jnkvv best presentation about precision farming

2. DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
Presented By :-
Rohit Pandey
Ph. D. Prev.
Course Incharge
:-Dr. M. L. Kewat
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
JABALPUR (M.P.)
Assignment Presentation
ON
Precision farming

3. “ It is an integrated information and production
based farming system that is designed to increase
long term, site-specific and whole farm production
efficiency, productivity and profitability while
minimizing unintended impacts on wild life and
environment. ”
(U.S House of Representatives, 1997 )
Precision Farming

4. “Precision farming is the technology which involves
the targeting of inputs to arable crop production
according to crop requirement on the localized
basis”. (Stafford, 1996)
Aims
To Replace
- Big machinery
- High energy consumption
- Chemicals / at least over application
With
- Intelligent machines
- Intelligent processes

5. • Definition of Precision Farming-
•
• “It is defined as the application of technologies and
principles to manage spatial and temporal variability
associated with all aspects of agricultural production”
• (Pierce and Nowak, 1999)
• “Precision agriculture is broadly defined as monitoring
and control applied to agriculture, including site specific
application on inputs, timing of operations and
monitoring of crops and employees”
(Lowenberg-DeBoer & Boehlje,1996)
• It basically means adding the right amount of treatment
at the right time and the right location within a field.

6. PRECISION FARMING V/S TRADITIONAL FARMING
S.
No
.
PRECISION FARMING TRADITIONAL FARMING
1. Farm field is broken into
“management zones”
Whole field approach where
field is treated as a
homogeneous area
2. Management decisions are
based on requirements of each
zone
Decisions are based on field
averages
3. PF tools (e.g. GPS/GIS) are used
to control zone
Inputs are applied uniformly
across a field

7. Precision Farming- Concept
Concept is simple…
(i) Right input
(ii) At right time
(iii) In right amount
(iv) At right place
(v) In right manner

8. Basic concept of Precision Farming
Assessing variability:-
 In precision farming, inputs are to be applied precisely in
accordance with the existing variability
 Spatial variability of all the determinants of crop yield
should be well recognized, adequately quantified and
properly located
 Construction of condition maps on the basis of the
variability is a critical component of precision farming
 Condition maps can be generated through (i) Surveys, (ii)
Point sampling & interpolation, (iii) Remote sensing (high
resolution) and (iv) Modeling

9. • Managing variability:-
• Variations occur in crop or soil properties within a
field.
• These variations are noted, and often mapped.
• Management actions are taken as a consequence
of the spatial
variability within the field.
• Land leveling
• VRT
• Site specific planting
• Site Specific Nutrient Management
• Precision water management
• Site specific weed management

10. Prospects of precision farming in Indian
agriculture situation
Agronomic perspective : Adjustment of cultural
practices to take into account the real need of the crop
rather. eg Data acquisition & analysis, decision support
system, increased attention to management etc.
Technical perspective: Better time management at the
farm level.eg GPS System, VRT, SSM Service, Financing
etc.
Environmental perspective: Reduction of agriculture
impacts.eg Reduce Input Losses, Increase Water And
Nutrient Use Efficiency etc.
Economical perspective: Increase of the output and/or
reduction of the input and increase efficiency.eg Change In
Cost, Change In Revenue, Cash Flow Risk etc.

11. Increasing farm profitability and enhancing
environmental protection by developing precision
strategies that are compatible with farming practices.
GOAL OF THE PRECISION FARMING
GIS BASED MAP OF UNIT

12. 1. To develop a methodology for identifying the causes of
within field variation in crop performance.
2. To develop practical guidelines required to implement
precision farming technology to achieve best
management.
3. To explore the possibilities of using remote-sensing
methods and GIS to enable management decisions to be
made in real time during the growth of the crop.

13. Reduction in fertilizer, chemical & seed costs
Increase in yields
Improvement in the quality of the crop
Improved economic analysis- computerized capturing,
storing & analyzing field records
Tracing of the production process help
Guarantee food safety & document how food was produced
Profitability?
Document compliance with environmental regulations
GPS guidance advantages
Reduces skip & overlap with input application
Longer working hours and high labour productivity
Accuracy at higher speed
Less affected by weather
STRATEGIES

14. Components of precision farming
1-Global Positioning System (GPS)
 All phases of precision agriculture require
positioning information and it can be
provided by the GPS.
 GPS provides the accurate positional
information, which is useful in locating the
spatial variability with accuracy
 This is the satellite-based information
received by a mobile field instrument
sensitive to the transmitting frequency.
 GPS help in identifying any location in the
field to assess the spatial variability and site
specific application of inputs.

15. 2- Geographical Information System (GIS)
 GIS is the key to extracting value from information on
variability.
 It is the brain of precision farming system and it is the
spatial analysis capabilities of GIS that enable precision
farming.
 The GIS is tool used to capture, store and update,
manipulate, analyze and display in map like form, spatially
referenced geographical information.

16. A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer
system capable of capturing, storing, manipulating, and
displaying spatially referenced information. Intermediate step
because it combines the data collected based on sampling
regimes, to develop the process models, expert systems, etc.
The manipulation of spatial information had begun in the
1960s,
•Weed control
•Pest control
•Site-specific Fertilizer application
•Drought monitoring
•Yield estimation
•Pest infestation monitoring and forecasting
GIS coupled with GPS, microcomputers, RS and sensors
GISGISspatial dataspatial data computercomputer

17. DATA LAYERS
Geo-image
Base
map
Yield map
Fertility map
Crop map
Plant indices
Water bodies
Irrigation channels
Field bunds
Soil map
GIS – layers of related information
i)Bare soil imagery
ii)Topography
iii)Farmer’s experiences

18.  The role of satellite remote sensing in PF is to acquire
spatially- and temporally-distributed information to identify
and analyze crop and soil variability within fields.
3-Remote Sensing
Remote sensing has been used in
soil mapping, terrain analysis, crop
stress, yield mapping and estimation
of soil organic matter, but on a scale
larger than what is required for
precision agriculture.
Remote sensing at high resolution
can be of great use in precision
farming because of its capacity to
monitor the spatial variability.

19. Elements of remote sensing:-
19
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Object (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
5.Transmission, Reception and Processing
(E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. Application (G)

20. i) Detection
ii) Identification
iii) Measurement
iv) Monitoring of agricultural phenomena.
The specific application of remote sensing
techniques can be used for -
1. Crop identification
2. Crop acreage
3. Crop vigor
4. Crop density
5. Crop maturity
6. Growth rates
7. Yield forecasting
8. Actual yield
9. Soil fertility
Applicable to crop survey
10. Effects of fertilizes
11. Soil toxicity
12. Soil moisture
13. Water quality
14. Irrigation requirement
15. Insect infestations
16. Disease infestations
17. Water availability
18. Location of canals

21. 5-Farmer
Farming cannot be imagined without farmer.
For assessing and managing the variability, decision-making
is the key factor, and it is to be done in consultation with the
farmer
4-Variable Rate Applicator
Consists of farm field equipment
with the ability to precisely control
the rate of application of crop
inputs and tillage operations.
Cont…..

22. Precision farming cycle

23. Approaches
It was the very first approach used to
develop precision application maps
The fields are to be sampled along a
regular grid at sample spacing ranging
from 60-150 m depending on the field size
and the samples are analyzed for desired
properties.
The results of these analyses are
interpolated to unsampled locations by
geo-statistical techniques viz. Kriging and
Inverse Distance Weighing (IDW) and the
interpolated values are classified using
GIS techniques into limited number of
management zones.
1. Grid Sampling:

24.  Production level management
zones are homogenous sub-
regions of a field having similar
yield limiting factors.
 A more economically feasible
approach
 The delineation of management
zones uses single or multi GIS
data layers viz. bare soil imagery,
topography and farmer’s
experience, EC of soil etc.
 A field can be divided into three
different zones: high, medium and
low based on the productivity of
the area and the crop inputs can
be applied accordingly.
2. Management zones

25. Increase in crop area after adoption of laser leveling
(Rickman, 2002).

26. Increase in plot size due to leveling
Raj put and Patel (2003)

27. Water use under differential leveling
(Jat et al. 2003)

28. Effect of precision land leveling on uptake efficiency of N, P
and K in rice
Source: Precision Farming Project (NATP)

30. MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT PF
PF is often confused with yield mapping
PF is sometimes mis-interpreted as sustainable
agriculture
Machinery guidance and auto steer systems are
tools that help with SSCM.
 By themselves they are not PF

31. Limitations
 Small farms size.
 Heterogeneity of cropping systems.
 Land tenure/ownership restriction.
 High cost of obtaining site-specific data.
 Complexity of tools and techniques requiring new
skills.
Contd…

32.  Infrastructure and institutional constraints including
market imperfections.
 Culture, attitude and perceptions of farmers
including resistance to adoption of new
technologies and lack of awareness of
environmental problems
 PF as new story to Indian farmers needs
demonstrated impacts on yields.
 Lack of local technical expertise
 High initial investment

33.  Uncertainty on returns from investments on new
equipment and information management system,
 Knowledge and technological gaps including
 Inadequate understanding of agronomic factors and
their interaction,
 Lack of understanding of the geostatistics necessary
for displaying spatial variability of crops and soils
using current mapping software, and
 Limited ability to integrate information from diverse
sources with varying resolutions and intensities.

34. Steps to be taken for implementing Precision
Farming in India
 Creation of multidisciplinary units involving scientists
from various fields, Engineers, Economists to layout
design for Precision farming.
 Formation of farmer’s co-operatives
 Governmental legislation to use agricultural inputs
judiciously
 Pilot study to be conducted on farmer’s field to show
the results of Precision Farming.
 Creating awareness amongst farmers.

35. Precision farming can also be used in
 Implementing spatially-varied farm operations
such as tillage, seeding, harvesting, etc.,
 For detecting nutrient and moisture stress,
 On-farm testing of agronomic practices to
evaluate alternative management practices,
 Plant breeding programs to test the
performance of improved varieties, and in re-
evaluations of trial procedures.

36. Conclusion
1. PF can immensely help in reducing cost of production and
increase profits and marginal returns.
2. It can enable optimal use of inputs through site-specific
application and precise land leveling by LASER Land
Leveler.
3. Application of GPS, GIS, Remote sensing and VRT in finding
out crop performance in relation to productivity linked soil
parameters and weather forecasting specially monsoon.

37. SUMMARY
 Research on Precision Farming is at infancy stage in our
country.
 Precision farming technologies are successful in their role of
enhancing crop production, input use efficiency while
minimizing the cost of production and environmental impacts.
 Precision land leveling, precision planting, real time N
application using LCC, SPAD (chlorophyll meter ), Green
Seeker sensor have demonstrated potentialities for improving
crop yields and increasing resource-use efficiency in real
farming situation.

38.  Tools and techniques for assessing soil and yield
variability for application of inputs need to be
standardized at a low cost and farmers’ friendly.
 Thus, Precision Farming may help farmers to harvest
fruits of frontier technologies without compromising on
the quality of land and produce.
 The Precision Farming would trigger a techno-green
revolution in India which is the need of the hour.