2. CONTENT
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• Introduction
• History
• Android Architecture
– The Linux Kernel
– Android Runtime
– Libraries
– Application Framework
– Applications
• Advantages of Android
• Versions of Android
3. Introduction
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• It is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open
source software, and is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablets.
• Android OS was developed by Google and later the Open Handset
Alliance (OHA).
• Code in a Java language
4. Open Handset Alliance
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The Open Handset Alliance is a consortium of many firms to develop open standards for mobile devices.
Member firms include HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments, Google, Samsung Electronics,
LG Electronics, T-Mobile,
5. History
• Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by
• The creators of this incorporation thought of developing an advanced OS for camera
but decided afterwards to switched to mobile operating system.
• Goggle acquired Android Inc. in August 2005.
• The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream
released on 22 October 2008.
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6. represented visually. Each layer of the stack, and the corresponding elements within each layer, and they
provide the optimal application development and execution environment for mobile devices. 6
Android architecture
7. 1. The Linux Kernel
Linux Kernel provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware
and the upper layers of the Android software stack.
Based on Linux version 2.6, the kernel provides preemptive multitasking,
low-level core system services such as memory, process and power
management in addition to providing a network stack and device drivers for
hardware such as the device display, Wi-Fi and audio.
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8. 2. Android Runtime
• Android runtime meet the needs of Android running in an embedded environment where there is a limited
battery, limited memory and limited CPU. The former consists of Dalvik Virtual machine and Core Java
libraries.
• Dalvik Virtual machine
• Core Java Libraries
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9. 3. Libraries
• All these libraries are written in java language (C++)
• Libc- c standard library
• SSL- Secure Socket Layer
• Surface Manager- Responsible for composing different drawing surfaces onto the
screen.
• Open GL and GSL are graphic libraries
• Open GL/ES- 3D image engine
• SGL- 2D image engine
• Media Framework- core of the android multi media like MP3, MPEG4
• Free Type- To render the fronts
• Web kit- Open source browser engine that help to work well on small screen
• SQLite- Embedded Database
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10. 4. Application Framework
The Application Framework is a set of services that collectively form the
environment in which Android applications run and are managed. This
framework implements the concept that Android applications are constructed
from reusable, interchangeable and replaceable components.
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11. COUNT…
Activity Manager: Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack
Content Providers: Allows applications to publish and share data with other applications.
Resource Manager: Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings,
colour settings and user interface layouts.
Notifications Manager: Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the user
View System: An extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.
Package Manage: The system by which applications are able to find out information about
other applications currently installed on the device.
Telephony Manager: Provides information to the application about the telephony services
available on the device such as status and subscriber information.
Location Manager: Provides access to the location services allowing an application to
receive updates about location changes.
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12. 5. Applications
Located at the top of the Android software stack are the applications. These
comprise both the native applications provided with the particular Android
implementation (for example web browser and email applications) and the
third party applications installed by the user after purchasing the device.
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13. Advantages of Android
• Android can run multiple apps at the Same Time
• Also support optimized graphics, 2D graphics and 3D graphics
• Android has a better app market
• Android lets you change your settings faster
• It gives you more options to fit your budget
• Android keeps information visible on your home screen.
• Android also support Java applications.
• Better Hardware
• Better Charging Options
• Custom Keyboards
• Google Play Is More User-Friendly 13
14. Versions Of Android Operating System
• The Android era officially began on October 22nd, 2008, when the T-Mobile G1 launched in the United States.
A. Android 1.0 (Alpha) 23 September, 2008
B. Android 1.1 (Beta) 9 February, 2009
C. Android 1.5 (Cupcake) 30 April, 2009
D. Android 1.6 (Donut) 15 September, 2009
E. Android 2.0 (Éclair) 26 October, 2009
F. Android 2.2 (Froyo) 20 May, 2010
G. Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) 6 December, 2010
H. Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) 10 May 2011
I. Android 4.0 (Ice cream sandwich) 19 October, 2011
J. Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) 13 July, 2012
K. Android 4.4 (KitKat) 31 October, 2013
L. Android 5.1 (Lollipop) 12 November, 2014
M. Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) 5 October, 2015
N. Android 7.1 (Nougat) 22 August, 2016
O. Android 8.0 (Oreo) 21 August, 2017
P. Android 9.0 (Pie) 6 August, 2018
Q. Android 10 (Q) It was first announced by Google on March 13, 2019
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15. Android 1.0 (Alpha)
Android Alpha Android 1.0 is where it all began. With the HTC Dream as the first Android phone in the
world. It set the framework for what Android could do. It enabled :
• Camera support,
• Wi-Fi,
• Bluetooth,
• Folders,
• A web browser,
• Notifications,
• Voice dialing,
• YouTube,
• Alarm clock,
• Gallery,
• Instant messaging,
• Media player,
• The whole Google apps array and Android Market.
It really was the basic beginning, and already fulfilled a lot of what smartphones should be able to do.
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16. Android 1.1 (Beta)
• Android Beta for Pixel offers you a simple way to
try pre-release versions of Android, and test drive
the new features.
• The feedback that you provide will help us
identify and fix issues, and make the platform
even better.
• Registered devices will automatically receive
updates for the latest beta version of Android
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17. Android 1.5 (Cupcake)
• Added auto-rotation option
• Copy and Paste feature added in the web browser
• Increased speed and performance but not up to required
level
• Video recording and playback
• support for Bluetooth
• User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts
• Specific date/time stamp shown for events in call log, and
one-touch access to a contact card from call log event
• Animated screen transitions
• New stock boot animation
• Ability to upload videos to YouTube
• Ability to upload photos
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18. Android 1.6 (Donut)
• It contains several new updates including text-to-speech
technology
• Searches can be done by text and Voice, and this is not
restricted to just the Web;
• you can also search your bookmark history, Contacts,
Music, Dictionary and the Web with this method and from
the same search box.
• App screenshots are now available in the Android Market.
• The new update also allow for WVGA Screen Resolutions
and better performance.
• The Gallery was fully integrated with the Camera apps for
better and faster viewing of photos taken from the camera. 18
19. Android 2.0 (Éclair)
Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device
for synchronization of email and contacts
Microsoft Exchange email support, with combined inbox to browse email
from multiple accounts in one page
Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person
Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with delete oldest
messages in a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is
reached
Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene
mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus
Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard, with smarter dictionary that learns
from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions
Refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails, double-tap zoom and
support for HTML5
Calendar agenda view enhanced, showing attending status for each invitee,
and ability to invite new guests to events
Optimized hardware speed and revamped UI
Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, with better contrast ratio
live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to
show movement
It improved navigational experience with Google Maps.
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20. Android 2.2 (Froyo)
• shortcuts at the bottom for the phone, web browser, and
app launcher.
• Additionally, dots on either side of the shortcuts gave the
user an indication of what panel they were currently
viewing.
• Features like USB Tethering and Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot
were added to this version
• Support for Adobe Flash
• Improved Application launcher with better browser
• No internet calling.
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21. Android 2.3 (Gingerbread)
• Quickly switch between front and back camera in the
modified camera app.
• This version also has better battery management tools
allowing users to see which app is zapping
• Internet calling
• One touch word selection and copy/paste.
• New keyboard for faster word input.
• More successful version of Android than previous.
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22. Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)
• This version of android is only available for tablets.
• Support for multi-core processors
• Support for external keyboards and pointing devices
• Support for joysticks and gamepads
• Ability to encrypt all user data.
• Added System Bar, featuring quick access to
notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons,
available at the bottom of the screen
• Added Action Bar, giving access to contextual
options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content
at the top of the screen
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23. Android 4.0 (Ice cream sandwich)
• Virtual button in the UI.
• A new typeface family for the UI, Roboto.
• Ability to shut down apps that are using data in the
background
• Numerous bugfixes and optimizations
• Improvements to graphics, databases, spell-checking
and Bluetooth functionality
• New APIs for developers, including a social stream
API in the Contacts provider
• Calendar provider enhancements
• Accessibility refinements such as improved content
access for screen readers
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24. Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean)
• Enhanced accessibility
• Bi-directional text and other language support
• User-installable keyboard maps
• Expandable notifications
• Ability to turn off notifications on an application-
specific basis
• Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-
arranged or re-sized to allow new items to fit on
home screens
• Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam
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25. Android 4.4 (KitKat)
• Lock screen improvements, including widget
support (removed again in 2014)and the ability to
swipe directly to camera
• Notification power controls ("Quick Settings")
• New clock application with built-in world clock,
stop watch and timer
• Premium SMS confirmation
• Native Emoji support
• Group Messaging
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26. Android 5.1 (Lollipop)
• Dial pad auto-complete in the Phone application
• Volume for incoming calls (ringtone) and
notification alerts is no longer adjustable
separately
• Clock in the status bar disappears if clock is
selected as lock screen widget
• Native Emoji support
• Various bugfixes
• Native WiFi calling support
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27. Android 6.0 (Marshmallow)
• Alphabetically accessible vertical application
drawer
• Application search bar and favorites
• Native fingerprint reader support
• Direct Share feature for target-specific sharing
between apps
• Renamed "Priority" mode to "Do Not Disturb"
mode
• Automatic full data backup and restore for apps
• Descriptions for USB connection options
• Double-tap power button to open camera
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28. Android 7.1 (Nougat)
• Support for file based encryption
• Emoji and skin tone modifier
• Ability to display color
• Ability to screen zoom
• Ability to switch to the last opened app by
double tapping the overview button
• Added Emergency information part
• Added the "Clear All" button in Overview screen
• Improvements to file browser
• More Quick Settings options
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29. Android 8.0 (Oreo)
• Redesigned Quick Settings and Settings with white background and
respectively black and Accent font colour.
• Restructured Settings by regrouping in sections similar entries
• Apps background execution and location limits
• Colour management
• Google Play Protect
• Downloadable fonts
• Multi-display support
• Integrated printing support
• Wi-Fi Assistant
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30. Android 9.0 (Pie)
• Battery saver no longer shows an orange overlay on the
notification and status bars.
• A new "Lockdown" mode which disables biometric
authentication once activated
• New transitions for switching between apps, or
activities within apps
• A "screenshot" button has been added to the power
options.
• New user interface for the quick settings menu
• The clock has moved to the left of the notification bar.
• The "dock" now has a semi-transparent background.
• Rounded corners across the UI
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32. Android Q
• Android Q is the tenth major version of the Android operating
system. It was first announced by Google on March 13, 2019
• New permissions to access location in background and to access
photo, video and audio files.
• Background apps can no longer jump into the foreground.
• Limited access to non-resettable device identifiers.
• Sharing shortcuts, which allow sharing content with a contact
directly.
• Floating settings panel, that allow changing system settings
directly from apps].
• Dynamic depth format for photos, which allow changing
background blur after taking a photo.
• Better support for biometric authentication in apps.
Q
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