SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 39
Types of Disabilities
Presented by
Honey Babu,
Asst. Professor in Education,
GVM’s Dr. Dada Vaidya, College of Education
,Goa.
Learning disability
• Learning disability /LD is used to describe a
specific group of children, adolescents and
adults who have problems in learning. These
problems may be in the areas of reading,
writing, spelling and arithmetic.
Problems in the area
Reading Writing
Spelling Arithmetic
Learning disability
• The term LD was first used by Dr. Samuel Krik,
While addressing a gathering of parents in
Chicago ( Hallahan and Cruickshank,1973).
• ACLD------Association for children with
Learning Disabilities
• NJCLD-National Joint Committee on Learning
Disabilities (1981)
• All the underachievers are not learning
disabled. LD is not the mental retardation
because the IQ score may be very high range
in many cases. However it can occur along
with other handicapping conditions like
sensory impairment emotional and behavioral
disorders and mental retardation.
Learning disability
Stages of screening the child with LD
Poor Scholastic achievement
Sensory Impairment
Mental retardation
Poor Schooling
Deprivation
Learning Disability
Definitions of Learning Disaability
• According to Kirk, “Learning disability refer to
retardation disorders or delayed development
in one or more of the processes of speech,
language, reading spelling ,writing or
arithmetic resulting from a possible cerebral
dysfunction and or emotional or behavior
disorders and not from mental retardation
,sensory deprivation or cultural or
instructional factors”.
Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Functional disability
• Not as fast as normal children
• Discrepancy between achievement and
intelligence
• It is a psychological processing disorder and
presumes a central nervous dysfunction.
• Intellectually average or above average.
• Difficulty for reading alphabets and slow reading.
Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Difficulty of writing, missing letters and
misspelling the words.
• Speaks well but difficulty for completing a full
sentence without mistakes.
• Illegible and poor handwriting.
• Poor memory and thinking skills.
• Difficulty in dealing mathematics.
• Lack of focusing attention.
Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Lack of motor co-ordination.
• Less time management and lack of
organizational skill.
• Less emotional maturity.
• Hyperactivity and impulsivity
• Electro encephalographic irregularities
• Perceptual impairment
Why awareness and training is needed
to deal with People with LD
• To help them to overcome the specific
disadvantage
• To train them to manage
• Earlier detection helps to avoid Secondary social
and emotional difficulties both for the parents
and children
• It will help the teachers to manage and should
have a good knowledge about the particular
disability.
Causes of Learning Disability
Physiological factors
• Neurological damage, Prolonged labor , Premature birth and other birth
complications, Maternal and paternal age
• Cigarette smoking ,Use of drugs and alcohol addiction, Radiation
• Rubella, other maternal endocrine disorders and nutritional deficiencies., Genetic
factors
Developmental causes
• Maturational delay like slow maturation of languages skills, delayed motor
skills, right-left confusion etc.
Educational factors
• inadequate and inappropriate teaching
Environmental Factors
• emotionally unstable home life
Specific learning Disabilities
Learning Disabilities can be broadly
classified into major categories:
• Disorders of Attention and Hyperactivity
• Reading Disabilities
• Writing Disabilities
• Arithmetic Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• Short attention and lack of concentration are the
most obvious qualities in learning disabled
children
• ADHD disorders have an early onset , either in
childhood (below five years) or early
adolescence. It is typically characterized by a
short attention span, over-activity and
impulsivity.
Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
A child may lack concentration because of various reasons:-
LD Poor eye sight/hearing loss
Emotional problems Stress
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GIx-JYdLZs
Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• ADHD learners does not know how to respond to
incoming stimuli or produces incorrect response
or ignoring relevant features of a task or
responds in excessive activity.
• They will not analyze the problems to solve .They
will not think analytically. They will be choosing
the first action that flashes to their mind .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRY
l9Bf0yhs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=mmcdKuoIxZw
Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• Individuals with this disorder often find
themselves in disciplinary trouble due to their
unthinking rather than a deliberately defined
breach of rules. They appear to be socially
uninhibited, often lack social reserve or
causation and are generally unpopular with their
peers.
ADHD
• The diagnosis of ADHD is done using DSM- 4-
R Criteria for ADHD.
• (DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders)
• A child to be diagnosed as hyperactive ,he or
she must exhibit at least eight of the 14
specified behaviors more often than children
of the same age.
Characteristics mentioned according
to DSM- ш- R are as follows:-
• Often shifts from one activity to other
• Often talks excessively
• Easily distracted by external stimuli
• Has difficulty playing quietly
• Often loses things necessary for tasks or
activities at school or at home
• Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or
play activities
Treatment for ADHD
• Stimulant drugs can be used for those with
ADHD. They are Ritalin , Dexedrin , Cylert etc ;
they have some side effects like stomach ache
and poor appetite .These drugs help to
decrease impulsiveness and improve attention
span ,hand writing and ability to follow
instructions.
• Help the child to master the skill of attention
through different strategies.
Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA
• Reading is the key factor of education.
• Dyslexia is the widely used term to describe a
child who is unable to read.
• It is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning
to read despite conventional instruction,
adequate intelligence and socio-cultural
opportunity.
• The children with this disorder will fail to attain
skills of reading, writing and spelling.
Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA
Characteristics of dyslexic readers are:-
• Read slowly, omit or add words
• Often reversing letters, words or numbers
• Try to guess while reading
• Weak comprehension skill and poor in
vocabulary
• Has an average or above average intelligence
• Concepts are reversed
Writing Disability -Dysgraphia
• It is a neurological based disability in which a
person has difficulty in expressing thought on
paper and with writing associated with
problems in gripping and manipulating a
pencil.
Writing Disability -Dysgraphia
Characteristics with dysgraphic individuals are:-
• Total no. of words and length of sentences is
reduced
• Errors in spelling, syntax, tense and
punctuation.
• Unable to dial abstract themes and ideas.
Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia)
• It is described as an important factor in
arithmetic disabilities that is developmental
,rather than acquired. There are different
types of arithmetic disabilities like difficulty
with shape discrimination ,size discrimination
,classification ,counting, problem solving etc.
Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia)
Characteristics of arithmetic disability are:-
• Unable to associate number with quantity
• Unable to discriminate right /left (spatial
concept)
• Unable to reverse numbers
• Poor spatial orientation and ability to make
estimation of space ,size, time, shape and weight
• Difficulty in relating what they see visually with
what they know auditory. That is the difficulty to
relate the spoken word six with written symbol 6
or with word Six.
Types of disabilities
Types of disabilities
Types of disabilities
Types of disabilities
Types of disabilities

More Related Content

What's hot

Multiple disabilities
Multiple disabilitiesMultiple disabilities
Multiple disabilities
Vanessa Cabag
 

What's hot (20)

MODELS OF DISABILITY
MODELS OF DISABILITYMODELS OF DISABILITY
MODELS OF DISABILITY
 
Rci act 1992
Rci act 1992Rci act 1992
Rci act 1992
 
Disability and impairment
Disability and impairmentDisability and impairment
Disability and impairment
 
detailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilitiesdetailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilities
 
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdfLEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
 
Multiple disabilities
Multiple disabilitiesMultiple disabilities
Multiple disabilities
 
Pwd act 1995
Pwd act 1995Pwd act 1995
Pwd act 1995
 
Locomotor disabilities
Locomotor disabilitiesLocomotor disabilities
Locomotor disabilities
 
Presentation Of Physical Disabilities
Presentation Of Physical DisabilitiesPresentation Of Physical Disabilities
Presentation Of Physical Disabilities
 
National policy for disability 2006
National policy for disability 2006National policy for disability 2006
National policy for disability 2006
 
Learning disabled child
Learning disabled childLearning disabled child
Learning disabled child
 
Disability :Current Concepts
Disability :Current ConceptsDisability :Current Concepts
Disability :Current Concepts
 
Causes of learning disabilities
Causes of learning disabilitiesCauses of learning disabilities
Causes of learning disabilities
 
Rehabilitation council of India act,1992
Rehabilitation council of India act,1992Rehabilitation council of India act,1992
Rehabilitation council of India act,1992
 
The national trust-1999
The national trust-1999The national trust-1999
The national trust-1999
 
special education and Classification of Disabilities
special education and Classification of Disabilitiesspecial education and Classification of Disabilities
special education and Classification of Disabilities
 
Children with disabilities
Children with disabilities Children with disabilities
Children with disabilities
 
Early intervention- an Introduction
Early intervention- an IntroductionEarly intervention- an Introduction
Early intervention- an Introduction
 
Learning Disability
Learning DisabilityLearning Disability
Learning Disability
 
MODELS OF DISABILITY
MODELS OF DISABILITY MODELS OF DISABILITY
MODELS OF DISABILITY
 

Similar to Types of disabilities

Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhatLearning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
Melvs Garcia
 
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdfMicrosoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
MaryconLaoNacito
 
Emotional disturbance
Emotional disturbanceEmotional disturbance
Emotional disturbance
ellentschopp
 

Similar to Types of disabilities (20)

Learning difficulties
Learning difficultiesLearning difficulties
Learning difficulties
 
childhood Psychological problems.pptx
childhood Psychological problems.pptxchildhood Psychological problems.pptx
childhood Psychological problems.pptx
 
Learning disability
Learning disabilityLearning disability
Learning disability
 
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
 
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
 
"Treatment & remedies for learning disability find its promising homeopathy ...
"Treatment & remedies for learning disability find its promising  homeopathy ..."Treatment & remedies for learning disability find its promising  homeopathy ...
"Treatment & remedies for learning disability find its promising homeopathy ...
 
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatmentLearning disability and its homeopathy treatment
Learning disability and its homeopathy treatment
 
Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhatLearning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
 
Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhatLearning disorders ppt dr farhat
Learning disorders ppt dr farhat
 
LD4- DR MAS.pptx
LD4- DR MAS.pptxLD4- DR MAS.pptx
LD4- DR MAS.pptx
 
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdfMicrosoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
Microsoft PowerPoint - ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOR.pdf
 
Emotional disturbance
Emotional disturbanceEmotional disturbance
Emotional disturbance
 
Dyslexia
DyslexiaDyslexia
Dyslexia
 
Specific learning disability by Laxmi Gupta
Specific learning disability by Laxmi GuptaSpecific learning disability by Laxmi Gupta
Specific learning disability by Laxmi Gupta
 
Childhood Mental Disorders.pptx
Childhood Mental Disorders.pptxChildhood Mental Disorders.pptx
Childhood Mental Disorders.pptx
 
Developmental problems of children
Developmental problems of children Developmental problems of children
Developmental problems of children
 
Learningdisability
LearningdisabilityLearningdisability
Learningdisability
 
Learning disability.pptx
Learning disability.pptxLearning disability.pptx
Learning disability.pptx
 
Learning dissability
Learning dissabilityLearning dissability
Learning dissability
 
Childhood Psychiatric disorders
Childhood Psychiatric disordersChildhood Psychiatric disorders
Childhood Psychiatric disorders
 

More from HONEY BABU (6)

Inclusive education
Inclusive educationInclusive education
Inclusive education
 
Teaching skills
Teaching skillsTeaching skills
Teaching skills
 
Population education
Population educationPopulation education
Population education
 
Education and secularism
Education and secularismEducation and secularism
Education and secularism
 
Education and delors report
Education and delors reportEducation and delors report
Education and delors report
 
International Commission on Education for Twenty First Century
International Commission on Education for Twenty First CenturyInternational Commission on Education for Twenty First Century
International Commission on Education for Twenty First Century
 

Recently uploaded

The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please PractiseSpellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
AnaAcapella
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxREMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
SKILL OF INTRODUCING THE LESSON MICRO SKILLS.pptx
SKILL OF INTRODUCING THE LESSON MICRO SKILLS.pptxSKILL OF INTRODUCING THE LESSON MICRO SKILLS.pptx
SKILL OF INTRODUCING THE LESSON MICRO SKILLS.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please PractiseSpellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 

Types of disabilities

  • 1. Types of Disabilities Presented by Honey Babu, Asst. Professor in Education, GVM’s Dr. Dada Vaidya, College of Education ,Goa.
  • 2. Learning disability • Learning disability /LD is used to describe a specific group of children, adolescents and adults who have problems in learning. These problems may be in the areas of reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic.
  • 3. Problems in the area Reading Writing Spelling Arithmetic
  • 4. Learning disability • The term LD was first used by Dr. Samuel Krik, While addressing a gathering of parents in Chicago ( Hallahan and Cruickshank,1973). • ACLD------Association for children with Learning Disabilities • NJCLD-National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (1981)
  • 5. • All the underachievers are not learning disabled. LD is not the mental retardation because the IQ score may be very high range in many cases. However it can occur along with other handicapping conditions like sensory impairment emotional and behavioral disorders and mental retardation. Learning disability
  • 6. Stages of screening the child with LD Poor Scholastic achievement Sensory Impairment Mental retardation Poor Schooling Deprivation Learning Disability
  • 7. Definitions of Learning Disaability • According to Kirk, “Learning disability refer to retardation disorders or delayed development in one or more of the processes of speech, language, reading spelling ,writing or arithmetic resulting from a possible cerebral dysfunction and or emotional or behavior disorders and not from mental retardation ,sensory deprivation or cultural or instructional factors”.
  • 8. Characteristics and Educational challenges • Functional disability • Not as fast as normal children • Discrepancy between achievement and intelligence • It is a psychological processing disorder and presumes a central nervous dysfunction. • Intellectually average or above average. • Difficulty for reading alphabets and slow reading.
  • 9. Characteristics and Educational challenges • Difficulty of writing, missing letters and misspelling the words. • Speaks well but difficulty for completing a full sentence without mistakes. • Illegible and poor handwriting. • Poor memory and thinking skills. • Difficulty in dealing mathematics. • Lack of focusing attention.
  • 10. Characteristics and Educational challenges • Lack of motor co-ordination. • Less time management and lack of organizational skill. • Less emotional maturity. • Hyperactivity and impulsivity • Electro encephalographic irregularities • Perceptual impairment
  • 11. Why awareness and training is needed to deal with People with LD • To help them to overcome the specific disadvantage • To train them to manage • Earlier detection helps to avoid Secondary social and emotional difficulties both for the parents and children • It will help the teachers to manage and should have a good knowledge about the particular disability.
  • 12.
  • 13. Causes of Learning Disability Physiological factors • Neurological damage, Prolonged labor , Premature birth and other birth complications, Maternal and paternal age • Cigarette smoking ,Use of drugs and alcohol addiction, Radiation • Rubella, other maternal endocrine disorders and nutritional deficiencies., Genetic factors Developmental causes • Maturational delay like slow maturation of languages skills, delayed motor skills, right-left confusion etc. Educational factors • inadequate and inappropriate teaching Environmental Factors • emotionally unstable home life
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 17. Learning Disabilities can be broadly classified into major categories: • Disorders of Attention and Hyperactivity • Reading Disabilities • Writing Disabilities • Arithmetic Disabilities
  • 18.
  • 19. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD) • Short attention and lack of concentration are the most obvious qualities in learning disabled children • ADHD disorders have an early onset , either in childhood (below five years) or early adolescence. It is typically characterized by a short attention span, over-activity and impulsivity.
  • 20. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD) A child may lack concentration because of various reasons:- LD Poor eye sight/hearing loss Emotional problems Stress https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GIx-JYdLZs
  • 21. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD) • ADHD learners does not know how to respond to incoming stimuli or produces incorrect response or ignoring relevant features of a task or responds in excessive activity. • They will not analyze the problems to solve .They will not think analytically. They will be choosing the first action that flashes to their mind .
  • 23. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD) • Individuals with this disorder often find themselves in disciplinary trouble due to their unthinking rather than a deliberately defined breach of rules. They appear to be socially uninhibited, often lack social reserve or causation and are generally unpopular with their peers.
  • 24.
  • 25. ADHD • The diagnosis of ADHD is done using DSM- 4- R Criteria for ADHD. • (DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) • A child to be diagnosed as hyperactive ,he or she must exhibit at least eight of the 14 specified behaviors more often than children of the same age.
  • 26. Characteristics mentioned according to DSM- ш- R are as follows:- • Often shifts from one activity to other • Often talks excessively • Easily distracted by external stimuli • Has difficulty playing quietly • Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities at school or at home • Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
  • 27. Treatment for ADHD • Stimulant drugs can be used for those with ADHD. They are Ritalin , Dexedrin , Cylert etc ; they have some side effects like stomach ache and poor appetite .These drugs help to decrease impulsiveness and improve attention span ,hand writing and ability to follow instructions. • Help the child to master the skill of attention through different strategies.
  • 28. Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA • Reading is the key factor of education. • Dyslexia is the widely used term to describe a child who is unable to read. • It is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and socio-cultural opportunity. • The children with this disorder will fail to attain skills of reading, writing and spelling.
  • 29. Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA Characteristics of dyslexic readers are:- • Read slowly, omit or add words • Often reversing letters, words or numbers • Try to guess while reading • Weak comprehension skill and poor in vocabulary • Has an average or above average intelligence • Concepts are reversed
  • 30. Writing Disability -Dysgraphia • It is a neurological based disability in which a person has difficulty in expressing thought on paper and with writing associated with problems in gripping and manipulating a pencil.
  • 31.
  • 32. Writing Disability -Dysgraphia Characteristics with dysgraphic individuals are:- • Total no. of words and length of sentences is reduced • Errors in spelling, syntax, tense and punctuation. • Unable to dial abstract themes and ideas.
  • 33. Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia) • It is described as an important factor in arithmetic disabilities that is developmental ,rather than acquired. There are different types of arithmetic disabilities like difficulty with shape discrimination ,size discrimination ,classification ,counting, problem solving etc.
  • 34. Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia) Characteristics of arithmetic disability are:- • Unable to associate number with quantity • Unable to discriminate right /left (spatial concept) • Unable to reverse numbers • Poor spatial orientation and ability to make estimation of space ,size, time, shape and weight • Difficulty in relating what they see visually with what they know auditory. That is the difficulty to relate the spoken word six with written symbol 6 or with word Six.