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DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES SCIENCES
MASTER DEGREE IN GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
THESIS DEGREE
IN
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Structural Analysis And Seismic Interpretation
Of The
Sicily Channel Rift System
Università Degli Studi di Napoli
“Federico II”
SUPERVISOR
Prof. Stefano Mazzoli
ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR
Prof. Mariano Parente
CANDITATE
Giuseppe Violo
I.N. N96/194
ACADEMIC YEAR 2014/2015
The present thesis project has been carried out in collaboration with:
G.E.Plan Consulting – Petroleum Division,Via Ariosto, 58, 44121 Ferrara, ITALY.
The present project thesis aim is to reconstruct and to identify the main structural
elements and the tectonic setting characterizing a specific sector of the Sicily
channel rift system.
OBJECTIVE
(From Google Earth)
WORKFLOW
The Sicily Channel is a broad platform located within a south central segment of the
Apennines-Maghrebides belt developing in the central western Mediterranean
sea. It belongs to a largely submerged portion of the African foreland domain and it
represents an important structure known as the Pelagian Block.
DEFINITION OF THE AREA 1/2
(Carbone et al. 1987)
In the middle part of the Pelagian Sea, during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, a NW-SE
oriented depression formed the so called Sicily Channel Rift Zone (SCRZ).
Three main depressions compose the rift system and they are deeper than 1000 m:
Pantelleria, Malta and Linosa.
DEFINITION OF THE AREA 2/2
(Civile et al. 2010)
A large amount volcanism is associated with the rifting process. It has generated
a wide spectrum of volcanic rocks with different affinities (tholeiitic, alkaline,
peralkaline).
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
(Rotolo et al.)
The present day stress field, carried out from the world stress map, suggests the
presence of a dextral strike-slip deformation along the Sicily channel controlled by a
NW-SE trending maximum compression and a NE-SW oriented extension
PRESENT DAY STRESS FIELD
(from http://dc-app3-14.gfz potsdam.de/pub/casmo/casmo_frame.html)
The GPS velocity vector analysis suggest a different motion in the north and south
side of the Sicily Channel.
 The rifting rate in the south-eastern part Sicily Channel is showing by the red
vector. It is the relative motion velocity of NOTO with respect to fixed LAMP and
it confirms the northeast-directed extension.
GPS VELOCITY VECTOR ANALYSIS 1/2
(Corti et al. 2009)
GPS VELOCITY VECTOR ANALYSIS 2/2
 In the north-western part of the Sicily Channel, the relative motion measured on
the GPS sites of LAMP (Lampedusa) and MILO (Trapani) shows that the whole
Sicily Channel is moving NNW relative to fixed Europe, with an overall right
lateral strike slip motion and a transtensional component (LAMP is faster than
MILO).
(Civile et al. 2010)
DATABASE
The 2D multichannel seismic lines have been made available by the
Ministry of the Economic Development in the framework of the ViDEPI
projec (Visibility of Petroleum Exploration Data in Italy).
Available Data Database
Bibliographic study Several Scientific Articles
Seismic Public Lines Offshore
Digitalized/Interpreted
15 (200 Pictures)
Available Wells 5
The main goal of the seismic lines digitalization processing has been to
convert the graphic files (jpeg, pdf or tiff) to SEG-Y format files containing
the lines and the spatial references.
METHODS 1/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 1/8
Several software were used in order to perform the digitalization:
 GIMP: Image conversion PDF to TIFF, change of color, cropping and scaling;
METHODS 2/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 2/8
METHODS 3/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 3/8
 ImageJ: image processing, analysis and filters;
 SeisTrans: SEG-Y file creation (TIFF to SEG-Y conversion)
METHODS 4/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 4/8
METHODS 5/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 5/8
The geographic coordinates were assigned to the seismic lines using:
 ArcMap: geospatial processing, regulations;
 Kingdom Suite: SEG-Y files georeferencing.
METHODS 6/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 6/8
METHODS 7/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 7/8
 Opendtect Merge Tool (SEGY-Y files merge).
METHODS 8/11
Seismic Digitalization Processing 8/8
 Opendtect Filtering Tool (noise reducing).
METHODS 9/11
Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 1/3
The main goal of the seismic calibration processing was to calibrate real
seismic data reflections with the corresponding stratigraphic discontinuities
observed on the wells.
Synthetic seismograms have been created for two boreholes: Egeria 1 and Paola
Est 1, using an OpendTect module.
METHODS 10/11
Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 2/3
METHODS 11/11
Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 3/3
The different seismic signals, generated by
different lithologies, make it possible to clearly
distinguish a few good key reflectors :
 The Upper Cretaceous succession
(Amerillo1/Abiod formation) shows high
amplitude seismic facies reflectors;
 Other chaotic seismic facies have been carried out
from the well tie processing, like Fahdene, Hybla
and Sidi Kralif formations characterized by
discontinuous and non-homogeneous horizons.
 The top of the Miocene succession (Messisian
Unconformity) seismically expressed by a thin
undulated, low-amplitude surface;
 The Early - Middle Miocene succession (Bonifato
formation) shows mid to high amplitude seismic
facies reflectors;
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 1/3
The seismic profiles interpretation processing has been done with the Kingdom suite
software. It has been conducted in two phases:
 The picking of key seismic stratigraphic horizons, carried out from the well tie
processing and;
 The identification of the main structural elements.
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 2/3
The G82-144 seismic line shows a classic
horst and graben deformation style
system.
The normal fault system, showing two
main opposite dips generated by
dominantly NNE–SSW trending,
conjugate normal faults.
There are clear evidences of tectonic
inversion indicated by antiformal
structures and coexistence of reverse
and normal fault offsets.
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 3/3
The seismic line G82-123 shows a classic
extensional style system with horst and
graben structures.
The normal fault system defines two
main opposite dips generated by
dominantly NW–SE trending, conjugate
normal faults.
These structures appear to represent
active normal faults displacing the
seafloor.
The present day stress field shows the presence of a
dextral strike-slip deformation along the Sicily channel
controlled by a NW-SE trending maximum
compression.
It accounts for the extensional activity of the NW–SE
trending normal faults, and for the reverse-slip
reactivation (tectonic inversion) of the NNE–SSW
trending normal faults.
The GPS velocity vector analysis is consistent with the
seismic interpretation and the present day stress field
analysis, showing that the whole Sicily Channel is moving
NNW relative to fixed Europe, with an overall right lateral
strike slip motion (LAMP is faster than MILO).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
(from Di Martire et al. 2015)
GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE!
Thank you for your
attention !

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Structural analysis and seismic interpretation of the Sicily channel rift system

  • 1. DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES SCIENCES MASTER DEGREE IN GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY THESIS DEGREE IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Structural Analysis And Seismic Interpretation Of The Sicily Channel Rift System Università Degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” SUPERVISOR Prof. Stefano Mazzoli ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR Prof. Mariano Parente CANDITATE Giuseppe Violo I.N. N96/194 ACADEMIC YEAR 2014/2015
  • 2. The present thesis project has been carried out in collaboration with: G.E.Plan Consulting – Petroleum Division,Via Ariosto, 58, 44121 Ferrara, ITALY.
  • 3. The present project thesis aim is to reconstruct and to identify the main structural elements and the tectonic setting characterizing a specific sector of the Sicily channel rift system. OBJECTIVE (From Google Earth)
  • 5. The Sicily Channel is a broad platform located within a south central segment of the Apennines-Maghrebides belt developing in the central western Mediterranean sea. It belongs to a largely submerged portion of the African foreland domain and it represents an important structure known as the Pelagian Block. DEFINITION OF THE AREA 1/2 (Carbone et al. 1987)
  • 6. In the middle part of the Pelagian Sea, during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, a NW-SE oriented depression formed the so called Sicily Channel Rift Zone (SCRZ). Three main depressions compose the rift system and they are deeper than 1000 m: Pantelleria, Malta and Linosa. DEFINITION OF THE AREA 2/2 (Civile et al. 2010)
  • 7. A large amount volcanism is associated with the rifting process. It has generated a wide spectrum of volcanic rocks with different affinities (tholeiitic, alkaline, peralkaline). VOLCANIC ACTIVITY (Rotolo et al.)
  • 8. The present day stress field, carried out from the world stress map, suggests the presence of a dextral strike-slip deformation along the Sicily channel controlled by a NW-SE trending maximum compression and a NE-SW oriented extension PRESENT DAY STRESS FIELD (from http://dc-app3-14.gfz potsdam.de/pub/casmo/casmo_frame.html)
  • 9. The GPS velocity vector analysis suggest a different motion in the north and south side of the Sicily Channel.  The rifting rate in the south-eastern part Sicily Channel is showing by the red vector. It is the relative motion velocity of NOTO with respect to fixed LAMP and it confirms the northeast-directed extension. GPS VELOCITY VECTOR ANALYSIS 1/2 (Corti et al. 2009)
  • 10. GPS VELOCITY VECTOR ANALYSIS 2/2  In the north-western part of the Sicily Channel, the relative motion measured on the GPS sites of LAMP (Lampedusa) and MILO (Trapani) shows that the whole Sicily Channel is moving NNW relative to fixed Europe, with an overall right lateral strike slip motion and a transtensional component (LAMP is faster than MILO). (Civile et al. 2010)
  • 11. DATABASE The 2D multichannel seismic lines have been made available by the Ministry of the Economic Development in the framework of the ViDEPI projec (Visibility of Petroleum Exploration Data in Italy). Available Data Database Bibliographic study Several Scientific Articles Seismic Public Lines Offshore Digitalized/Interpreted 15 (200 Pictures) Available Wells 5
  • 12. The main goal of the seismic lines digitalization processing has been to convert the graphic files (jpeg, pdf or tiff) to SEG-Y format files containing the lines and the spatial references. METHODS 1/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 1/8
  • 13. Several software were used in order to perform the digitalization:  GIMP: Image conversion PDF to TIFF, change of color, cropping and scaling; METHODS 2/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 2/8
  • 14. METHODS 3/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 3/8  ImageJ: image processing, analysis and filters;
  • 15.  SeisTrans: SEG-Y file creation (TIFF to SEG-Y conversion) METHODS 4/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 4/8
  • 16. METHODS 5/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 5/8 The geographic coordinates were assigned to the seismic lines using:  ArcMap: geospatial processing, regulations;
  • 17.  Kingdom Suite: SEG-Y files georeferencing. METHODS 6/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 6/8
  • 18. METHODS 7/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 7/8  Opendtect Merge Tool (SEGY-Y files merge).
  • 19. METHODS 8/11 Seismic Digitalization Processing 8/8  Opendtect Filtering Tool (noise reducing).
  • 20. METHODS 9/11 Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 1/3 The main goal of the seismic calibration processing was to calibrate real seismic data reflections with the corresponding stratigraphic discontinuities observed on the wells.
  • 21. Synthetic seismograms have been created for two boreholes: Egeria 1 and Paola Est 1, using an OpendTect module. METHODS 10/11 Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 2/3
  • 22. METHODS 11/11 Seismic Calibration Processing (Well Tie) 3/3 The different seismic signals, generated by different lithologies, make it possible to clearly distinguish a few good key reflectors :  The Upper Cretaceous succession (Amerillo1/Abiod formation) shows high amplitude seismic facies reflectors;  Other chaotic seismic facies have been carried out from the well tie processing, like Fahdene, Hybla and Sidi Kralif formations characterized by discontinuous and non-homogeneous horizons.  The top of the Miocene succession (Messisian Unconformity) seismically expressed by a thin undulated, low-amplitude surface;  The Early - Middle Miocene succession (Bonifato formation) shows mid to high amplitude seismic facies reflectors;
  • 23. SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 1/3 The seismic profiles interpretation processing has been done with the Kingdom suite software. It has been conducted in two phases:  The picking of key seismic stratigraphic horizons, carried out from the well tie processing and;  The identification of the main structural elements.
  • 24. SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 2/3 The G82-144 seismic line shows a classic horst and graben deformation style system. The normal fault system, showing two main opposite dips generated by dominantly NNE–SSW trending, conjugate normal faults. There are clear evidences of tectonic inversion indicated by antiformal structures and coexistence of reverse and normal fault offsets.
  • 25. SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 3/3 The seismic line G82-123 shows a classic extensional style system with horst and graben structures. The normal fault system defines two main opposite dips generated by dominantly NW–SE trending, conjugate normal faults. These structures appear to represent active normal faults displacing the seafloor.
  • 26. The present day stress field shows the presence of a dextral strike-slip deformation along the Sicily channel controlled by a NW-SE trending maximum compression. It accounts for the extensional activity of the NW–SE trending normal faults, and for the reverse-slip reactivation (tectonic inversion) of the NNE–SSW trending normal faults. The GPS velocity vector analysis is consistent with the seismic interpretation and the present day stress field analysis, showing that the whole Sicily Channel is moving NNW relative to fixed Europe, with an overall right lateral strike slip motion (LAMP is faster than MILO). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (from Di Martire et al. 2015)
  • 27. GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE! Thank you for your attention !

Editor's Notes

  1. IL seguente progetto di tesi è stato redatto in collaborazione con Geplan, una compagnia di consulenza in ambito petrolifero.
  2. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di ricostruire ed identificare i maggiori elementi strutturali e l’assetto tettonico che caratterizzano uno specifico settore del canale di Sicilia, compreso tra l’isola di Malta e Pantelleria (settore evidenziato in rosso), attraverso la digitalizzazione e l’interpretazione di linee sismiche 2D e e integrando il tutto con dati di letteratura.
  3. Questa immagine riassume l’intero flusso di lavoro ed in particolare: A seguito di un accurato studio bibliografico che ha permesso una caratterizzazione geologica dell’area in esame si è passati alla fase di processing (o meglio digitalizzazione e calibrazione) delle linee sismiche. Infine mediante l’ interpretazione è stato possibile individuare l’assetto tettonico e stratigrafico dell’area.
  4. Il Canale di Sicilia è un'ampia piattaforma situata all'interno di un segmento posto a sud della catena Appenninico-Maghrebide, nella parte occidentale del Mediterraneo centrale compresa tra le coste siciliane e tunisine. Nel quadro tettonico, il Canale di Sicilia appartiene ad una porzione in gran parte sommersa del foreland africano, noto come Blocco Pelagico, formatasi durante la convergenza con la placca eurasiatica, avvenuta nel Neogene.
  5. Nella parte centrale del blocco Pelagico vi è un’ampia zona depressa orientata NW-SE nota come canale di sicilia, formatasi durante una fase estensionale avvenuta durante il Pliocene-Pleistocene.
  6. Alla fase di estensione è associata una diffusa attività vulcanica , concentrata soprattutto sulle isole di Pantelleria e Linosa, che ha generato una serie di rocce vulcaniche con differenti affinità.
  7. Il campo di stress attuale mostra regime di trascorrenza destra con direzione di massima compressione NW-SE e estensione in direzione NE-SW
  8. L’analisi dei dati gps suggerisce una differenziazione in termini di movimenti relativi tra la zona sud e nord dell’area di studio. In particolare, nella zona a sud il tasso di estensione, indicato dalla freccia rossa e ricavato dal movimento relativo della stazione di NOTO rispetto alla Stazione di LAMP, confermano l’ estensione in direzione NE-SW.
  9. Nella parte NW del canale di Sicilia il moto relativo misurato tra le stazioni GPS di LAM e MILO mostrano che l’intero canale di Sicilia si sta muovendo verso NNW rispetto all’Europa. Inoltre la stazione di Lamp si muove molto più velocemente verso tale direzione rispetto la sptazione di MILO è confermando un regime di trascorrenza destra.
  10. Oltre allo studio di diversi articoli scientifici, che hanno permesso di ottenere delle solide conoscenze geologiche dell’area, - sono state digitalizzate e interpretate 15 line sismiche, per un totale di circa 200 immagini processate, rese disponibili dal ministero dello sviluppo economico attraverso il progetto ViDepi ed infine -sono stati utilizzati 5 pozzi presenti nell’area con cui è stato possibile effettuare il well tie processing al fine di ottenere la calibrazione della sismica.
  11. Per quanto concerne i metodi, il processo di digitalizzazione ha permesso di convertire flles in formato grafico, spesso ricavati da vecchi documenti cartacei scannerizzati, in file SEG-Y contenenti sia informazioni riguardanti le immagini relative alle linee sismiche e sia le coordinate geografiche delle stesse. Tali files saranno poi utilizzati nel processo di interpretazione.
  12. Ovviamente è stato necessario l’utilizzo di diversi software tra cui: Gimp: un manipolatore di immagini che ha consentito di correggere il colore delle linee, le dimensioni, risoluzione e numero di pixel ed infine ha permesso di ottenere un file in formato tiff attraverso un processo di conversione.
  13. ImageJ: essendo presenti sulle linee sismsiche delle linee orizzontali, le quali non consentivano una corretta visualizzazione, tramite questo programmi si è cercato di eliminarle attraverso l’utilizzo di un filtro passa-banda
  14. SeisTrans: permette di ottenere un file Segy senza coordinate ma contente solamente le immagini delle linee sismiche
  15. L’assegnazione delle coordinate alle linee sismiche avviene tramite: ArcMap con cui è stato creato uno shape files contenente le coordinate relative ad ogni shot points per ogni linea sismica (tale programma permette inoltre di correggere problemi di distorsione tramite rettifica) e successivamente
  16. Tramite kingdom, al file segy in precedenza creato con seistrans , vengono assegnate tali coordinate in modo da ottenere il file segy finale contenente immagini e coordinate
  17. Per ogni linea sismica si ottengono diversi file Segy e mediante un tool di opendtect tali file sono uniti ricavando un singolo file segy per ogni linea sismica.
  18. Dato che le linee sismiche sono acquisite da diverse compagnie con diversi parametri di acquisizione è necessario ridurre il noise attraverso l’utilizzo di un filtro passa banda, in questo studio è stato utilizzato il filtro Gapdecan.
  19. Terminato il processo di digitalizzazione si è passati al processo di calibrazione della sismica. Tale processo è partito dall’analisi dei profili dei due pozzi esplorativi (Egeria 1 and Paola Est 1) nei quali sono stati individuati i contrasti di impedenza acustica più importanti in corrispondenza di variazioni litologiche; questi markers acustici sono stati correlati con le immagini sismiche utilizzando un sismogramma sintetico. L’immagine seguente mostra le fasi di processing che portano alla creazione del sismogramma sintetico il quale, nei due pozzi è è stato processato a partire da un log sonico e di densità. Le curve di riflettività di pozzo sono state convolute con ondine deterministiche, estratte dal dato sismico nell’intorno dei pozzi, e le tracce sismiche sintetiche così ottenute, sono state utilizzate per procedere alla calibrazione finale. La funzione di velocità ha permesso un passaggio tra il dominio profondità (dati di pozzo) ed il dominio tempi (rilievo sismico), e viceversa.
  20. Per questo processo è stato usato un modulo di Opendtect. L’immagine mostra il risultato di quanto appena descritto, ovvero una volta generato sismogramma sintetico contenente i principali markers acustici quest’ultimo è correlato all’immagine sismica.
  21. Il well tie dei pozzi hanno reso possibile l’individuazione e la descrizione delle unità sismo-stratigrafiche più importanti: La successione è costituita da depositi sedimentari che vanno dal Triassico al Miocene superiore. il top della successione Miocenica è sismicamente espressa da una superfice ondulata con riflettori a bassa ampiezza che corrispondono alla Messian unconformity costituita da rocce evaporitiche. Più in basso osserviamo dei riflettori a media e alta ampiezza della formazione di Bonifato (bottom terravecchia (miocene inferiore-medio) caratterizzata da wackestone / packstone con frammenti di echinodermi e rari molluschi. Formazione di Amerillo1/Abiob (Cretaceo superiore) e mostra dei riflettori ad alta ampiezza : la parte più bassa (Cenomaniano- Turoniano) è caratterizzata dalla presenza di wackstones mudstone molto ricchi di foramiriferi ; la parte superiore (Santoniano) è appresentata da torbiditi calcaree di intercalate con componenti pelagici. In questo subunità sono stati perforati vulcaniti mafiche e si presentano come strati intercalati all'interno della sequenza sedimentaria. più in profondità il segnale è più "sporco" e poco chiaro e le facies sismichei presenti mostrano dei riflettori lateralmente discontinui e non omogenei, molto difficili da tracciare. Ed infine ci sono atre tre facies sismiche molto caotiche: Hybla Formazione (Hauteriviano superiore all’ Albiano) è composta una serie di marne e argille di colore grigio con abbondante materia organica di età Aptiano-Albiano La formazione Fahdene (cretacicco inferiore) è rappresentata da marne di colore grigie e scisti. FormazionSidi Kralif (Giurassico superiore a Cretaceo inferiore) costituita da marne marine profonde con uno spessore di circa 200m; Sopra l'amerillo le sequneze sismiche sono meglio definite mentre più in profondità il segnale è più "sporco" e poco chiaro!
  22. L’interpretazione sismica è stata effettuata con Kingdom ed è stata eseguita in due fasi: nella prima sono stati tracciati i riflettori chiave ricavati dai well tie dei pozzi e nella seconda sono stati identificati e tracciati gli elementi strutturali più importanti. Le linee sismiche scelte che per descrivere tettonicamente l’area sono due ed in particolare la linea G82_144 direzione WNW-ESE e la linea G82-123 con direzione NNE-SSW.
  23. L’interpretazione della linea sismica G82-144 con orientazione WNW-ESE,ed è caratterizzata da un sistema di faglie normali coniugato con un trend dominate NNE-SSW L’interpretazione ha inoltre evidenziato una possibile inversione del regime tettonico messa in luce dalla presenza di pieghe antiformi ( ad esempio nel graben centrale) e dalla coesistenza rigetti sia normale e inverse sullo stesso piano di faglia.
  24. L’interpretazione della linea sismica G82-123 con orientazione NNE-SSW mostra un regime tettonico estensionale con horst e graben ben definiti. Anche in questo caso vi è un sistema di faglie normali coniugato con un trend dominate NW-SE. Le faglie normali presenti nell’are sembrano essere attive in quanto è visibile una dislocazione del fondo del mare.
  25. Il regime tettonico attuale mostra un regime di trascorrenza destra con direzione di massima compressione NW-SE. Questo sembra giustificare l’attività di faglie normali con trend NW-SE e l’inversione subita dal trend di faglie NNE-SSW L’analisi GPs sembra confermare quanto scaturito dall’interpretazione sismica e dal dal campo di stress attuale mostrando che l’intera sicilia si ta muovendo verso NW rispetto all’europa confermando un regime di trascorrenza destra.