This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system that captures, stores, manipulates, analyzes and presents spatial or geographic data. The document outlines the history, need, types, principles, functions and components of GIS. It also discusses the applications of GIS in various fields such as agriculture, natural resource management, urban planning and more. In conclusion, the document states that GIS allows for efficient mapping of valuable assets and that researchers and users have important roles to play in advancing GIS science.

2. TOPIC:
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Teacher : Sir Dr Qudratullah khan
Presented by: Ghayas haider sajid (612)
Session 2018-2022 (6th semester)
Department of soil science, Faculty of agriculture
Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan.

3. Objectives
 What is GIS.
 Brief history.
 Its need.
 Types.
 Principle.
 Function.
 Components.
 Advantages.
 Application.
 Conclusion.

4. What is GIS?

5. What is GIS?
 GEOGRAPHIC:
Data is calculated in terms of geographic co-ordinates.
 Information:
Data in GIS is organized to yield useful knowledge.
 System:
several interrelated and linked components with different
functions.

6. Geographical Information
System
It is the system designed to
 capture
 store
 Manipulate
 Analyze
 manage
 Present all types spatial or geographic data

7. Defining GIS
 The common ground between information
processing and the many fields using spatial
analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972)
 A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing,
retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial
data from the real world. (Burroughs, 1986)
 A decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988)

8. Brief history:
 Inspired by Piquet, John Snow adopted the same principle to depict cholera
deaths in London in 1854.
 The concept of GIS first introduced in early 1960’s.
 In 1964, Howard Fisher created one of the first computer mapping software
programs known as SYMAP
 1969 ESRI founded
 1970’s satellites aid GPS
 1971 GIS project used a layering system to display data
 1979 Odyssey developed

9. Need for GIS
 use of spatial data for inter- and intra-
departmental work flow.
 Spatial analysis and visualization of issue.
 The earth surface is the limited resource:
• decisions on space utilization.
• Fast and quality information in decision making.
 serving the public with information based on
specific location

10. Types Of GIS:
 There are a number of Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) (or GIS software)
available today. GIS are broadly classified into
3 types:-
 Web-based GIS: ONS
 Geobrowser: Google Earth
 Desktop GIS: QGIS

11. Principle
 Data Capture
 Database management and update
 Geographic analysis
 preparing result

12. Functions Of GIS ?
 Data capture:
Aerial photography, GPS etc.
 Data storage:
Maps in drawer, Digital data in cd’s, hard drive
 Data manipulation:
Data edited or manipulated due to the nature of project , many
attributes
may be added.
 Query and analysis:
Decision making processes
 Visualization:
Ability to display your data , maps etc.

13. Components of GIS ?
 Hardware:
computer system, scanner, printer, plotter etc.
 software:
GIS software in use are AUTOCAD , ArcGIS by esri, Qgis,
MapInfo.
 Data:
Geographic data and related tabular data can be purchased from
commercial data provider or collected in house.
Integrate spatial data with other data resources .
 people:
technical specialists who design and maintain.
 Method:
Map creation may be automated raster to vector creator or manually
by using scanned images

15. Data Types:

16. GIS Program flow

17. Application of GIS:
 GIS used in multiple disciplines:
Business Computer Science
Archaeology Engineering
Architecture Environmental Science
Journalism Natural Resource Management
Metrology Sociology
Geology Law Enforcement
Geology Oceanography
Public Health Urban/Regional Planning

18. Application in Agriculture:
 Farm management
 Pest/Disease tracking
 Crop monitoring Yield prediction
 Soil analysis
 Forestry
 Ecology
 Mining Petroleum
 Water Resources
 Precision farming
 Organic farming
 Agritourism
 Irrigation

19. Conclusion:
 On the conclusion note all we can say that the
use of GIS makes the way for the future
mapping of our valuable assets in an efficient
way.
 Users, vendors and most importantly,
researchers, have symbiotic roles to play in the
advancement of geographic information science

20. References:
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.youtube.com
 www.Pakisan.com
 www.arcweb.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.geospatialworld.net
 www.esri.com

21. Thank you
For
your
Attention
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