1. HISTORY OF
INTERNET AND WORLD
WIDE WEB
By:
Madiha Kiran
CS-101

2. NETWORK SERVICES AND
BENEFITS
• E-mail (Electronic Mail)
• E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages
by telecommunication
• It is convenient, fast
• It supports multimedia,
• Bulletin Boards
• news groups, chat rooms, Instant Messaging
• Social Networks
• an Internet site where users can post comments about a particular
issue or topic and reply to other users' postings
• Gulshan kumar

3. NETWORK SERVICES AND
BENEFITS (CONT..)
• Resource Sharing
• ability to share physical resources
• Print servers, file server
• Client-server computing
• Mail servers, name servers, compute servers and web servers
• Information Sharing
• one-to-one exchanges of data between a sender and receiver
• Distributed systems
• Information is distributed among the geographically dispersed sites of a multinational corporation and
shared as needed
• Information utility
• Data Warehouse
• The nodes contains massive amounts of information that can be electronically searched for specific facts or
documents
• Specialized information

4. NETWORK SERVICES AND
BENEFITS (CONT..)
• Collaborative Softwares
• Groupware
• Software that facilitates the efforts of individuals connected by a
network and working on single shared project
• E-commerce (Electronic Commerce)
• Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the
internet

5. WHAT IS INTERNET
• The internet is generally defined as a global network
connecting millions of computers.
• The largest network of networks in the world
• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching
• The popular term for the Internet is the “information
highway”.
• Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves
your ideas and information through cyberspace – the space of
electronic movement of ideas and information

6. USES OF INTERNET
• Send e-mail messages.
• Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers.
• Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and
newsgroups.
• Surfing the web

7. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
• Electronic communications
• Digital Libraries
• Online Education
• Online Ticketing/Booking
• Social connectivity
• Online Entertainment
• Online Employment
• Online shopping
• Online banking
• Online discussions
• Blogs
• Internet of Things
• News
• Technical Support
• Security
• Marketing

8. DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
• Addictive
• Shopping quality
• Loss of study
• Loss of money
• Health issues
• Viruses and Malware
• Hacking
• Dark Web
• Identity Theft
• Spamming
• Data leakage
• Depression
• Mental problems
• Cyber Crime

9. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET
• August 1962: First proposal for building a
computer network
• Made by J. C. R. Licklider of MIT
• ARPANET
• Built by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the 1960s
• Grew quickly during the early 1970s
9

10. THE INTERNET (CONTINUED)
• NSFNet: A national network built by the
National Science Foundation (NSF)
• October 24, 1995: Formal acceptance of the
term Internet
• Internet service providers start offering
Internet access once provided by the ARPANET
and NSFNet
10

11. 11
Figure 7.20
State of Networking in the Late 1980s

12. INTERNET HISTORY

13. OVERALL STRUCTURE OF THE
INTERNET
• LANs and WANs
• Internet Service Provider or ISP
• A business whose purpose is to provide access from a private network
to the Internet or from an individual’s computer to the Internet
• Internet Backbone – which provides global coverage

14. PROTOCOL
• Mutually agreed upon rules, conventions and agreements for
the efficient and orderly exchange of information
• Agreed upon rules
• Multilayered hierarchy
• By dividing the protocols into separate, independent layers, a
change to operation of any one layer will not cause a change to
other layers, making maintenance of the Internet much easier

15. THE FIVE-LAYER TCP/IP INTERNET
PROTOCOL HIERARCHY

16. TCP /IP
• TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect
network devices on the internet
• TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private
network :
• an intranet (An intranet is a private network that is contained within an
enterprise)
• an extranet (An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet
that is extended to users outside the company)
• It specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-
to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into
packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the
destination
• It is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover
automatically from the failure of any device on the network

17. TRANSMISSION CONTROLPROTOCOL/INTERNET
PROTOCOLTCP/IP (CONT..)
• Two main protocols: backbone of internet
• TCP
• Breaks the data into packets, assembling of packets, resemble in proper order
• Detect error and lose data
• It defines how applications can create channels of communication across a
network
• It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they
are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at
the destination address
•
• IP
• Handle the address part of each packet to reach at right destination
• It defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the
right destination
• Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine
where to forward the message

18. APPLICATION PROTOCOL
• Telnet - Terminal Network
• FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• MIME – Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
• POP – Post Office Protocol
• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• DNS – Domain Name System
• NFS – Network File System
• DCHP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

19. TELNET
• It is a software package that allows users to log on remotely to
another computer and use it as though it were their local
machine
• It is client-server application
• The protocol that provides a general, bi-directional, eight-bit
byte oriented communications facility

20. FTP
• FTP is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from
one host to another
• FTP differs form other client-server applications because it establishes 2
connections between hosts
• FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and
data connections between the client and the server
• One connection is used for data transfer, the other for control information
(commands and responses)
• It transfer data reliably and efficiently
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple lockstep File Transfer
Protocol which allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host

21. POP
• POP is also called as POP3 protocol
• This is a protocol used by a mail server in conjunction with
SMTP to receive and holds mail for hosts
• POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them into the
appropriate user folders. When a user connects to the mail
server to retrieve his mail, the messages are downloaded from
mail server to the user's hard disk

22. HISTORY OF THE WORLD WIDE
WEB
• Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, first developed the
idea for hypertext-based information distribution system in
1989
• Hypertext – a language in which
• Links – a collection of documents interconnected by pointers
• Pages – traditional documents are meant to be read linearly
from beginning to end
• A powerful graphic web browser called Mosaic was developed
in late 1993

23. WHAT IS WEB?
• The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information
organized into Web pages containing text and
graphic images.
• It contains hypertext links, or highlighted
keywords and images that lead to related
information.
• A collection of linked Web pages that has a common
theme or focus is called a Web site.
• The main page that all of the pages on a particular
Web site are organized around and link back to is
called the site’s home page.

24. • Web Browser
• is a software application for retrieving, presenting and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web
• Popular web browsers are Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.
• An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI/URL) that may be a web page, image, video or
other piece of content

25. HYPERTEXT DOCUMENTS
• Gulshan Kumar

26. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)
• A commercial organization with permanent connection to the
Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
• Examples:
• Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.

27. HOW TO ACCESS THE WEB?
• Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special
software called a browser to access the Web.
• Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open
and transfer files, display text and images.
• Web browsers are specialized programs.
• Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator) and
Internet Explorer.

28. CLIENT/SERVER STRUCTURE OF
THE WEB
• Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,
called Web servers, that are located all over the
world and are connected to each other through the
Internet.
• When you use your Internet connection to become
part of the Web, your computer becomes a Web
client in a worldwide client/server network.
• A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.

29. HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
(HTML)
• The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like
the files used by word-processing software.
• To allow Web browser software to read them, the text must be
formatted according to a generally accepted standard.
• The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup language
(HTML).

30. HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
(HTML)
• HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser
software how to display the text contained in the
document.
• For example, a Web browser reading the following
line of text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind
Instruments of the 18th Century</I></B>
• recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to
display the entire line of text in bold and the <I>
and </I> tags as instructions to display the text
enclosed by those tags in italics.

31. ADDRESSES ON THE WEB
IP Addressing
• Each computer on the internet does have a unique identification
number, called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
• The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet uses a
four-part number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and
each part is separated from the previous part by period,
• For example, 106.29.242.17

32. IP ADDRESSING
• The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2 billion
possible addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
• This number seemed adequate until 1998.
• Members of various Internet task forces are working to develop an
alternate addressing system that will accommodate the projected
growth.
• However, all of their working solutions require extensive hardware
and software changes throughout the Internet.

33. DOMAIN NAME ADDRESSING
• Most web browsers do not use the IP address t
locate Web sites and individual pages.
• They use domain name addressing.
• A domain name is a unique name associated
with a specific IP address by a program that
runs on an Internet host computer.
• This program, which coordinates the IP
addresses and domain names for all computers
attached to it, is called DNS (Domain Name
System ) software.
• The host computer that runs this software is
called a domain name server.

34. DOMAIN NAME ADDRESSING
• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by
periods, however most domain names currently in use have
only three or four parts.
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
• For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the
computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of
Business (gsb), which is an academic unit of the University of
Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institution (edu).
• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain
name.

35. DNS (CONT..)
• DNS in the Internet: DNS is protocol that can be used in different
platforms
• Domain name space is divided into three categories.
• Generic Domain: The generic domain defines registered hosts
according, to their generic behavior. Each node in the tree defines a
domain which is an index to the domain name space database.
• Country Domain: The country domain section follows the same
format as the generic domain but uses 2 characters country
abbreviations (e.g., US for United States) in place of 3 characters.
• Inverse Domain: The inverse domain is used to map an address to a
name.

36. UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATORS
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a
particular computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s
HTML document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers
rely on Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the
Web browser:
What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
The name of the file

37. STRUCTURE OF A UNIFORM
RESOURCE LOCATORS
http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm
protocol
Domain name
pathname
filename
http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

38. HTTP
• This is a protocol used mainly to access data on the World Wide Web
(www)
• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use to
move files from one computer to another on the Internet
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the Web's main application-
layer protocol although current browsers can access other types of
servers
• A repository of information spread all over the world and linked
together
• The HTIP protocol transfer data in the form of plain text, hyper text,
audio, video and so on
• HTTP utilizes TCP connections to send client requests and server
replies

39. INTRANET
• An intranet is a network where employees can create content,
communicate, collaborate, get stuff done, and develop the
company culture
• Businesses use intranets for a variety of reasons ... because just
like extranets, intranets can help streamline day to day
activity, help organize people and data, improve internal
communications, and increase employee engagement
• They're also very effective for remote employees, as they will
never lose the ability to collaborate with each other like they
could in a traditional office setting

40. EXTRANET
• An extranet is like an intranet, but also provides controlled
access to authorized customers, vendors, partners, or others
outside the company
• Extranets serve an extremely important role, as they allow for
private communication, collaboration, knowledge sharing,
document sharing, and data transfer between organizations

41. INTERNET VS INTRANET
Internet
• Internet is wide network of
computers and is open for all
• Internet itself contains a large
number of intranets
• The number of users who use
internet is Unlimited
• The Visitors traffic is unlimited
• Internet contains different source of
information and is available for all.
Intranet
• Intranet is also a network of
computers designed for a specific
group of users
• Intranet can be accessed from
Internet but with restrictions
• The number of users is limited
• The traffic allowed is also limited
• Intranet contains only specific
group information.

42. INTRANET VS EXTRANET
Intranet
• the intranet is the network
that is limited for use on
the organizations
computers
• Intranet is an internal
network
• It is used by companies to
connect their computers on
a network
• Facilitate communication
between people or work
groups within the company
Extranet
• the extranet is an extension of
the company’s intranet
• Extranet is an internal network
that can be accessed externally
• People from outside the
company can have a limited
access to the company’s internal
network for business or
education related purposes
• The access may be granted to
the organization’s partners,
vendors, suppliers, current and
potential customers, etc

43. IS INTERNET AND WWW ARE
SAME?
• The internet is not synonymous with World Wide Web
• The internet is massive network of networks, a networking
infrastructure
• It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a
network in which any computer can communicate with any
other computer as long as they are both connected to the
Internet
• The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing
information over the medium of the Internet
• It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the
Internet=