajara
La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia
Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Camp
10.8. ITALY
10.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: Italy led the way in Europe, in
terms of art, learning and commerce;
Renaissance, cultural revival, took
place in Italy nearly in advance in
northern Europe
This arrested the development of
Gothic architecture in Italy (only one
Gothic architecture in Rome: St.
Francis of Assisi)
10.8.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Roman tradition remained strong;
combination of Greek inspiration,
Roman construction and Byzantine
decoration
Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval
Cathedral)
Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort
in civic architecture during the
period)
Florence Cathedral
(aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed
by Arnolfo di Cambio; essentially
Italian in character without the
vertical features of northern
Gothic; the dome was designed by
Filippo Brunelleschi which
triumphantly blended with a Gothic
building
Sienna Cathedral (one of the most
stupendous undertakings since the
Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble
striping on wall and pier
Palazzo Vechio
Palazzo S. Steffano
Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo
11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
11.1. INFLUENCES
History; great inventions led to general
upheaval of this period – gunpowder,
mariner’s compass, printing by
movable types; attempt to understand
the ancient world, its values, literary
and artistic forms;
“Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius
in 1486;
Religious and intellectual unity of
Christendom had begun to fall
apart
Two principal Components of the style:
Revival of the classical forms (Re-birth)
Intensified concern for secular life
“Humanism” – people are rational
beings who possess within
themselves the capacity for truth
and goodness
11.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the
Renaissance movement crated a break
in the evolution of European
architecture; characteristic of departure
from Gothic – classic Roman “Orders
of Architecture” used after a thousand
years; adoption of Byzantine structural
and decorative practices interwoven
with Roman and Romanesque
succession
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Orders were
standardized by Palladio, Vignola,
Scamozzi, used constructively and
decoratively
ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised
above pendentives to accommodate
windows, decoration with classical
columns crowned with lantern
WALL: rusticated masonry walls;
rusticated wall angles called quoins
Quoins

33. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
33
11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Renaissance: period of learning,
designer’s intent on accurate
transcription of Roman elements
High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque:
became an individual style in its
own right; conflict between purists
and Proto – Baroque; also
Mannerist phase wherein practices
which had no Roman precedent
were interspersed with the usual
buildings were conceived in a non-
Roman way – a free, decorative
and illogical way, unsanctioned by
antique precedent
Baroque: highly enriched play of form
with multiform elements; architects
worked with freedom and firmly
acquired knowledge; true nature of
Renaissance as a distinctive style
began to emerge, baroque was
dramatic, rich, grand and alive,
with architecture, painting,
sculpture and minor arts being
used in harmony to produce a
unified whole
Rococo: primarily French in origin;
rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls,
and crimped shells are worked up
together in a profusion and
confusion of detail, often without
organic coherence, but presenting
a lavish display of decoration;
Rococo is profuse, often semi-
abstract ornamentation and
lightness of color and weight.
11.4. FLORENCE
11.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of
central, chief powers of Italy;
Medici family, founded by Giovanni de
Medici – commercial and political
power
European kings were richer and
powerful than the church and
nobility
The Medici Family of Florence ran the
town
Artists, excelling in several arts gaining
high status in society
Renaissance had its birth in Florence!
Wall: Rusticated masonry gave
massive and rugged appearance; also
defined by string courses crowned by
deep cornices
Openings: doorways at Genoa have
triangular and segmental pediments;
doorways are small yet imposing;
11.4.2. EXAMPLES
Palazzi – palace type building evolved,
built around a cortile or interior court
like medieval cloister; rugged fortress-
like character in contrast with
refinement of Renaissance churches
Early Renaissance examples
Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect
Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence
by Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo

34. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
34
Palazzo Strozzi, Florence
by Benedetto de Majano,
for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of
the Medici
High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque
examples
Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous
architect
Palazo Municipio, Genoa
New Sacristy of S. Lorenzo
Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque
breakaway from academic formalism
with his design
Baroque examples
Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect
Porta Pila, Genoa
Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known
building by Guarini
11.5. ROME
11.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Roman ruins supplied models
for new buildings, which served as
model for all of Europe; political
authority of pope in Rome
Revival of building in Rome brought by
stable government, increased
population and wealth
11.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Wall: frequently screened with
pilasters, both singled and coupled on
each storey, sometimes up to two
storeys to give grandness
Types of Pediments
Triangular Segmental Broken
11.5.3. EXAMPLES
Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar
and cliff-like façade
Churches – centralized and compact in
plan; astylar façade treatment
Early Renaissance examples
Luciano Laurana – famous architect
Ducal Palace, Urbino
Begun by Florentine Maso di
Bartolomeo
Luciano Laurana designed the façade,
the famous courtyard and the great
entrance staircase
High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque
Donato Bramante – famous architect
The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
Architectural gem by Bramante
S. Peter, Rome – most important building of
the period, with cathedral, piazza and
Vatican, forms a world-famous group
120 years, outcome of the works of
many architects under the direction of
the pope:

35. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
35
Bramante – design was selected from
several entries in a competition
(Greek cross, proposed a dome
similar to Pantheon)
Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo &
Raphael – proposed a Latin cross
plan; died
Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek
cross; died
Antonio da Sangallo (the younger) -
submitted a slightly altered plan
with an extended vestibule and
lofty campanile and elaborate
dome
Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to
Greek cross plan, strengthened
the piers of the dome and
redesigned the surrounding
chapels and apses. He completed
the drum of the dome before his
death. (present building owes most
of its outstanding features to him)
Giacomo della Porta & Domenico
Fontana – completed the dome in
1590
Giacomo da Vignola – added side
cupolas
Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave
to form a Latin cross and added
the gigantic façade
Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the
noble entrance piazza (St. Peter’s
square) – 198 m. wide
Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome
Completed plan in Latin cross
Baroque examples
S. Susana, Rome
S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane
Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi
11.6. VENICE
11.6.1. INFLUENCES
Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona,
Brescia, Bergamo; greatness founded
on oriental commerce; sea-power,
semi-independence from popes
Merchants and commercial magnates,
each in rivalry with each other
11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Lighter and more graceful than
Florentine architecture; buildings built
on a hundred isles of wooden and
stone piles; ubiquitous waterways,
spanned by charming bridges
Openings: doorways flanked by
pilasters and columns supporting
cornices and pediments
11.6.3. EXAMPLES
Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to
the play of light and shadows on the
façade; compact plans owing to
cramped sites
Churches – simple and aisle-less
Early Renaissance examples
Doge’s palace
Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice
High Renaissance & Proto-Broque
examples;
Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona
Palazzo Pompeii
Palazo Grimani, Venice
San Michelle’s greatest work
The Basilica, Vicenza
Baroque examples
Adapted to strict Venetian conditions;
sculptured carvings of maritime
theme
11.7. FRANCE
11.7.1. INFLUENCES
History: united to expel the English in
1453 – unprecedented unity, power
and splendor

36. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
36
Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure;
France had united as a kingdom; Paris
as center
11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER
Renaissance radiated from Paris to all
parts of the country
Periods:
Early Period – combination of Gothic
and renaissance features; forming
picturesque ensemble; state of
transition, Renaissance features
grafted unto Gothic buildings
Classical Period – dignity, sobriety and
masculine quality of its foremost
buildings
Late period – Louis the XV phase:
externally simple and less
classically pure
Louis XVI phase: return to
sober classicism - austere
and refined exteriors
Empire: (1790 – 1830
A.D.) rigid formality
11.7.3. EXAMPLES
SECULAR BUILDINGS
Chateau de Bois
Chateu d’Azay-Rideau
Palaise de Fountainbleau
Chateau de Chambord by Italian,
Domenico da cortona
Palais du Louvre, Paris
together with Tuileries, constitutes one
of the most imposing palaces in
Europe
Chateau de Maisons – one of the most
harmonious of all chateaux by
Francois Mansart
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
St. Eustache, Paris
St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church
By Salomon de Brosse
The church of the Val-de-Grâce
designed by François Mansart and
Jacques Lemercier
11.8. ENGLAND
11.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: great wars of 1800 and 1900;
continental travels closed to
Englishmen
Henry VIII – king and supreme head of
English church, dissolved monasteries
and sold their estates; Stuarts gave
England closer ties with France and
Italy

37. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
37
Religion – Protestantism won converts
11.8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan
Early renaissance – Jacobean
Late Renaissance – Stuart
Late Renaissance – Georgian
11.8.3. EXAMPLES
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan
examples; reign of Queen
Elizabeth; establishment of
renaissance style in England;
followed Tudor architecture –
transition style with Gothic features
and Renaissance detail
Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry
VII, Westminster Abbey, early
exquisite Renaissance art
Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen,
merchants and gentry needed
mansions to suit their positions,
designed comprehensively by
owner and chosen master
craftsmen, externally – towers,
gables, parapets, balustrades,
chimney stacks, oriel and bay
windows; viewing outwards rather
than inwards with forecourt,
gateways, angle pavilions, formal
gardens, fountains, terraces with
balustrades, topiary gardens,
orchards
Parts:
Central hall – centrally located;
more of a state hall, rooms around
a central court
Grand staircase
Long gallery
Withdrawing room or solar
Kitchen and office at one end
Gatehouse at entrance side
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
Castle Ashby, Northants
Early Renaissance – Jacobean
examples
Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House,
Herts
Bramshill House, Hampshire
Blicking Hall, Norfolk
Colleges
The Brodleian Library, Oxford
Merton College, Oxford
Late Renaissance – Stuart examples
Banqueting House Whitehall, London
by Inigo Jones
St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren

38. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
38
Late Renaissance – Georgian
examples
Houses:
Planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block;
Swan House, Chichester
Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire
Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh
11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL
11.9.1. INFLUENCES
History – Spain was the leading
country in Europe in 1500’s, vast
hereditary possession of Spanish
monarchy, military conquest: Cape
of Good Hope, America,
Netherlands and Central Europe,
Mexico, Peru, Chile; Protestant
reformation gained few adherents
in Spain due to Christian unity
brought by anti-Moor struggle
11.9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods:
Early Period – Renaissance details on
Gothic forms; influence by Moorish
art; plateresque, rich and poetic
style, minuteness of details similar
to silversmiths’ work, extremely
florid and decorative
In Portugal – Manueline style from
king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D.
Classical Period – adherence to Italian
Renaissance art
Baroque Period – reaction to the
correct and frigid formalism of
Herrera and followers – classical
rules disregarded;
Churrigueresque, fantastically
extravagant expression, by Jose
de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 A.D.
Antiquarian Period – returned to
ancient classical model
11.9.3. EXAMPLES
Secular examples
The University, Salamanca
Façade is plateresque masterpiece
The Alcazar, Toledo
Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca;
façade covered with carved scallop
shells
The Escorial, Madrid
The Palacio Nacional, Queluz;
exquisite Rococo country house
Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe –
one of the grandest Renaissance
churches in southern Spain
The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter
house) Granada –extreme
example of Churrigueresque
11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE
11.10.1. INFLUENCES
History – wars between Catholics and
Protestants; Martin Luther as

39. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
39
dominating figure of Reformation;
invasion by Turks
Influence by universities on art and
architecture; Heidelberg, seat of
Humanist movement; printing and
literature sparked interest in
ancient Greece
Geography and Geology – central
position close to France and Italy
11.10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Renaissance influence from Italy and
France, deferred by 125 years
Periods:
Early Renaissance – introduction of
early Renaissance elements into
Gothic buildings
Proto – Baroque – Italian architects
carried Renaissance into
Switzerland, Austria and Germany
– emulated by local architects
Baroque – local architects trained in
Italy
Rococo – great refinement in
architecture and decoration
Antiquarian – return to ancient classical
models
11.10.3. EXAMPLES
Secular Buildings
The Rathaus –Heilbronn
Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern
brick architecture by Flemish
architect Arton Van Obbergen
The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague
– stucco decorations by Italian
Bartolome Bianco
The Troja Palace, Prague by JB
Mathley
Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau,
Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
Ecclesiastical Examples:
The Theatine Church, Munich –
Baroque style by A Barelli and H
Zulalli
Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most
striking Baroque monuments
Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague
Karlskirche, Vienna
St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich
Wiblingen Abbey Church
The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most
celebrated Rococo church
The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen
by Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo
decorations by Johan Zimmerman
12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE
12.1. BRITAIN
12.1.1. INFLUENCES
History – Age of Revivals, age of
innovations
Social – struggle of Industrial
Revolution, rise in population,
urbanization, transport systems,
growth of middle class,
professionals and businessmen
Technology – improvements in
drainage and sanitation, cotton

40. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
40
manufacturing, steam power, coal-
gas, gas lamps, later electricity,
Lift or elevator. Inventions in
metallurgy – structural iron, cast –
iron, iron glass, steel, reinforced
concrete
Town halls, hospitals, public banks,
warehouse, department stores, fire
and police stations, exhibition
halls, university buildings, art
galleries, transport and industrial
buildings
12.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign
styles
Periods:
Early Victorian
High Victorian
Late Victorian
Late Victorian & Edwardian
Aftermath
12.1.3. EXAMPLES
Early Victorian examples:
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
by Islambard Brunel (pylons of
Egyptian character)
Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph
Paxton
The Crystal Palace was one of the
most remarkable buildings in the
19th century; Housed in the Great
Exhibition in London c. 1851. it
was destroyed by fire in 1936
Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
By Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
The King’s Cross Station, London by
Lewis Cubitt
Westminster New Palace (houses of
Parliament), London by Sir Charles
Barry; non – classical design,
Gothic detail by Pugin; Victoria
Tower – Big Ben
St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale
Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical
monument Britain)
High Victorian Examples
All Saints, Margaret Street,
Westminster by William Butterfield

41. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
41
The University Museum, Oxford by
Benjamin Woodward (landmark of
High Victorian Gothic)
Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by
Philip Webb for William Morris
The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station,
London by Engr. WH Barlow
(largest and most spectacular of
the High Victorian period)
Late Victorian & Edwardian examples:
Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley,
Yorkshire, England, 1906
Law Society, Chancery Lane, London
by Charles Holden
Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL
Pearson
The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks
by Sir Edward Lutyens
St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES
Prior (adapts Gothic features)
Aftermath examples:
The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford,
Surrey, England by Sir Edward
Maufe
City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy
Thomas
12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE
12.2.1. INFLUENCES
History – French Revolution and
Napoleonic Empire influenced
Europe; economic rivalry of France
and Germany; World War I
Growth of Communications, railways;
European countries acquired
colonies in other continents

42. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
42
Ship building, steam power, Suez
Canal, International exhibitions of
science and industry; metal glass
construction, reinforced concrete
12.2.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,
repetitive use of standard bays in
plan and elevation to be enriched
with classical, Medieval or
Renaissance motifs as desired, as
a convenient but dull formula for
the design of large complex
buildings of that age
Periods:
1850 – 1870 A.D.
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
Renaissance revival established and
gained richness; growing interest
in Gothic architecture; structural
use of iron; major town planning
undertakings like the re-planning
of Paris by Baron Eugene Georges
Haussemann
1870 – 1914 A.D.
Use of metals intensified, especially in
exhibitions; academic architecture
Antique forms instead of Renaissance
In Holland and Scandinavia, less
pretentious, more humane, rational
architecture, use of brick
In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni
Gaudi
ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.)
Free of any historical style; floral style,
freely-shaped writing forms;
deliberate simplification of
structural elements in building and
interiors, handmade objects and
furnitures
12.2.3. EXAMPLES
Domestic buildings
Court Gardener’s House,
Charlottenhof, Potsdam by Schinkel
Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau
by Georg Von Dollman for Ludwig II of
Bavaria (German Rococo-like style)
The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi
(seems to presage Art Nouveau in
its forms)
The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi
No. 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel
Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta
(first complete Art Nouveau
building)
The Votivkirche, Vienna by
Heinrich von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic)
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by
Paul Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)

43. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
43
The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
By Gaudi (Art Nouveau)
Public Buildings:
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von
Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo-
classical)
The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel
(Greek-revival)
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by
MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival)
The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by
Henri Labrouste (Neo-
Renaissance)
The National Library by Labrouste
The Opera House, Paris by JLC
Garnier (Neo-Baroque)
The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome
by Giuseppe Sacconi
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by
HP Berlage (Neo-Romanesque)
The Opera House, Cologne by
J. Raschdorf (French neo-
Baroque)
The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by
Otto Wagner (Art Noveau)
Commercial Buildings:
The Halles Centralles, Paris by
Victor Baltard
Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo-
Classical)
Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney
(Neo-Renaissance)
Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate
Works, Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales
Saulnie

44. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
44
The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower),
International Exhibition 1889, Paris
by Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of
glass and iron
The Galerie des Machines,
International Exhibition, Paris by
CLF Dutert (architect) & Victor
Contamin (engineer)
Metro Station, Place de la Bastille,
Paris by H. Guimard (Art Noveau)
12.3. AMERICA
12.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
3 PERIODS:
Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements)
First Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival,
Gothic and Egyptian styles
Second Eclectic Phase:
with 2 main streams –
• Gothic Revival by HH
Richardson
Louis Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright
• Ecole des Beaux-Artes,
Italian and French
Renaissance, ancient
Greek and Roman, late
Gothic (more academic in
character)
Structural experiment and
achievement: metal frame
construction, non-load bearing
curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper, as America’s
single greatest contribution to
architecture
12.3.2. EXAMPLES
Domestic Buildings:
The White House, Washington D.C.
official residence of the president
by James Hoban (Irish architect)
(English Palladian style)
The Robie House, Chicago by
Frank Lloyd Wright
Monticello, near Charlottesville,
Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd
American president – Palladian
style)
Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by
RM Hunt (first American architect
trained at Ecole Beaux-Artes)
(early French Renaissance
chateau)
Stoughton House, Cambridge,
Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead
and White (shingle-style)
Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois
(first important work of Frank Lloyd
Wright aka Prairie House)
Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin
by Frank Lloyd Wright

45. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
45
Religious Buildings:
The First Church of Christ Scientist,
Berkeley, California by Bernard
Maybeck
Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One
monument of American
architecture – Neo-Romanesque)
Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by
Frank Lloyd Wright
Educational, Civic and Public Buildings:
The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
by Thomas Jefferson (first Neo-
Classical monument in America
based on Maison Caree, Nimes)
The United States Capitol, Washington D.C.
(seat of U.S. Government; one of the
world’s best known buildings first designed
by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines)
The National Academy of design, New York by
PB Wight (Venetian Gothic in style)
The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and
White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve,
Paris)
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by
Henry Bacon (Greek Doric style)
The Chapel and Post Headquarters,
U.S. Military Academy, West Point
New York by Cram Goodhue and
Ferguson
The Temple of Scottish Rite,
Washington D.C. (Masonic
Temple) by John Russel Pope
(similar to Mausoleum,
Halicarnassos)
The Reliance Building, Chicago by
Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16
storeys)
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by
William Strickland (Greek revival)
based on Choragic Monument of
Lysicrates, Athens
The Marshall Field Wholesale
Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois by
HH Richardson (7 – storeys, load
bearing wall construction
The Auditorium Building, Chicago,
Illinois by Dankmar Adler and

46. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
46
Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo-
byzantine interior)
The Monadnock Building, Chicago by
Holabird & Roche (south half);
Burnham & Root (north half)
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago
(metal-framed building; 8 storeys)
The Gace Building, Chicago by Louis
Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
(8 storey)
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis
Sullivan (suggestion of Art
Nouveau style)
The Wainwright Building, St Louis by
Adler and Sullivan (10 storeys)
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo,
N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright
The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass
Gilbert (241 m. high with 52
storeys; Gothic style)
Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb
and Harmon (85 storeys)
13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
13.1. INFLUENCES
13.1.1. History – technological advancement:
curtain wall, steel; plate-glass
Arts and Crafts Movement, awakened
a social conscience among
architects
Art Nouveau was short-lived
13.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Famous Names
Walter Gropius – created proto-type of
modern architecture: free standing
glass sheath suspended on a
structural framework, curtain wall –
Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
1918 A.D. founded the “Bauhaus”
(famous German school of Design)
Peter Behrens
Adolf Meyer
Tony Garnier, France – steel span of
80 m. at Lyons
Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial
Hall at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D.
Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic
vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris
Robert Maillart, Switzerland – flat slab
method
Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe –
(German/American architect; 1919
competition – glass sheathed 20
storey skyscraper; Famous for his
dictum “Less is more” and “God is
in the details”
Le Corbusier – (Original name is
Charles Edouard Jeanneret)
• “a house is a machine for living” -
houses should be designed as
machines serving specific
purposes;
• Le Corbusier – 5 points for
contemporary architecture
• The Pillar:
• Functional independence
of skeleton and wall
• The open plan

47. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
47
• The free facade
• The roof garden
JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de
Stijl” (group of geometric-abstract
artists of Theo van Doesburg
Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic
sculptural quality
Marcel Bruer
Richard Neutra – Austria
Rudolf Schindler – Austria
Frank Lloyd Wright – USA
Louis Sullivan – USA
CFA Voysey – UK
Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK
13.1.3. EXAMPLES
Dulles International Airport Building by
Eero Saarinen
Notre-Dame-du-Haut
Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier
Johnson Wax Co. Building by
Frank Lloyd Wright
Falling Water, Pennsylvania
Sydney Opera House by
Jorn Utzon of Denmark
Einstein Tower, Potsdam by
Eric Mendelsohn
Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by
Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer
Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.
By Frank Lloyd Wright
The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67,
Montreal by Buckminster Fuller

48. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
48
The Chrysler New York by
William Van Alen (Art Deco style)
Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore,
Owings and Merrill
Post Office Tower, London by
architects of the Ministry of Public
Building and Works
University of East Anglia, near Norwich
in Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun
Barbican Housing Project, London by
Chamberlain, Powel and Bon
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
by Kenzo Tange
Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome
Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and
Annibale Vitellozzi (1958)
The General Motors Technical Center,
Warren, Michigan by Eero
Saarinen
The Railway Terminus, Rome by
Montuori and Associates
World Trade Center N.Y. by
Minoru Yamasaki (destroyed
during the “9/11 terrorist attack”)
New World Trade Center by
Daniel Liebskind
14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
14.1. INFLUENCES
14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira
when Mohammed moved from
Mecca to Medina; in 10 years
Mohammed made framework of
religion and military organization
charged with spreading the faith
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic
tribes to carry Islam into Central
Asia and westward to the Atlantic,
along trade routes into Africa and
India, Turks and Mongols
Always established a cultural tie with
Arabian heartland with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a
lifetime obligation
Tribal groups – public life was reserved
for men; women had a secondary
role – for domestic and agricultural
work
Self-contained groups of different
religions – Christians and Jews
“People of the Book”, beliefs were
based on revelations and
teachings contributory to Islam
Freedom of worship and self-
government; spread of Islam is
associated with military conquest
and racial movements; Arab
expansion north and west out of
Arab peninsula

49. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
49
14.1.2. RELIGION
Last of three great religions of the
Middle East; complete philosophy
of life and government, one god
Allah, Mohammed is the prophet
Faith is held to be god’s will for creation
3 Works:
Koran, revelation through Mohammed
Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions
Law from tradition and example;
Acceptance of the transitory nature of
earthly life; personal humility and
abhorrence of image worship
14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Countries of Western and Southern
Asia and Northern Africa
Isolated communities like Zanzibar,
Madagascar and China
Lately, all over the world
Countries already rich in building
tradition
14.1.4. CLIMATE
Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation
rather than rainfall; tendency to
seek shelter from sun
14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
14.2.1. Description
Islamic architecture is a product of the
rapid conquest of diverse
territories by a people with no
architectural tradition
Synthesis of styles under one
philosophy but in many different
circumstances
The Islamic way of life had a profound
impact on its architecture:
No essential difference in techniques
between religious and non-
religious buildings
Important architectural endeavor is
normally expended on buildings
having a direct social or
community purpose
Decorations tend toward the abstract,
using geometric, calligraphic and
plant motifs, with a preference for
a uniform field of decoration rather
than a focal element
Basic conservatism discourages
innovations and favors established
forms
Symmetry and balance in the concept
of perfect creation; centered upon
God
14.2.2. OPENINGS
Ogee arch Horseshoe arch
Cusped arch Pointed arch
14.2.3. DECORATIONS
Variety of mouldings, friezes,
crestlings, abstract and geometric
motifs, in lieu of human and animal
forms
Motifs from calligraphy, floral
abstraction and geometric
interlacement
Carvings in bas relief
Stone inlay and mosaic
Patterned brickwork
Carved stucco
Ceramic facing and mosaic
Glass mosaic
Painting
Timber inlay
Pietra dura
Arabesques
Screen or pierced grilles in marble
14.2.4. ORIENTATION
Related to a principal axis, the Kibla
Axis extended into a formal landscape
as an integral part of the design
14.3. EXAMPLES
Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid
(Turkey) – small prayer house

50. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
50
Mosque or Jami
Principal place of worship, Friday
prayer; inward-looking building
whose prime purpose is
contemplation and prayer; no
positive object of attention or
adoration; maybe used as a school
place for transactions, storage for
treasures, place for hearing official
notices
Mihrab – niche oriented towards
Mecca
Mimber – raised platform for
ceremonial announcements
Iwan / Ivan – open-fronted vault facing
a court
Bab – gateway
Sahn – courtyard of a mosque
Minaret – tower from which a call to
prayer is made
Harem – women’s or private chamber
of a house or palace
Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters
Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards
Mecca
Muezzin – caller who summons the
faithful to prayer
Imam – man who leads congregation in
prayer
Calipin – successor to the prophet as
military, judicial or spiritual
leader of Islam
Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular
to the kibla axis
Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra,
Jerusalem (most important Islamic
structure) great central dome covering
the summit of Mt. Moriah, from where
the prophet is believed to have made
his ride to heaven
The Great Mosque, Damascus
(earliest surviving mosque; stood
in walled temenos)
Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun,
Cairo

51. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
51
The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia
The great Mosque, Cordoba
The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS
Kiosk or Chattri (India)
Used in isolation as an ornamental
pavilion emphasizing the roof or
providing a focus in a pleasure
garden
Chinli kiosk, Istanbul
14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey)
Religious college and mosque
Madrassah and tomb of Sultan Hasan,
Cairo
Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey
14.3.3. SARAY OR SERAI
Palace
The Alhambra, Granada, Spain –
fortified palace and complex of
buildings set in gardens; one of
most elaborate and richly
decorated Islamic palaces
14.3.4. HAN OR CARAVANSERAI
Hostel
14.3.5. TOMBS
Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid &
Bukhara, hemispherical dome
superimposed on a perfect cube
building
Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s
family museum)
Tomb of Iltumish, India
Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built
under Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan in memory of his favorite
wife, Mumtaz Mahal
Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra
15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
15.1. INFLUENCES
15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties,
warring states
Philosophers:
Confucius, code of ethics and
education
Lao-Tzu, Taoism
Shih Huang Ti, emperor
Emergence of theorists, thinkers,
schools of philosophy
Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
Foreign trade by land and sea
Chinese were banned from going
abroad
15.1.2. RELIGION
Confucianism
Code of social conduct and philosophy
of life, family and ancestor worship
Taoism
Universal love as a solution to social
disorder
Buddhism
15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
23 provinces

52. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
52
Larger than Europe in area
1/13 of total land area of the world
Metals, timber, bamboo, clay
15.1.4. CLIMATE
North, severe winters
South, warmer
15.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian
influence in use of arch and vault
15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick,
sometimes combined – timber
structures raised on stone or brick
platform; stone for important
edifices
15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature,
supported on timber uprights,
independent of walls; a sign of
dignity to place roofs one over the
other, up-tilted angles, with
dragons and grotesque ornaments
15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows
and doors, lined with oyster shells
or rice paper for effective subdued
lighting
15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of
architecture, dragons, fish and
grotesque ornaments in glazed
terra cotta
15.3. EXAMPLES
15.3.1. Temples
Consists of successive open courts
and porticoes; kitchens,
refectories, sleeping cells for
priests, steps, gateways, bridges
15.3.2. Pagodas
Pagodas – most typical Chinese
building, formerly of religious
significance, later secular nature or
monuments to victory; usually
octagonal in plan, odd number of
stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs,
turned-up eaves, slopes to carry
each storey
15.3.3. Pai-lous
Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic
structure; serves as entrance to
temples and tombs, as
monuments to eminent persons
Constructed of wood or stone
consisting of two or more upright
posts formed by horizontal rails
having one or three openings
15.3.4. Tombs – not of great architectural
value
Xian tomb
Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36
years to build; after construction,
covered with a 150 foot hill of
earth, escaping detection for 22
centuries; subterranean vault
contains an army of 6000 to 8000
fully-armed terra cotta soldiers, in
battle formation, along with houses
and chariots; no two men looked
alike, all six feet tall – said to be an
exact replica of the emperor’s live
honor guards, in marching position
with real weapons

53. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
53
15.3.5. Palaces
Imperial palaces and official residences
were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions
resembling temples
15.3.6. Houses
No noble country houses; generally 1 –
storey; governed by building
regulations limiting the dimensions
and number of columns;
Emperor – bays
Prince – 7
Mandarin – 5
Ordinary citizens – 3
15.3.7. Bridges
15.3.8. Fortifications
The Great Wall of China – most
famous of ancient Chinese
buildings by Shi Huang Ti; 3700
miles long (1/20 of the earth’s
circumference) from Pacific Ocean
to Gobi desert; gray granite
blocks-enough building materials
to make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90
m. thick wall around the equator;
used whatever materials were
available in the locality – sand,
twigs, stone, pebbles, adobe and
earth
16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
16.1. INFLUENCES
16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism
with castes of emperors and
nobles, shoguns , military and
people; for 200 years, closed to
outside world, isolation from
foreign influence;
1854 A.D. commercial treatise with
America and Europe entered into
war with China and Russia
16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous
polydemonism, Buddhism
16.1.3. Geography and Geology
Principal island Honshu
Smaller islands at north and south, off
the eastern coast of Asian
mainland; prevalence of
earthquakes, hilly and forested,
un-stratified volcanic stone –
granites and porphyries
16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy
rainfall
16.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
16.2.1. Description – largely derived from
China, but always maintained its own
special characteristics of lightness and
delicacy ; refined
16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of
Chinese form
16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature,
exquisite curvature
16.3. EXAMPLES
16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are
distinguished from Buddhist
temples by Torii gateways; Torii
have upright posts supporting 2 or
more horizontal beams;
worshippers must pass under this
for prayers to be effective
Torii

54. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
54
Buddhist temples are entered through
an elaborate 2 – storey gateway,
surmounted by a room under an
ornate roof
Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5
storeys, 45 m. in height, virtually
suspended around a central
timber, stable against earthquake
shocks
Japanese Pagoda
Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6
corridors to 3 different pavilions for
the emperor’s family; sometimes
protected by concave batter walls
and a moat
House – unpainted wood without any
surface treatment; no other
architecture reveals the structural
and aesthetics qualities of wood
Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan,
vestibule, veranda engawa, living
and dining
Guest rooms
Recess for flowers and art
Rooms for host and hostess
No distinction between living and
sleeping apartments, all futon or
beddings are stored in closets
during daytime
Room size determined by “Tatami
floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken
(1.80 m. X 0.90 m.)
Tea Houses
Bath Houses
17. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
17.1. INFLUENCES
17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia
through mountain passes in the
north, from Persia and Graeco-
Roman Western Asia through
Baluchistan (Afghanistan)
Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan
(in present-day Pakistan) indicate
close links of Indus Valley-
Harappan culture with that of
Mesopotamia
Successive military and economic
incursions brought art and
architecture in Aryan, Persian,
Graeco-Roman, Sassanian,
Muslim, Portuguese, French and
English
17.1.2. Religion
Hindu
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan
invaders
An individual act – only Brahmans can
officiate religious practices
Buddhist
Concentrated in monasteries and
stupas or shrines
Salvation or Nirvana
Jain
Salvation through successive rebirths
Rigid asceticism and avoidance of
injury to any living creature
17.1.3. Geography and Geology
Mountain ranges in the north
Sea on the south and east to west
Indus and Ganges were trade-ways
and sites of first cities
17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east,
summer and winter; very heavy
rainfall, warm and humid country
17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
17.2.1. Architectural Character – shrines
designed for congregational use,
large groups of worshippers;
mouldings of bulbous character,
often heavily under-cut – strong
shadow lines
Ornament is restrained in character
and extent; painted wall decorations
and bas-relief as social records

55. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
55
17.2.2. Examples
Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free
without any structural function) circular or octagonal
shafts
Stupas – shrine or domical mounds
with rails, gateways, processional
paths, crowning umbrella;
regarded as symbols of the
universe
Chaityas – Assembly hall
Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle
surrounded by veranda
17.3. JAIN ARCHITECTURE
17.3.1. Architectural character
Periods:
Early Jain
Early rock-cut caves
Exact stone copies of wood or
thatch structures
Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D.
Temples in central India
Central shrine with a dome or
sphere cover
Lighter and more elegant than
Hindu temples; careful site
selection; temple cities on sacred
mountains
17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE
17.4.1. Architectural Character
Small unit shrine called garbha-gira
Spire-shaped sikhara roof
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing
and music
Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating
literally to "mountain peak", refers
to the rising tower in the Hindu
temple architecture of North India

56. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
56
18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
18.1. INFLUENCES
18.1.1. History
PRE-COLONIAL
Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive
food gatherers and hunters
In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced
race from Indonesia
Barangays as tribal system
Converted to Islam in 1300 A.D.
Trade center of the Orient
SPANISH RULE
1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought
Christianity
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal,
unsuccessful revolt by Emilio
Aguinaldo
AMERICAN RULE
Islands cede to America, as a result of
defeat in war with the USA,
fighting, self-government
JAPANESE INVASION
December 1941
Puppet government
Liberation by the US under Gen.
McArthur in July 1945
INDEPENDENCE in 1946
3rd largest English speaking nation in
the world
Citadel of Christianity and democracy
in East Asia
Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese,
Spanish
18.1.2. Religion
Roman Catholics
Islam
Protestants
Aglipayan
Iglesia ni Kristo
18.1.3. Geography and Geology
Archipelago of 7100 islands
3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas
and Mindanao
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean
Strategic position – in the path of Far
East trade
Volcanoes, mountains, seas
Forests: molave, guijo, yakal, narra,
pine
Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass,
rattan, nipa,
Clay, limestone, adobe, marble,
gypsum, granite, coral stone
Metals
18.2. Examples
18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS /
HOUSES
Caves – basic amenities found in the
cave are the paga (sleeping board)
and hearth used for cooking and
providing warmth during cold
seasons
Lean-to (2 types)
a. wind shield or one sided lean-to
w/ or w/o flooring
b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter
support
Tree-house
Generally built in the forked branches
of high trees (6-18 m.) or high
stumps (4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as
foundations houses are anchored
to nearby trees by means of rattan
Cordillera Region
Isneg
Kalinga
Bontoc
Ifugao
Panay Region
Mindanao & Sulu Region

57. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
57
Badjao
Samal
Yakan
Maranao
Ivatan
Mangyan
Subanun
Mandaya
18.2.2. Spanish Churches
Calasiao, Pangasinan
2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon
Dalinao
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte
By Fr. Joseph Ruiz
Sinking bell tower
Las Piñas Church
By fr. Diego Cera
Loboc, Bohol
Biggest number of murals on walls
and ceilings
Manila Cathedral
By Bishop Domingo Salazar
Miagao Church, Iloilo
By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
Morong Church, Rizal
Exquisite Spanish Baroque style
By Fr. Blas dela Madre
Panay Church
Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins
donated by townspeople
Quiapo Church
Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose
Maria Zaragoza
San Agustin Church
By Fr. Juan Macias
San Sebastian Church
One first steel building
Steel from Belgium by Eiffel
Taal Church, Batangas
By Fr. Martin Aguirre
Biggest church
Sta. Ana Church
By Fr. Vicente Ingles
Restored by Juan Nakpil
Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City
By Jose maria Zaragoza
Sto. Niño Church, Cebu
By Diego de Herrera
18.2.3. Spanish Houses
Vigan Houses
Antillan Houses
Ivatan Houses
First floor
Zaguan – for caroza
Quadra – horse stable
Bodega – store room
Second floor
Stairway
Caida – ante-sala from stairs
Sala – living room
Comedor – dining room
Dispensa – pantry
Letrina or comun – toilet
Baño – bath
Azotea – open terrace
Aljibe – water cistern
Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio
Entresuelo – vault
Balcon – balcony
Patio – courtyard
Early American Period
Notable architects:
Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City
Beautiful Movement” - city
plan of Manila and Baguio
William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua
1st registered architect in the
country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo
Carlos Baredo
Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st
concrete building in Escolta
Philippine Normal School
Philippine Normal University
University of the Philippines
Padre Faura
National Museum
Intendencia Building – adjacent to
Manila Cathedral
Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia
French Baroque style
Army and Navy Club – rest and
recreation for American
soldiers

58. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
58
De La Salle College – by Tomas
Mapua
Rizal Monument Obelisk
Sta. Isabel College
Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons
UST Main Building by Roque Rueno
The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with
elevator) by Parsons, renovated by Locsin
in 1975
The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano
Commonwealth Period
Notable architects:
Juan Nakpil
1st National artist for
architecture
Pablo Antonio
2nd National artist for
architecture
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Baretto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro
Leandro Locsin
3rd National artist for
architecture
Far Eastern University Main Building by
Pablo Antonio (Art Deco)
The Metropolitan Theater, Manila
By Juan Arellano (1931)
The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)

59. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
59
Agriculture & Finance Building
Crystal Arcade, Escolta
Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil
Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001
Art Deco, streamline style
Ambassador Hotel by Fernando
Ocampo – 1st skyscraper in the
country (4 storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo
Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by
Federico Ilustre
The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio
Palma Hall Melchor Hall
Both by Cesar Concio
Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite
Church of the Holy Sacrifice by
UP (thin shell structure)
Leandro Locsin
Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by
Cresenciano De Castro

60. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
60
Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil
(Folded Plate Construction)
Church of St. Andrews by Locsin
Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos
Santos Viola
Engineering and former architecture building at
UST by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise-
Soleil” – sun breaker)
World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by
Alfredo Luz
Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio
Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles
The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza

61. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
61
San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa
Brothers and Landscape architect I.P. Santos
Development Academy of the Philippines by
Felipe Mendoza
Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin
GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos
Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz
Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin
Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers
Philippine Stock Exchange
Building, Makati

62. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
62
Ateneo Professional
Schools
Pearl Farm Resort
Mary Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or
“Tahanang Filipino”
By Francisco Mañosa
Churches:
Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera
Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar
San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias
Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and
Jose Maria Zaragosa
Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
(sinking bell tower)

63. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
63
Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of
murals on walls and ceilings)
Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower)
by Fr. Ramon Dalinao
Miagao Church, Iloilo by
Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre
(biggest church)
Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr.
Blas dela Madre
VERNACULAR TERMS:
Abang – dowel
Alahado – flush
Alero – eaves
Alulod o kanal – gutter
Andanyo – scaffolding
Asinta – laying of CHB
Asolehos – wainscoating tiles
Bagad – wall post
Balangkas – framework
Baral de Kadena – chain bolt
Barandillas – baluster
Batidura – astragal
Batidura – fillet
Baytang – tread
Biento – spacing
Biga – beam
Bisagra –hinge
Bolado – projection
Caida – hall
Canal – groove
De Bandeha – panel door
Dish rack – bangguerahan
Dos aguas – gable roof
Dotal – floorboards
Dulang – low table
Dutcha – shower
Escombro – earth fill
Escondro – crushed stone
Estanyo – Nikolite bar
Estanyo – soldering bar
Estopa – oakum
Guililan – floor sill
Hamba pintuan – door jamb
Haspe – wood grain

64. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
64
Hiero – iron
Hulog – plumb bob
Kaballete – ridge roll
Kabilya – reinforcing bars
Kalinya –aligned
Kantero – mason
Kanto mesa – miter
Kanto – corner
Kapatas – foreman
Kilo – truss
Kisame – ceiling
Kontratista – constructor
Kostilyahe – ceiling joists
Kostura – mortar joints
Krokis – sketch plan
Kuling – girder
Ladrillo – brick
Larga masa – concrete slab
Lastillas – sand & gravel
Latero – tinsmith
Lingueta – GI strap
Liyabe – anchor
Madre de Escalera – closed stringer
Masilya – putty
Media Cana – quarter round
Medya Agua – awning
Palitada, plaster
Pasamano – window sill
Paupo – mortar
Pendulum – king post
Pergola – trellis
Pie de Gallo - brace
Pilarete – vertical stud
Pitsa – washer
Piye – feet
Piyon – laborer
Plantsuela – wrought iron strap
Poleya – wiring knob
Poste – column
Prigadero – sink
Pulgada – inches
Rebokada – scratch coat
Reostra – purlins
Rimatse – rivets
Rodapis – baseboard
Senepa – fascia board
Sepo – girt
Sibe – lean-to-roof
Sinturon – collar
Soleras – floor joists
Staka – stake
Suelo – flooring
Sombrero pintuan – door head
Tabike – exterior siding
Tabla – wood plank
Takip silipan – riser
Tambak – fill
Tapon –plug
Tirante – bottom chord
Trabe anzo – horizontal stud
Trankilya – barrel bolt
Tuerka – nut
Tubo de Banada – downspout
Unosinotra – alternate/staggered
Vaciada – rabbet

65. FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FEU – ALE Review
acdv
65